Chemistry, biochemistry and selective cytotoxicity of curcumin analogues against human cancer cell lines

Curcumin: Biosynthesis, Medicinal Uses and Health Benefits

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 105-132

  Abaza, M S ^a   Khan, M A ^b   Afzal, M ^a  

^a KUWAIT UNIVERSITY   (Kuwait)

^b SHEFFIELD HALLAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84874596292     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (107)

1. Abu-Risq HA, Mansour MH, Safer AM, Afzal M. 2009. Cyto-protective and immunomodulating effect of curcuma longa in Wistar rats subjected to carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative stress. Inflammopharmacol. 16:87-95.
2. Adams B; Ferstl E; Davis M; Herold M; Kurtkaya S; Camalier R; Hollingshead M; Kaur G; Sausville E; Rickles F. 2004. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel curcumin analogs as anti-cancer and anti-angiogenesis agents. Bioorg. Med. Chem.12:3871-3883.
3. Adams BK; Cai J; Armstrong J; Herold M; Lu YJ; Sun A. 2005. EF24, a novel synthetic curcumin analog, induces apoptosis in cancer cells via a redox dependent mechanism. Anticancer Drugs 16 (3):263-275.
4. Aggarwal BB; Jagetia GC. 2007. Spicing up of the immune system by curcumin. J. Clin. Immunol. 27 (1): 19-35.
5. Ahmad N; Katiyar SK; Mukhtar H. 2001. Oxidants and antioxidants in cutaneous biology. (Eds: J.Thiele, P. Elsner),Karger, Jena, pp. 128-139.
6. Aikens J; Dix TA. 1991. Perhydroxyl radical (HOO.) initiated lipid peroxidation. The role of fatty acid hydroperoxides. J.Biol. Chem. 266:15091-15098.
7. Ames BN; Gold LS.1991. Endogenous mutagens and the causes of aging and cancer. Mutat. Res.250:3-16.
8. Anand P; Thomas SG; Kunnumakkara AB; Sundaram C; Harikumar KB; Sung B; Tharakan ST; Misra K; Priyadarsini K; Irajasekhran KN; Aggarwal BB. 2008. Biological activities of curcumin and its anlogues (congeners) made by man and mother nature. Biochem. Pharmacol.76:1590-1611.
9. Anand P; Kunnumakkara A; Newman R; Aggarwal BB. 2007. Bioavailability of curcumin: problems and promises. Mol. Pharmacol. 4:807-818.
10. Anitha A; Deepagan VG; Divya VV; Rani D; Menon D; Nair SV; Jayakumar R. 2011. Preparation, characterization, in vitro drug release and biological studies of curcumin loaded dextran sulphate-chitosan nanoparticles. Carb. Poly. 84:1158-1164.
11. Anto RJ; Mukhopadhyay A; Denning K; Aggarwal BB. 2002. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) induces apoptosis through activation of caspase-8, BID cleavage and cytochrome c release: its suppression by ectopic expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Carcinogen. 23:143-150.
12. Aoki H; Takada Y; Kondo S; Sawaya R; Aggarwal BB; Kondo Y. 2007. Evidence that curcumin suppresses the growth of malignant gliomas in vitro and in vivo through induction of autophagy: role of Akt and ERK signaling pathways. Mol. Pharmacol.72:29-39.
13. Appiah-Opong R; Commandeur JNM; van Vugt-Lussenburg B; Vermeulen NPE. 2007. Inhibition of human recombinant cytochrome P450 by curcumin and curcumin decomposition products. Toxicolo.235:83-91.
14. Bharti AC; Donato, N; Aggarwal BB. 2003. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) inhibits constitutive and IL-6-inducible STAT3 phosphorylation in human multiple myeloma cells. J. Immunol. 171:3863-3871.
15. Camacho-Barquero L; Villegas I; Sánchez-Calvo JM; Talero E; Sánchez-Fidalgo S; Motilva V; Alarcón de la Lastra C. 2007. Curcumin, a Curcuma longa constituent, acts on MAPK p38 pathway modulating COX-2 and iNOS expression in chronic experimental colitis. Int. Immunopharm. 7:333-342.
16. Cao, J; Jia, L; Zhou HM; Zhong LF. 2006. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA damage induced by curcumin in human hepatoma G2 cells. Toxicol. Sci. 91(2):476-483.
17. Chirnomas D; Taniguchi T; de la Vega M; Vaidya AP; Vasserman M; Hartman AR; Kennedy R; Foster R; Mahoney J; Selden MV; D'Andrea AD. 2006. Chemosensitization to cisplatin by inhibitors of the fanconianemia/BRCA pathway. Mol Cancer Ther. 5(4):952- 61.
18. Chuang SE; Kuo MI; Chen CR; Lin JK; Lai GM; Hsieh CY; Cheng AL. 2000. Curcumin containing diet inhibits diethylnitrosamine-induced murine hepatocarcinogenesis. Carcinogen. 21(2):331-335.
19. Collett GP; Campbell FC. 2004. Curcumin induces c-jun N-terminal kinase-dependent apoptosis in HCT116 human colon cancer cells. Carcinogen.25: 2183-2189.
20. Du B; Jiang L; Xia Q; Zhong L. 2006. Synergistic inhibitory effects of curcumin and 5-fluorouracil on the growth of the human colon cancer cell line HT-29.Chemotherapy 52(1):23-8.
21. Dubey SK; Sharma AK; Narain U; Misra K; Pati U. 2008. Design, synthesis and characterization of some bioactive conjugates of curcumin with glycine, glutamic acid, valine and demethylenatedpiperic acid and study of their antimicrobial and antiproliferative properties. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 43:1837-1846.
22. Duque J; Diaz-Munoz MD; Fresno M; Iniguez MA. 2006. Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 by interleukin-1β in colon carcinoma cells. Cellular Signal. 18:1262-1269.
23. Feghali CA; Wright TM. 1997. Cytokines in acute and chronic inflammation front. Biosci. 2:12-26.
24. Fuchs JR; Pandit B; Bhasin D; Etter JP; Regan N; Abdelhamid D; Li C; Lin J; Li PK. 2009. Structure-activity relationship studies of curcumin analogues. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 19:2065-2069.
25. Garcia-Alloza M. 2007. Curcumin labels amyloid pathology in vivo, disrupts existing plaques, and partially restores distorted neurites in an Alzheimer mouse model. J Neurochem. 102:1095-1104.
26. Gautam SC; Xu YX; Pindolia KR; Janakiraman N; Chapman RA. 1998. Nonselective inhibition of proliferation of transformed and non-transformed cells by the anticancer agent curcumin (Diferuloylmethane). Biochem. Pharmacol. 55(8):1333-1337.
27. Halliwell B; Gutteridge JMC. 1985. in Free radicals in biology and medicine, (Eds: I. Hanin, M.Yoshida, A. Fisher), Calendron Press, Oxford, pp. 67, 143, 268, 296.
28. Han X; Shen T; Lou H. 2007. Dietary polyphenols and their biological significance. Int. J. Molec. Sci.8:950-988.
29. Handler N; Jaeger W; Puschacher H; Leisser K; Erker T. 2007. Synthesis of novel curcumin analogues and their evaluation as selective cyclooxygenase (COX-1) inhibitors. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 55(1):64-71.
30. Huadong TB; Murphy CJ; Zhang B; Shen Y; Van Kirk EA; Murdoch WJ; Radosz M. 2010. Curcumin polymers as anticancer conjugates. Biomat. 31:7139-7149.
31. Huang MT; Lysz T; Ferraro T; Abidi TF; Laskin JD; Conney AH. 1991. Inhibitory effects of curcumin in vivo lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase activities in mouse epidemis. Cancer Res.51:813-819.
32. Ireson C; Orr S; Jones DJL; Verschoyle R; Lim CK; Luo JL; Howells L; Plummer S; Jukes R; Williams M; Steward WP; Gescher A. 2001. Characterization of metabolites of the chemopreventive agent curcumin in human and rat hepatocytes and in the rat in vivo, and evaluation of their ability to inhibit phorbolester-induced prostaglandin E2 production. Cancer Res. 61:1058-1064.
33. Jankun ES; McCabe NP; Selman SH; Jankun J. 2000. Curcumin inhibits lipoxygenase by binding to central cavity: theoretical and X-ray evidence. Int. J. Mol. Med.6:521-526.
34. Jaruga E; Bielak-Zmijewska A; Sikora E; Skierski J; Radziszewska E; Piwocka K; Bartosz G. 1998.Glutathione-independent mechanism of apoptosis inhibition by curcumin in rat thymocytes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 56:961-965.
35. Joe YK; Son JK; Park SH; Lee IJ; Moon DC. 1996. New naphthalene glucosides from the roots of Juglansmandshurica. J. Nat. Prod.59:159-160.
36. Jurrmann N; Brigelius-Flohe R; BOL G-F. 2005. Curcumin blocks interleukin-1 (IL-1) signaling by inhibiting the recruitment of the IL-1 receptor-associated kinase IRAK in murine thyoma EL-4 cells. J. Nutr. 135:1859-1864.
37. Kelly MR; Xu J; Alexander KE; Loo G. 2001. Disparate effects of similar phenolic phytochemicals as inhibitors of oxidative damage to cellular DNA. Mutat. Res. 485:309- 318.
38. Kim HI; Huang H; Cheepala S; Huang S; Chung J. 2008. Curcumin inhibition of integrin (alpha6beta4)-dependent breast cancer cell motility and invasion. Cancer Pre. Res. 1(5):385-391.
39. Kim HY; Park EJ, Joe EH; Jou I. 2003. Curcumin suppresses Janus kinase-STAT inflammatory signaling through activation of src homology 2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 2 in brain microglia. J. Immunol. 171:6072-6079.
40. Kim SH; Lee KS; Son JK; Je GH; Lee JS; Lee CH; Cheong C. 1998. Cytotoxic compounds from the roots of Juglansmandshurica. J. Nat. prod.61:643-645.
41. Kluth D; Banning A; Paur I; Blomhoff R; Brigelius-Flohé R. 2007. Modulation of pregnane X receptor and electrophile responsive element-mediated gene expression by dietary polyphenolic compounds. Free Radic. Biol. Med.42:315-325.
42. Korea-Li G; Xu ML; Choi HG; Lee SH; Jahng YD; Lee CS; Moon DC; Woo MH; Son JK. 2003. Four new diarylheptanoids from the roots of Juglans mandshurica. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 51:262-264.
43. Kowluru RA; Kanwar M. 2007. Effects of curcumin on retinal oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetes. Nutr. Metab. (London). 4:8.
44. Kunnumakkara AB; Guha S; Krishnan S; Diagaradjane P; Gelovani J; Aggarwal BB. 2007. Curcumin potentiates antitumor activity of gemcitabine in an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer through suppression of proliferation, angiogenesis, and inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B-regulated gene products. Cancer Res. 67(8):3853-3861.
45. Kuroyanagi M; Natori S. 1970. Some observation on curcuminoids from Zingiberaceaeplants.Yakugaku Zasshi, 90(11):1467.
46. Kuttan R; Sudheeran, PC; Josph, CD. 1987. Turmeric and curcumin as topical agents in cancer therapy. Tumori. 73:29-31.
47. Labbozzetta R; Baruchello P; Marchetti MC; Gueli P; Poma M; Simoni ND; Alessandro ND. 2009. Lack of nucleophilic addition in the isoxazole and pyrazolediketone modified analogs of curcumin; implications for their antitumor and chemosensitizing activities. Chemico-Biol. Inter.181:29-36.
48. Lee KS; Li G; Lee CS; Woo MH; Lee SH; Jhang YD; Son JK. 2002. Cytotoxic diarylheptanoids from the roots of Juglans mandshurica. J. Nat. Prod. 65:1707-1708.
49. Lee SW; Lee KS; Son JK. 2000. New Naphthalene glycosides from the roots of Juglans mandshurica. Planta Med. 66:184-186.
50. Leu T; Maa M. 2002. The molecular mechanisms for the anti-tumorigenic effect of curcumin. Anti-Cancer Agents. 2:357-370.
51. nd, pp 499-501.
52. Lev-Ari S; Strier L; Kazanov D; Madar-Shapiro L; Dvory-Sobol H; Pinchuk I; Marian B; Lichtenberg D; Arber N. 2005. Celecoxib and curcumin synergistically inhibit the growth of colorectal cancer cells. Clin. Cancer Res. 11(18):6738-44.
53. Liang G; Shao L; Wang Y; Zhao C; Chu Y; Xiao J; Zhao Y; Li X; Yang, S. 2009. Exploration and synthesis of curcumin analogues with improved structural stability both in vitro and in vivo as cytotoxic agents. Bioorg. Medicin. Chem. 17:2623-2631.
54. Lin SS; Lai KC; Hsu SC; Yang JS; Kuo CL; Lin JP; Ma YS; Wu CC; Chung JG. 2009. Curcumin inhibits the migration and invasion of human A549 lung cancer cells through the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Cancer Lett.285:127-133.
55. Lu HF; Lai KC; Hsu SC; Lin HJ; Kuo CL; Liao CL; Yang JS; Chung JG. 2009. Curcumininduced DNA damage and inhibited DNA repair genes expressions in mouse-rat hybrid retina ganglion cells (N18). Neurochem. Res. 34(8):1491-7.
56. Lin CL; Lin JK. 2008. Curcumin: A potential cancer chemopreventive agent through suppressing NF-κB signalling. J. Cancer Mol. 4(1):11-16.
57. Lin SS; Huang HP; Yang JS;Wud JY; Hsai TC; Lin CC; Lin CW; Kuo CL; Wood WG; Chung JG. 2008. DNA damage and endoplasmic reticulum stress mediated curcumininduced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human lung carcinoma A-549 cells through the activation caspases cascade and mitochondrial-dependent pathway. Cancer Lett. 272:77- 90.
58. Lin L; Shi Q; Nyarko AK; Bastow KF; Wu CC; Su CY; Shih CCY; Lee KH. 2006. Antitumor agents 250. Design and synthesis of new curcumin analogues as potential anti-prostate cancer agents. J. Med. Chem. 49:3963-3972.
59. Manju S; Sreenivasan K. 2011. Conjugation of curcumin onto hyaluronic acid enhances its aqueous solubility and stability. J. Coll. Inter. Sci. 359:318-325.
60. Menon VP; Sudheer AR. 2007. The molecular targets and therapeutic uses of curcumin in health and disease. Springer. p112.
61. Milacic V; Banerjee S; Landis-Piwowar K; Sarkar F; Majumdar A; Dou Q. 2008. Curcumin inhibits the proteasome activity in human colon cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res. 68:7283-7292.
62. Mishra S; Kapoor N; Ali AM; Pardhasaradhi BV; Kumari AL; Khar A; Misra K. 2005. Differential apoptotic and redox regulatory activities of curcumin and its derivatives. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 38:1353-1360.
63. Morales NP; Somparn PC; Phisalophous C; Nakornchai S; Unchern S. 2007.Comparative antioxidant activities of curcumin and its desmethoxy and hydrogenated derivatives. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 30:74-78.
64. Nishinaka T; Ichijo Y; Ito M; Kimura M; Katsuyama M; Iwata K; Miura T; Terada T; Yabe-Nishimura C. 2007. Curcumin activates human glutathione S-transferase P1 expression through antioxidant response element. Toxicol. Lett. 170(3):238-247.
65. Nonn L; Duong D; Peehl DM. 2007. Chemopreventive anti-inflammatory activities of curcumin and other phytochemicals mediated by MAP kinase phosphatase-5 in prostate cells. Carcinogen 28:1188-1196.
66. Otsu H; Xiao Z; Ishida J; Nagai M; Wang H; Itokawa H; Su C; Shih C; Chiang T; Chang E. 2002. Antitumor agents. Curcumin analogues as novel androgen receptor antagonists with potential as anti-prostate cancer agents. J. Med. Chem. 45:5037-5042.
67. Pabon HJJ. 1964. A synthesis of curcumin and related compounds. Recueil. 83:379-386.
68. Padhye S; Chavan D; Pandey S; Deshpande J; Swamy KV; Sarkar FH. 2010. Perspectives on chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of curcumin analogs. Mini-Rev. Med. Chem.10:372-387.
69. Pal S; Choudhuri T; Chattopadhyay S; Bhattacharya A; Datta GK; Das T; Sa G. 2001. Mechanisms of curcumin-induced apoptosis of Ehrlich's Ascites carcinoma cells. Bochem. Biophy. Res. Comm. 288:658-665
70. Pan MH; Lin-Shiau Y; Lin JK. 2000. Comparative studies on the suppression of nitric oxide synthase by curcumin and its hydrogenated metabolites through down-regulation of kappa B kinase and NF kappa B activation in macrophages. Biochem. Pharmacol. 60(11):1665-1676.
71. Paranjpe P. 2001. Indian medicinal plants forgotten healers - A guide to ayurvedic herbal medicine with identity, habitat, botany, phytochemistry, ayurvedic properties, formulations and clinical usage. Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, 94-96.
72. Plummer SM; Hill KA; Festing MFW; Steward WP; Gescher AJ; Sharma RA. 2001. Clinical development of leukocyte cyclooxygenase 2 activity as a systemic biomarker for cancer chemopreventive agents. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark Prev. 10:1295-1299.
73. Polaska K; Naidu AN; Ravindranath I; Krishnaswamy K. 2004. Inhibition of B(a)P induced strand breaks in presence of curcumin. Mutat. Res.557:203-213.
74. Price LC; Buescher RW. 1997. Kinetics of alkaline degradation of the food pigments curcumin and curcuminoids. J. Food Sci. 62(2):267-269.
75. Priyadarsini KI; Maity DK; Naik GH; Kumar MS; Unnikrishnan MK; Satav JG; Mohan H. 2003. Role of phenolic OH and methylene hydrogen on the free radical reactions and antioxidant activity of curcumin. Free Rad.Biol. Med. 35(5):475-484.
76. Renard P; Raes; M. 1999. The pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB: A potential target for novel therapeutic strategies. Cell Biol.Toxicol. 15:341-344.
77. Reyes-Gordillo K; Segovia J; Shibayama M; Vergara P; Moreno MG; Muriel P. 2007. Curcumin protects against acute liver damage in the rat by inhibiting NF-κB, proinflammatory cytokines production and oxidative stress. Biochim. Et Biophy. Acta,1170(6): 989-996.
78. Robinson TP; Hubbard RB; Ehlers TJ; Arbiser JL; Goldsmith DJ; Bowen JP. 2005. Synthesis and biological evaluation of enones related to curcumin. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 13(12):4007-4013.
79. Roy, M; Sinha D; Mukherjee S; Biswas J. 2011. Curcumin prevents DNA damage and enhances the repair potential in a chronically arsenic-exposed human population in West Bnagal, India. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 20 (2):123-131.
80. Sahu A; Bora U; Kasoju N; Goswami P. 2008. Synthesis of novel biodegradable and selfassembling methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)-palmitatenano carrier for curcumin delivery to cancer cells. Acta Biomat. 4:1752-1761.
81. Scartezzini P; Speroni E. 2000. Review on some plants of Indian traditional medicine with antioxidant activity. J. Ethanopharm. 71: 23-43.
82. Shakibaei M; John T; Schulze-Tanzil G; Lehmann I; Mobasheri A. 2007. Suppression of NF-κB activation by curcumin leads to inhibition of expression of cyclo-oxygenase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in human articular chondrocytes: Implications for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Biochem. Pharmacol. 73(9):1434-1445.
83. Sharma, O.P. 1976. Antioxidant activity of curcumin and related substances. Biochem. Pharmacol.25:1811-1812.
84. Sharma RA; Ireson CR; Verschoyle RD; Hill KA; Williams ML; Leuratti C; Manson MM; Marnett LJ; Steward WP; Gescher AJ. 2001. Effects of dietary curcumin on glutathione s-transferase and malondialdehyde-DNA adducts in rat liver and colon mucosa: Relationship with drug levels. Clin. Cancer Res.7:1452-1458.
85. Shen SQ; Zhang Y; Xiang JJ; Xiong CL. 2007. Protective effect of curcumin against liver warm ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat model is associated with regulation of heat shock protein and antioxidant enzymes. World J. Gastroenterol. 13:1953-1961.
86. Shi W; Dolai S; Rizk S; Hussain A; Tariq H; Averick S; L'Amoreaux W; El Idrissi A; Banerjee P; Raja K. 2007. Synthesis of monofunctional curcumin derivatives, clicked curcumin dimer, and a PAMAM dendrimer curcumin conjugate for therapeutic applications, Org. Lett. 9(27):5461-5464.
87. Shishodia S; Sing T; Chaturvedi MM. 2007. Modulation of transcription factors by curcumin. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 595:127-148.
88. Shishu T; Singla AK; Kaur IP. 2002. Inhibitory effect of curcumin and its natural analogues on genotoxicity of heterocyclic amines from cooked food. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 40(12)"1365-1372.
89. Singh S; Aggarwal B. 1995. Activation of transcription factor NF-κB is suppressed by curcumin (diferuloylmethane), J. Biol. Chem. 270:24995-25000.
90. Son JK. 1995. Isolation and structure determination of a new tetraloneglucosidenfrom the roots of Juglans mandshurica. Arch. Pharm. Res.18:203-205.
91. Syng-Ai C; Kumari AL; Khar A. 2004. Effect of curcumin on normal and tumor cells: role of glutathione and bcl-2. Mol. Cancer Ther.3:1101-1108.
92. Tomren MA; Masson M; Loftsson T; Tønnesen HH. 2007. Studies on curcumin and curcuminoids XXXI. Symmetric and asymmetric curcuminoids: Stability, activity and complexation with cyclodextrin. Int. J.Pharm.338:27-34.
93. Tonnesen HH; Karlsen J. 1985. Studies of curcumin and curcuminoids: VI. Kinetics of curcumin degradation in aqueous solutions. Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. 180:402-404.
94. Tonnesen HH; Karlsen J. 2000. Studies of curcumin and curcuminoids: Alkaline degradation of curcumin in acqueous solutions. Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. 180:132-134.
95. Tonnesen HH; Karlsen J. 1985. Studies on curcumin and curcuminoids-VI..Kinetics of curcumin degradation in aqueous solution. Z. Lebensm.Unters.Forsch.180:402-404.
96. Toshiya M; Tomomi M; Kayo H; Hiromi B; Yoshio T; Hidemasa Y. 2001. Chemical studies on antioxidant mechanism of curcumin: analysis of oxidative coupling products from curcumin and linoleate, J. Agric. Food Chem. 49:2539-2547.
97. Uehara SI; Yasuda I; Akiyama K; Morita H; Takeya K; Itokawa H. 1987. Diarylheptanoids from the rhizomes of Curcuma xanthorrhiza and Alpinia officinarum. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 35:3298-3304.
98. Wan YJ; Pan M.H; Cheng AL; Lin LI; Ho YS; Hsieh CY; Lin JK. 1997. Stability of curcumin in buffer solutions and characterization of its degradation products..J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 15(12): 867-1876.
99. Watson JL; Hill R; Yaffe PB; Greenshields A; Walsh M; Lee PW; Giacomantonio CA; Hoskin DW. 2010. Curcumin causes superoxide anion production and p53-independent apoptosis in human colon cancer cells. Cancer Lett. 297:1-8.
100. Weber W; Hunsaker L; Roybal C; Bobrovnikova-Marjon E; Abcouwer S; Royer R; Deck L; Vander Jagt D. 2006. Activation of NFκB is inhibited by curcumin and related enones. Bioorg. Med.Chem.14:2450-2461.
101. Williams EJ; Haque S; Banks C; Jhonson P; Sarsfield P; Sheron N. 2000. Distribution of the interleukin-8 receptors, CXCR 1 and CXCR2 in inflamed gut. J. Pathol. 192:533-539.
102. Xu G; Ren G; Xu X; Yuan H; Wang Z; Kang L; Yu W; Tian K. 2010. Combination of curcumin and green tea catechins prevents dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis. Food Chem Toxicol. 48(1):390-395.
103. Youn HS; Saitoh SI; Miyake K; Hwang DH. 2006. Inhibition of homodimerization of Tolllike receptor 4 by curcumin. Biochem. Pharmacol. 72(1):62-69.
104. Youssef D; Nichols CE; Cameron TS; Balzarini J; De Clercq E; Jha A. 2007. Design, synthesis, and cytostatic activity of novel cyclic curcumin analogues. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.17, 5624-5629.
105. Zambre A; Kulkarni V; Padhye S; Sandur S; Aggarwal B. 2006. Novel curcumin analogs and proliferation targeting TNF-induced NF-kappa B activation in human leukemic KBM-5 cells. Bioorg.Med. Chem. 14:7196-7204.
106. Zheng J; Ramirez VD. 2000. Inhibition of mitochondrial proton F0F1-ATPase/ATP synthase by polyphenolic phytochemicals. Br. J. Pharmacol.130(5):1115-1123.
107. Zhenyu JI. 2010. Targeting DNA damage and repair by curcumin. Breast Cancer (Auckl). 4:1-3.