(How) are emotionally exhausted employees harmful?

International Journal of Stress Management

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 198-216

  Banks, George C ^a   Whelpley, Christopher E ^a   Oh, In Sue ^a   Shin, KangHyun ^b  

^a VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Ajou University   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Counterproductive work behavior; Emotional exhaustion; Organizational commitment; Social exchange theory; Stressor emotion model

Indexed keywords

EID: 84874538928     PISSN: 10725245     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0029249     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1977). Attitudebehavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical literature. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 888-918. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.84.5.888
2. Alarcon, G. M. (2011). A meta-analysis of burnout with job demands, resources, and attitudes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79, 549-562. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2011.03.007
3. Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 1-18. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00506.x
4. Arthur, A. R. (2000). Employee assistance programs: The emperor's new clothes of stress management? British Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 28, 549-559. doi:10.1080/03069880020004749
5. Association of Certified Fraud Examiners. (2008). 2008 report to the nation on occupational fraud and abuse. Retrieved from http://www.acfe.com/documents/2008-rttn.pdf
6. Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., de Boer, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2003). Job demands and job resources as predictors of absence duration and frequency. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 62, 341-356. doi:10.1016/S0001-8791(02)00030-1
7. Baltes, B. B., Briggs, T. E., Huff, J. W., Wright, J. A., & Neuman, G. A. (1999). Flexible and compressed workweek schedules: A meta-analysis of their effects on work-related criteria. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 496-513. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.84.4.496
8. Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (1998). Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1252-1265. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1252
9. Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2003). Does high self esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4, 1-44. doi:10.1111/1529-1006.01431
10. Baumeister, R. F., Dale, K., & Sommer, K. L. (1998). Freudian defense mechanisms and empirical findings in modern social psychology: Reaction formation, projection, displacement, undoing isolation, sublimation, and denial. Journal of Personality, 66, 1082-1124. doi:1010.1111/1467-6494.00043
11. Bennett, R. J., & Robinson, S. L. (2000). Development of a measure of workplace deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 349-360. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.85.3.349
12. Bensimon, H. F. (1994). Crisis and disaster management: Violations in the workplace. Training and Development, 28, 27-32.
13. Berkowitz, L. (1989). The frustration aggression hypothesis-examination and reformulation. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 59-73. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.106.1.59
14. Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York, NY: John Wiley.
15. Bobko, P., & Stone-Romero, E. F. (1998). Metaanalysis may be another useful research tool, but it is not a panacea. In G. R. Ferris (Ed.), Research in personnel and human resource management (pp. 359-397). Stamford, CT: JAI Press.
16. Bond, F. W., & Bunce, D. (2000). Mediators of change in emotion-focused and problem-focused worksite stress management interventions. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 156-163. doi:10.1037//1076-8Q981.1.156
17. Brief, A. P., & Weiss, H. M. (2002). Organizational behavior: Affect in the workplace. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 279-307. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135156
18. Brislin, R. W. (1980). Translation and content analysis of oral and written materials. In H. C. Triandis & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 389-444). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
19. Buss, D. (1993). Ways to curtail employee theft. Nation's Business, 81, 36-38.
20. Camara, W. J., & Schneider, D. L. (1994). Integrity tests: Facts and unresolved issues. American Psychologist, 49, 112-119. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.49.2.112
21. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
22. Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31, 874. doi:10.1177/0149206305279602
23. Cropanzano, R., Rupp, D. E., & Byrne, Z. S. (2003). The relationship of emotional exhaustion to work attitudes, job performance, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 160-169. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.1.160
24. Cullen, M. J., & Sackett, P. R. (2003). Personality and counterproductive workplace behavior. In M. R. Barrick & A. M. Ryan (Eds.), Personality and work (pp. 150-182). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
25. Dalal, R. S. (2005). A meta-analysis of the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and counterproductive work behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 1241-1255. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1241
26. Diestel, S., & Schmidt, K. H. (2010). Direct and interaction effects among the dimensions of the Maslach burnout inventory: Results from two German longitudinal studies. Interna-tional Journal of Stress Management, 17, 159-180. doi:10.1037/a0018967
27. Dollard, J., Mill, N. E., Doob, L. W., Mowrer, O. H., & Sears, R. R. (1939). Frustration and aggression. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. doi:10.1037/10022-000
28. Dunlop, P. D., & Lee, K. (2004). Workplace, deviance, organizational citizenship behavior, and business unit performance: The bad apples do spoil the barrel. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 67-80. doi:10.1002/job.243
29. Emerson, R. M. (1976). Social exchange theory. Annual Review of Sociology, 2, 335-362. doi:10.1146/annurev.so.02.080176.002003
30. Gill, H., Meyer, J. P., Lee, K., Shin, K.-H., & Yoon, C.-Y. (2011). Affective and continuance commitment and their relations with deviant workplace behaviors in Korea. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 28, 595-607. doi:10.1007/s10490-009-9165-0
31. Gino, F., Schweitzer, M. E., Mead, N. L., & Ariely, D. (2011). Unable to resist temptation: How self-control depletion promotes unethical behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decisions Processes, 115, 191-203. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.03.001
32. Glazer, S., & Beehr, T. A. (2005). Consistency of implications of three role stressors across four countries. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 467-487. doi:10.1002/job.326
33. Glazer, S., & Kruse, B. (2008). The role of organizational commitment in occupational stress models. International Journal of Stress Management, 15, 329-344. doi:10.1037/a0013135
34. Harrison, D. A., Newman, D. A., & Roth, P. L. (2006). How important are job attitudes? Meta-analytic comparisons of integrative behavioral outcomes and time sequences. Acad-emy of Management Journal, 49, 305-325. doi:10.5465/AMJ.2006.20786077
35. Hershcovis, M. S., & Barling, J. (2010). Towards a multi-foci approach to workplace aggres-sion: A meta-analytic review of outcomes from different perpetrators. Journal of Orga-nizational Behavior, 31, 24-44. doi:10.1002/job.621
36. Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's Consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
37. Hollinger, R. C., & Clark, J. P. (1983). Theft By Employees. Lexington, MA: Heath & Company/Lexington Books.
38. James, L. R., James, L. A., & Ashe, D. K. (1990). The measuring of organizations: The role of cognition and values. In B. Schneider (Ed.), Organizational climate and culture (pp. 40-89). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
39. Kahill, S. (1988). Symptoms of professional burnout: A review of the empirical evidence. Canadian Psychology, 29, 284-297. doi:10.1037/h0079772
40. Ko, J. W., Price, J. L., & Mueller, C. W. (1997). Assessment of Meyer and Allen's three-component model of organizational commitment in South Korea. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 961-973. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.82.6.961
41. Kobasa, S. C. (1982). Commitment and coping in stress resistance among lawyers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 707-717. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.42.4.707
42. Krischer, M. M., Penney, L. M., & Hunter, E. M. (2010). Can counterproductive work behaviors be productive? CWB as emotion-focused coping. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 15, 154-166. doi:10.1037/a0018349
43. Lam, C. K., Huang, X., & Janssen, O. (2010). Contextualizing emotional exhaustion and positive emotional display: The signaling effects of supervisors' emotional exhaustion and service climate. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 368-376. doi:10.1037/a0017869
44. Lee, K., Allen, N. J., Meyer, J. P., & Rhee, K.-Y. (2001). The three-component model of organisational commitment: An application to South Korea. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50, 596-614. doi:10.1111/1464-0597.00075
45. Lee, R. T., & Ashforth, B. E. (1993). A further examination of managerial burnout: Toward an integrated model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14, 3-20. doi:10.1002/job.4030140103
46. Lee, R. T., & Ashforth, B. E. (1996). A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 123-133. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.81.2.123
47. Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. F. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 151-173. doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_1
48. Marcus, B., & Schuler, H. (2004). Antecedents of counterproductive behavior at work: A general perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 647-660. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.89.4.647
49. Maslach, C. (1982). Burnout: The cost of caring. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
50. Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 2, 99-113. doi:10.1002/job.4030020205
51. Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1984). Burnout in organizational settings. Applied Social Psychology Annual, 5, 133-153.
52. Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W., & Steers, R. M. (1982). Employee-organization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. New York, NY: Academic Press.
53. Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. W. (1979). Measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14, 224-247. doi:10.1016/0001-8791(79)90072-1
54. Mulki, J. P., Jaramillo, F., & Locander, W. B. (2006). Emotional exhaustion and organizational deviance: Can the right job and leader's style make a difference? Journal of Business Research, 59, 1222-1230. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.09.001
55. O'Boyle, E. H., Humphrey, R. H., Pollack, J. M., Hawver, T. H., & Story, P. A. (2010). The relation between emotional intelligence and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32, n/a. doi:10.1002/job.714
56. Perrewé, P. L., & Zellars, K. L. (1999). An examination of attributions and emotions in the transactional approach to the organizational stress process. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20, 739-752. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199909)20:5<739::AID-JOB1949>3.0.CO;2-C
57. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879-903. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
58. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879-891. doi:10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
59. Richardson, K. M., & Rothstein, H. R. (2008). Effects of occupational stress management intervention programs: A meta-analysis. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 13, 69-93. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.13.1.69
60. Robinson, S. L., & Bennett, R. J. (1995). A typology of deviant workplace behaviors: A multidimensional scaling study. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 555-572. doi: 10.2307/256693
61. Rotundo, M., & Sackett, P. R. (2002). The relative importance of task, citizenship, and counterproductive performance to global ratings of job performance: A policy capturing approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 66-80. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.1.66
62. Sackett, P. R. (2002). The structure of counterproductive work behaviors: Dimensionality and relationships with facets of job performance. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10, 5-11. doi:10.1111/1468-2389.00189
63. Schmidt, K.-H. (2007). Organizational commitment: A further moderator in the relationship between work stress and strain? International Journal of Stress Management, 14, 26-40. doi:10.1037/1072-5245.14.1.26
64. Spector, P. E., & Fox, S. (2005). The stressor-emotion model of counterproductive work behaviors. In S. Fox & P. E. Spector (Eds.), Counterproductive work behavior: Investi-gations of actors and targets (pp. 151-174). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10893-007
65. Spector, P. E., & Fox, S. (2010). Counterproductive work behavior and organisational citizen-ship behavior: Are they opposite forms of active behavior? Applied Psychology: An International Review, 59, 21-39. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2009.00414.x
66. Storms, P. L., & Spector, P. E. (1987). Relationships of organizational frustration with reported behavioral reactions: The moderating effect of perceived control. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 60, 227-234. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1987.tb00255.x
67. Swider, B. W., & Zimmerman, R. D. (2010). Born to burnout: A meta-analytic path model of personality, job burnout, and work outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76, 487-506. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2010.01.003
68. Thau, S., & Mitchell, M. S. (2010). Self-gain or self-regulation impairment? Test of competing explanations of the supervisor abuse and employee deviance through perceptions of distributive justice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 1009-1031. doi:10.1037/a0020540
69. van Jaarsveld, D. D., Walker, D. D., & Skarlicki, D. P. (2010). The role of job demands and emotional exhaustion in the between customer and employee incivility. Journal of Management, 36, 1486-1504. doi:10.1177/0149206310368998
70. Weiss, H. M., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective events theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organization behavior: An annual series of analytical essays and critical reviews (pp. 1-74). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
71. Williams, L. J., & O'Boyle, E. H. (2008). Measurement models for linking latent variables and indicators: A review of human resource management research using parcels. Human Resource Management Review, 18, 233-242. doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2008.07.002
72. Williams, L. J., Vandenberg, J., & Edwards, J. R. (2009). Structural equation modeling in management research: A guide for improved analysis. The Academy of Management Annals, 3, 543-604. doi:10.1080/19416520903065683
73. Wright, T. A., & Bonett, D. G. (1997). The contribution of burnout to work performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, 491-499. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199709)18:5<491::AID-JOB804>3.0.CO;2-I
74. Wright, T. A., & Cropanzano, R. (1998). Emotional exhaustion as a predictor of job perfor-mance and voluntary turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 486-493. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.83.3.486