Conserving large mammals: are they a special case?

Key Topics in Conservation Biology 2

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 277-312

  Macdonald, David W ^a   Boitani, Luigi ^b   Dinerstein, Eric ^c   Fritz, Hervé ^d   Wrangham, Richard ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

^c WWF US   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITÉ DE LYON   (France)

^e HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Large terrestrial mammals (LTMs); Mammal conservation

Indexed keywords

EID: 84873403936     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781118520178.ch16     Document Type: Chapter

References (292)

1. Archibald, S., Bond, W.J., Stock, W.D. & Fairbanks, D.H.K. (2005) Shaping the landscape: Fire-grazer interactions in an African savanna. Ecological Applications, 15, 96-109.
2. Athreya, V.R., Thakur, S.S., Chaudhuri, S. & Belsare, A.V. (2004) A study of the man-leopard conflict in the Junnar Forest Division, Pune District, Maharashtra. Submitted to the Office of the Chief Wildlife Warden, Nagpur. Maharashtra Forest Department and the Wildlife Protection Society of India, New Delhi. www.ncra.tifr.res.in/~rathreya/JunnarLeopards/report.pdf
3. Baker, S., Johnson, P., Slater, D., Watkins, R. & Macdonald, D.W. (2007) Learned food aversion with and without an odour cue for protecting untreated baits from wild mammal foraging. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 102, 410-428.
4. Baker, S.E., Ellwood, S.A., Slater, D., Watkins, R.W. & Macdonald, D.W. (2008) Food aversion plus odor cue protects crop from wild mammals. Journal of Wildlife Management, 72, 785-791.
5. Ballard, W.B., Whitman, J.S. & Gardner, C.L. (1987) Ecology of an exploited wolf population in southcentral Alaska. Wildlife Monographs, 98, 54.
6. Beddington, J.R. & Kirkwood, G.P. (2007) Fisheries. In: Theoretical Ecology: Principles and Applications (eds R.M. May & A.R. Maclean), pp. 148-157. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
7. Beier, P., Riley, S.P.D. & Sauvajot, R.M. (2010) Mountain lions (Puma concolor). In: Urban Carnivores: Ecology, Conflict, and Conservation (eds S.D. Gehrt, S.P.D. Riley & B. Cypher), pp. 141-155. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.
8. Bell, R.H.V. (1970) The use of the herb layer by grazing ungulates in the Serengeti. In: Animal Populations in Relation to Their Food Resources (ed. A. Watson), pp. 111-123. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.
9. Berger, J. (2004) The last mile: how to sustain longdistance migration in mammals. Conservation Biology, 18, 320-331.
10. Berger, J., Stacey, P.B., Bellis, L. & Johnson, M.P. (2001) A mammalian predator-prey imbalance: grizzly bear and wolf extinction affect avian neotropical migrants. Ecological Applications, 11, 947-960.
11. Berlow, E.L., Neutel, A.M., Cohen, J.E., et al. (2004) Interaction strengths in food webs: issues and opportunities. Journal of Animal Ecology, 73, 585-598.
12. Besançon, C. & Savy, C. (2005) Global list of internationally adjoining protected areas and other transboundary initiatives. In: Transboundary Conservation: A New Vision for Protected Areas (eds R.A. Mittermeier, C.F. Kormos, C.G. Mittermeier, P. Robles Gil, T. Sandwith & C. Besançon). Chicago University Press, Chicago, IL.
13. Beschta, R.L. & Ripple, W.J. (2009) Large predators and trophic cascades in terrestrial ecosystems of the western United States. Biological Conservation, 142, 2401-2414.
14. Bielby, J., Mace, G.M., Bininda-Emonds, O.R.P., et al. (2007) The fast-slow continuum in mammalian life history: an empirical reevaluation. American Naturalist, 169, 748-757.
15. Boitani, L. (1995) Ecological and cultural diversities in the evolution of wolves-humans relationships. In: Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World (eds L.N. Carbyn, S.H. Fritts & DR. Seip), pp. 3-12. Canadian Circumpolar Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
16. Boitani, L. (2003) Wolf conservation and recovery. In: Wolves: Behavior, Ecology and Conservation (eds L.D. Mech & L. Boitani), pp. 317-340. Chicago University Press, Chicago, IL.
17. Boitani, L. & Ciucci, P. (2009) Species conservation without boundaries-wolf conservation across Europe. In: A New Era for Wolves and People: Wolf Recovery, Human Attitudes and Policy (eds M. Musiani, L. Boitani & P. Paquet), pp. 15-39. University of Calgary Press, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
18. Boitani, L., Ciucci, P. & Raganella-Pelliccioni, E.R. (2010) Ex-post compensation payments for wolf predation on livestock in Italy: a tool for conservation? Wildlife Research, 37, 722-730.
19. Bolger, D.T., Newmark, W.D., Morrison, T.A. & Doak, D.F. (2008) The need for integrative approaches to understand and conserve migratory ungulates. Ecology Letters, 11, 63-77.
20. Bonnet, O., Fritz, H. & Gignoux, J. (2010) Grazing and primary production dynamics define grazing lawns as a flux resource. Journal of Ecology, 98, 908-916.
21. Borer, E.T., Seabloom, E.W., Shurin, J.B., et al. (2005) What determines the strength of a trophic cascade? Ecology, 86, 528-537.
22. Boyd, C., Brooks, T.M., Butchart, S.H.M., et al. (2008) Spatial scale and the conservation of threatened species. Conservation Letters, 1, 37-43.
23. Braack, L. (2005) The Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park: a benchmark for international conservation. In: Transboundary Conservation: A New Vision for Protected Areas (eds R.A. Mittermeier, C.F. Kormos, C.G. Mittermeier, P. Robles Gil, T. Sandwith & C. Besançon). Chicago University Press, Chicago, IL.
24. Bradford, J.B. & Hobbs, N.T. (2008) Regulating overabundant ungulate populations: an example for elk in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Journal of Environmental Management, 86, 520-528.
25. Brain, C.K. (1969) The probable role of leopards as predators of the Swartkrans australopithecines. South African Archaeological Bulletin, 24, 170-171.
26. Breitenmoser, U., Ryser, A., Molinari-Jobin, A., et al. (2010) The changing impact of predation as a source of conflict between hunters and reintroduced lynx in Switzerland. In: Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids (eds D.W. Macdonald & A.J. Loveridge), pp. 493-506. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
27. Brown, J.H. & Maurer, B.A. (1989) Macroecology: the division of food and space among species on continents. Science, 243, 1145-1150.
28. Brown, J.S., Laundré, J.W. & Gurung, M. (1999) The ecology of fear: optimal foraging, game theory, and trophic interactions. Journal of Mammalogy, 80, 385-399.
29. Buskirk, S.W. (2004) Keeping an eye on the neighbours. Science, 306, 238-239.
30. Campbell, G., Kuehl, H., Goran Kouame, P. & Boesch, C. (2008) Alarming decline of west African chimpanzees in Cote d'Ivoire. Current Biology, 18, R903-R904.
31. Campbell-Smith, G., Simanjorang, H.V. P., Leader-Williams, N. & Linkie, M. (2010) Local attitudes and perceptions towards crop-raiding by orangutans (Pongo abelii) and other nonhuman primates in northern Sumatra, Indonesia. American Journal of Primatology, 72, 866-876.
32. Can, Ö.E. & Macdonald, D.W. (submitted) Human-bear conflict management. BioScience.
33. Carbone, C., Mace, G.M., Roberts, S.C. & Macdonald, D.W. (1999) Energetic constraints on the diet of terrestrial carnivores. Nature, 402, 286-288.
34. Cardillo, M., Mace, G.M., Jones, K.E., et al. (2005) Multiple causes of high extinction risk in large mammal species. Science, 309, 1239-1241.
35. Cardillo, M., Mace, G.M., Gittleman, J.L., Jones, K.E., Bielby, J. & Purvis, A. (2008) The predictability of extinction: biological and external correlates of decline in mammals. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 275, 1441-1448.
36. Chamaillé-Jammes, S., Valeix, M. & Fritz, H. (2007) Managing heterogeneity in elephant distribution: interactions between elephant population density and surface-water availability. Journal of Applied Ecology, 44, 625-633.
37. Chamaillé-Jammes, S., Fritz, H., Valeix, M., Murindagomo, F. & Clobert, J. (2008) Resource variability, aggregation and direct density dependence: the local regulation of an African elephant population. Journal of Animal Ecology, 77, 135-144.
38. Chamaillé-Jammes, S., Fritz, H. & Madzikanda, H. (2009) Piosphere contribution to landscape heterogeneity: a case-study of remote-sensed woody cover in a high elephant density landscape. Ecography, 32, 871-880.
39. Chardonnet, P., des Clers, B., Fischer, J., Gerhold, R., Jori, F. & Lamarque, F. (2002) The value of wildlife. Revue Scientifique et Technique, International Office of Epizootics, 21, 115-51.
40. Christie, S. (2009) Breeding Far Eastern leopards for reintroduction-the zoo program perspective. In: Reintroduction of Top-Order Predators (eds M. Hayward & M. Somers). Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford.
41. Chundawat, R.S., Habib, B., Karanth, U., et al. (2011) Panthera tigris. In: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
42. CITES (1992) Quotas for trade in specimens of cheetah. Eighth meeting of the Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, pp. 1-5. DEFRA, Bristol.
43. Collins, M., MilnerGulland, E.J., Macdonald, E.A. & Macdonald, D.W. (2011) Pleiotropy and charisma determine winners and losers in the REDD+ game: all biodiversity is not equal. Tropical Conservation Science, 4, 261-266.
44. Conover, M.R. (2002) Resolving Wildlife Conflicts: The Science of Wildlife Damage Management. Lewis, Boca Raton, FL.
45. Côté, S.D., Rooney, T.P., Tremblay, J.P., Dussault, C. & Waller, D.M. (2004) Ecological impact of deer over-abundance. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 35, 113-147.
46. Courchamp, F., Angulo, E., Rivalan, P., et al. (2006) Rarity value and species extinction: the anthropogenic Allee effect. Plos Biology, 4, 2405-2410.
47. Cozzi, G., Broekhuis F., et al. (In Press). "Fear of the dark or dinner by moonlight? Reduced temporal partitioning among Africa's large carnivores." Ecology.
48. Craigie, I.D., Baillie, J.E.M., Balmford, A., et al. (2010) Large mammal population declines in Africa's protected areas. Biological Conservation, 143, 2221-2228.
49. Creel, S., Winnie, J.A., Maxwell, B., Hamlin, K. & Creel, M. (2005) Elk alter habitat selection as an antipredator response to wolves. Ecology, 86, 3387-3397.
50. Crooks, K.R. & Soulé, M.E. (1999) Mesopredator release and avifaunal extinctions in a fragmented system. Nature, 400, 563-566.
51. Crosmary, W.G., Valeix, M., Fritz, H., Madzikanda, H. & Côté, S.D. (2012) African ungulates and their drinking problems: hunting and predation risks constrain access to water. Animal Behaviour, 83, 145-153.
52. Curtis, G. (2006) The Cave-Painters: Probing the Mysteries of the World's First Artists. Knopf, New York.
53. Darwin, C. (1871) The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. John Murray, London.
54. Davidson, A.D., Hamilton, M.J., Boyer, A.G., Brown, J.H. & Ceballos, G. (2009) Multiple ecological pathways to extinction in mammals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 106, 10702-10705.
55. Davies, T.E., Wilson, S., Hazarika, N., et al. (2011) Effectiveness of intervention methods against cropraiding elephants. Conservation Letters, 4, 346-354.
56. Davies-Mostert, H.T., Mills, G.L. & Macdonald, D.W. (2009) A critical assessment of South Africa's managed metapopulation recovery strategy for African wild dogs and its value as a template for large carnivore conservation elsewhere. In: Reintroduction of Top-Order Predators (eds M. Hayward & M. Somers), pp. 10-42. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford.
57. Demment, M.W. & van Soest, P.J. (1985) A nutritional explanation f body-size patterns of ruminant and nonruminant herbivores. American Naturalist, 125, 641-672.
58. De Paula, R., Campos Neto, M.F. & Morato, R.G. (2008) First official record of human killed by jaguar in Brazil. Cat News, 49, 31-32.
59. Dickman, A.J., Macdonald, E.A. & Macdonald, D.W. (2011) A review of financial instruments to pay for predator conservation and encourage human-carnivore coexistence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 108, 13937-13944.
60. Dinerstein, E. (1992) Effects of Rhinoceros unicornis on riverine forest structure in lowland Nepal. Ecology, 73, 701-704.
61. Dinerstein, E. (2011) Family Rhinocerotidae (Rhinoceroses). In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Vol. 2. Hoofed Mammals. (eds D.E. Wilson & R.A. Mittermeier). Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
62. Dinerstein, E., Loucks, C., Wikramanayake, E., et al. (2007) The fate of wild tigers. BioScience, 57, 508-514.
63. Dinerstein, E., Varma, K. et al. (2012). "Enhancing conservation, ecosystem services, and local livelihoods through a wildlife premium mechanism." Conservation Biology, in press.
64. Dinerstein, E. & Wemmer, C. (1988) Fruits rhinoceros eat: dispersal of Trewia nudiflora in lowland Nepal. Ecology, 69, 1768-1774.
65. Diniz-Filho, J.A.F., Carvalho, P., Bini, L.M. & Torres, N.M. (2005) Macroecology, geographic range size-body size relationship and minimum viable population analysis for new world carnivora. Acta Oecolgica, 27, 25-30.
66. Driscoll, C.A., Yamaguchi, N., Bar-Gal, G.K., et al. (2009) Mitochondrial phylogeography illuminates the origin of the extinct Caspian tiger and its relationship to the Amur tiger. PLoS ONE, 4, e4125.
67. Driscoll, C.A., Luo, S., Macdonald, D., et al. (2011) Restoring tigers to the Caspian region. Science, 333, 822.
68. Duffy, R. (2010) Nature Crime: How We're Getting Conservation Wrong. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
69. Dunbrack, R.L. & Ramsay, M.A. (1993) The allometry of mammalian adaptations to seasonal environments: a critique of the fat endurance hypothesis. Oikos, 66, 336-342.
70. Dunham, K.M., Ghiurghi, A., Cumbi, R. & Urbano, F. (2010) Human-wildlife conflict in Mozambique: a national perspective, with emphasis on wildlife attacks on humans. Oryx, 44, 185-193.
71. Eizirik, E., Kim, J.H., Menotti-Raymond, M., Crawshaw P. G. Jr, O'Brien, S.J. & Johnson, W.E. (2001) Phylogeography, population history and conservation genetics of jaguars (Panthera onca, Mammalia, Felidae). Molecular Ecology, 10, 65-79.
72. Emmerson, M.C. & Raffaelli, D. (2004) Predator-prey body size, interaction strength and the stability of a real food web. Journal of Animal Ecology, 73, 399-409.
73. Emslie, R. (2011) Diceros bicornis ssp. longipes. In: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
74. Emslie, R. & Brooks, M. (1999) African Rhino. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC African Rhino Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland.
75. Estes, J.A., Crooks, K. & Holt, R. (2001) Predators, ecological role of. In: Encyclopedia of Biodiversity (ed S.A. Levin), pp. 857-878. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
76. Estes, J.A., Terborgh, J., Brashares, J.S., et al. (2011) Trophic downgrading of planet earth. Science, 333, 301-306.
77. Fayrer-Hosken, R.A., Grobler, D., van Altena, J.J., Bertschinger, H.J. & Kirkpatrick, J.F. (2000) Immunocontraception of African Elephants-a humane method to control elephant populations without behavioural side effects. Nature, 407, 149.
78. Fernando, P., Wikramanayake, E.D., Weerakoon, D., Jayasinghe, L.K.A., Gunawardene, M. & Janaka, H.K. (2005) Perceptions and patterns of human-elephant conflict in old and new settlements in Sri Lanka: insights for mitigation and management. Biodiversity and Conservation, 14, 2465-2481.
79. Ferreras, P., Rodriguez, A., Palomares, F. & Delibes, M. (2010) Iberian lynx: the uncertain future of a critically endangered cat. In: Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids (eds D.W. Macdonald & A.J. Loveridge), pp. 507-520. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
80. Fornara, D.A. & du Toit, J.T. (2007) Browsing lawns? Responses of Acacia nigrescens to ungulate browsing in an African savanna. Ecology, 88, 200-209.
81. Fritts, S.H., Stephenson, R.O., Hayes, R.D., and Boitani, L. (2003) Wolves and humans. In: Wolves: Behavior, Ecology and Conservation (eds L.D. Mech & L. Boitani), pp. 289-316. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
82. Fritz, H. & Loison, A. (2006) Large herbivores across biomes. In: Large Herbivore Ecology, Ecosystem Dynamics and Conservation (eds K. Danell, R. Bergström, P. Duncan & J. Pastor). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
83. Fritz, H., Duncan, P., Gordon, I.J. & Illius, A.W. (2002) Megaherbivores influence trophic guilds structure in African ungulate communities. Oecologia, 131, 620-625.
84. Fritz, H., Saïd, S., Renaud, P.C., Mutake, S., Coid, C. & Monicat, F. (2003) The effects of agricultural fields and human settlements on the use of rivers by wildlife in the mid-Zambezi valley, Zimbabwe. Landscape Ecology, 18, 293-302.
85. Fritz, H., Loreau, M., Chamaillé-Jammes, S., Valeix, M. & Clobert, J. (2011) A food web perspective on large herbivore community limitation. Ecography, 34, 196-202.
86. Fritz, S.A. & Purvis, A. (2010) Phylogenetic diversity does not capture body size variation at risk in the world's mammals. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 277, 2435-2441.
87. Fritz, S.A., Bininda-Edmonds, O.R.P. & Purvis, A. (2009) Geographical variation in predictors of mammalian extinction risk: big is bad, but only in the tropics. Ecology Letters, 12, 538-549.
88. Fryxell, J.M. & Sinclair, A.R.E. (1988) Causes and consequences of migrations by large herbivores. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 3, 237-241.
89. Gaillard, J.M., Festa-Bianchet, M., Yoccoz, N.G., Loison, A. & Toïgo, C. (2000) Temporal variation in fitness components and population dynamics of large herbivores. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 31, 367-393.
90. Gaillard, J.M., Duncan, P., van Wieren, S.E., Loison, A., Klein, F. & Maillard, D. (2008) Managing large herbivores in theory and practice: is the game the same for browsing and grazing species? In: The Ecology of Browsing and Grazing. Ecological Studies 195 (eds I.J. Gordon & H.H.T. Prins), pp. 293-307. Springer, New York.
91. Gaulin, S.J.C. (1979) A Jarman-Bell model of primate feeding niches. Human Ecology, 7, 1-20.
92. Gill, R.M.A. (1992) A review of damage by mammals in north temperate forests: 1. deer. Forestry, 65, 145-169.
93. Global Tiger Initiative (2011) Global Tiger Recovery Program 2010-2022. Global Tiger Initiative Secretariat, World Bank, Washington D.C.
94. Goossens, B., Setchell, J.M., Tchidongo, E., et al. (2005) Survival, interactions with conspecifics and reproduction in 37 chimpanzees released into the wild. Biological Conservation, 123, 461-475.
95. Goulding, M.J. & Roper, T.J. (2002) Press responses to the presence of free-living wild boar (Sus scrofa) in southern England. Mammal Review, 32, 272-282.
96. Grebmeier, J.M., Overland, J.E., Moore, S.E., et al. (2006) A major ecosystem shift in the northern Bering Sea. Science, 311, 1461-1464.
97. Grow, N. & Gursky-Doyen, S. (2010) Preliminary data on the behavior, ecology, and morphology of pygmy tarsiers (Tarsius pumilus). International Journal of Primatology, 31, 1174-1191.
98. Grundmann, E. (2006). Back to the wild: will reintroduction and rehabilitation help the long-term conservation of orang-utans in Indonesia? Social Science Information, 45, 265-284.
99. Hanks, J. (2005) Kavango-Zambezi: the four-corners transfrontier conservation area. In: Transboundary Conservation. A New Vision for Protected Areas (eds R.A. Mittermeier, C.F. Kormos, C.G. Mittermeier, P. Robles Gil, T. Sandwith & C. Besançon). Chicago University Press, Chicago, IL.
100. Harris, G., Thirgood, S., Hopcraft, J.G.C., Cromsigt, J.P.G.M. & Berger, J. (2009) Global decline in aggregated migrations of large terrestrial mammals. Endangered Species Research, 7, 55-76.
101. Haskell, J.P., Ritchie, M.E. & Olff, H. (2002) Fractal geometry predicts varying body size scaling relationships for mammal and bird home ranges. Nature, 418, 527-530.
102. Hayward, M.W. & Kerley, G.I.H. (2009) Fencing for conservation: restriction of evolutionary potential or a riposte to threatening processes? Biological Conservation, 142, 1-13.
103. Hayward, M.W. & Somers, M. (2009) Reintroduction of Top-Order Predators. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
104. Hazzah, L. & Dolrenry, S. (2011) Lion Guardians Annual Report 2011. Nairobi, Kenya. www.lionguardians.org
105. Hazzah, L., Mulder, M.B. & Frank, L. (2009) Lions and warriors: social factors underlying declining African lion populations and the effect of incentive-based management in Kenya. Biological Conservation, 142, 2428-2437.
106. Hearn, A.J., Ross, J., Pamin, D., Bernard, H., Hunter, L. & Macdonald, D.W. (submitted) The consequences of forest management for the Sunda clouded leopard in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Journal of Mammalogy.
107. Hemson, G., Maclennan, S., Mills, G., Johnson, P. & Macdonald, D. (2009) Community, lions, livestock and money: a spatial and social analysis of attitudes to wildlife and the conservation value of tourism in a human-carnivore conflict in Botswana. Biological Conservation, 142, 2718-2725.
108. Henke, S.E. & Bryant, F.C. (1999) Effects of coyote removal on the faunal community in western Texas. Journal of Wildlife Management, 63, 1066-1081.
109. Henschel, P., Hunter, L.T.B., Coad, L., Abernethy, K.A. & Mühlenberg, M. (2011) Leopard prey choice in the Congo Basin rainforest suggests exploitative competition with human bushmeat hunters. Journal of Zoology, 285, 11-20.
110. Herrero, S., Higgins, A., Cardoza, J.E., Hajduk, L.I. & Smith, T.S. (2011) Fatal attacks by American black bear on people: 1900-2009. Journal of Wildlife Management, 75, 596-603.
111. Hetherington, D. A., Miller, D.R., Macleod, C.D. & Gorman, M.L. (2008) A potential habitat network for the Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx in Scotland. Mammal Review, 38, 285-303.
112. Hoare R.E. (2000) African elephants and humans in conflict: an outlook for co-existence. Oryx, 34, 34-38.
113. Hoare, R.E. & du Toit, J.T. (1999) Coexistence between people and elephants in African savannas. Conservation Biology, 13, 633-639.
114. Hockings, K. & Humle, T. (2009) Best Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Mitigation of Conflict Between Humans and Great Apes. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland.
115. Holdo, R.M., Sinclair, A.R.E., Dobson, A.P., et al. (2009) A disease-mediated trophic cascade in the Serengeti and its implications for ecosystem C. PLoS Biol, 7, e1000210.
116. Hoogesteijn, R. (2003) Manual on the Problem of Depredation Caused by Jaguars and Pumas on Cattle Ranches (trans. B. Kuperman). Wildlife Conservation Society and IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
117. Hopcraft, J.G.C., Olff, H. & Sinclair, A.R.E. (2010) Herbivores, resources and risks: alternating regulation along primary environmental gradients in savannas. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 25, 119-128.
118. Hudson, R.J., Drew, K.R. & Baskin, L.M. (1989) Wildlife Production Systems: Economic Utilisation of Wild Ungulates. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
119. Hunter, M.D. & Price, P.W. (1992) Playing chutes and ladders: heterogeneity and the relative roles of bottom-up and top-down forces in natural communities. Ecology, 73, 724-732.
120. Inskip, C. & Zimmermann, A. (2009) Human-felid conflict: a review of patterns and priorities worldwide. Oryx, 43, 18-34.
121. IUCN. (2008) 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland, Switzerland.
122. Jackson, P. & Nowell, K. (2008) Panthera tigris ssp. sondaica. In: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
123. Jackson, R.M., Mishra, C., McCarthy, T.M. & Ale, S.B. (2010) Snow leopards: conflict and conservation. In: Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids (eds D.W. Macdonald & A.J. Loveridge), pp. 417-430. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
124. Janis, C.M., Damuth, J. & Theodor, J.M. (2000) Miocene ungulates and terrestrial primary productivity: where have all the browsers gone? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 97, 7899-7904.
125. Jarman, P.J. (1974) The social organisation of antelope in relation to their ecology. Behaviour, 48, 215-266.
126. Jerozolimskia, A. & Peres, C.A. (2003) Bringing home the biggest bacon: a cross-site analysis of the structure of hunter-kill profiles in Neotropical forests. Biological Conservation, 111, 415-425.
127. Jetz, W., Carbone, C., Fulford, J. & Brown, J.H. (2004) The scaling of animal space use. Science, 306, 266-268.
128. Jhala, Y.V. & Sharma D.K. (1997) Child lifting by wolves in eastern Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal of Wildlife Research, 2, 94-101.
129. Jhala, Y.V., Qureshi, Q., Gopal, R. & Sinha, P.R. (2011) Status of the Tigers, Co-predators, and Prey in India, 2010. National Tiger Conservation Authority, Government of India, New Delhi, and Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun.
130. Johnson, P.J., Kansky, R., Loveridge, A.J. & Macdonald, D.W. (2010) Size, rarity and charisma: valuing African wildlife trophies. PLos ONE, 5, e12866.
131. Jones, J.H. (2011) Primates and the evolution of long, slow life histories. Current Biology, 27, R708-R717.
132. Jonker, J., van Aarde, R.J. & Ferreira, S.M. (2008) Temporal trends in elephant Loxodonta africana numbers and densities in northern Botswana: is the elephant really increasing? Oryx, 42, 58-65.
133. Kamler, J.F., Klare, U. et al. (2012). "Seasonal diet and prey selection of black-backed jackals on a small-livestock farm in South Africa." African Journal of Ecology, 50(3): 299-307.
134. Kanga, E.M., Ogutu, J.O., Piepho, H.P. & Olff, H. (in press) Human-hippo conflicts in Kenya during 1997-2008: vulnerability of a megaherbivore to anthropogenic land use changes. Journal of Land Use Science.
135. Kelt, D.A. & van Vuren, D.H. (2001) The ecology and macroecology of mammalian home range area. American Naturalist, 157, 637-645.
136. Kerley, G.I.H. & Shrader, A.M. (2007) Elephant contraception: silver bullet or a potentially bitter pill? South African Journal of Science, 103, 181-182.
137. King, L.E., Douglas-Hamilton, I. & Vollrath, F. (2007) African elephants run from the sound of disturbed bees. Current Biology, 17, R832-R833.
138. King, L.E., Douglas-Hamilton, I. & Vollrath, F. (2011) Beehive fences as effective deterrents for cropraiding elephants: field trials in northern Kenya. African Journal of Ecology, 49, 431-439.
139. Klare, U., Kamler, J.F., Stenkewitz, U. & Macdonald, D.W. (2010) Diet, prey selection, and predation impact of black-backed jackals in South Africa. Journal of Wildlife Management, 74, 1030-1042.
140. Kleiber, M. (1963) The Fire of Life, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
141. Kruuk, H. & Macdonald, D. (1985) Group territories of carnivores: empires and enclaves. In: Behavioural Ecology (eds R.M. Sibly & R.H. Smith), pp. 521-536. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
142. Laliberté, A.S. & Ripple, W.J. (2004) Range contractions of North American carnivores and ungulates. Bioscience, 54, 123-138.
143. Laundré, J.W., Hernández, L. & Ripple, W.J. (2010) The landscape of fear: ecological implications of being afraid. Open Ecology Journal, 3, 1-7.
144. Leader-Williams, N., Balmford, A., Linkie, M., et al. (2007) Beyond the ark: conservation biologists' views of the achievements of zoos in conservation. In: Zoos in the 21st Century: Catalysts for Conservation? (eds A. Zimmerman, M. Hatchwell, L.A. Dickie & C. West), pp. 236-254. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
145. Leonard, W.R., Robertson, M.L., Snodgrass, J.J. & Kuzawa, C.W. (2003) Metabolic correlates of hominid brain evolution. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A, 136, 5-15.
146. Liley, S. & Creel, S. (2007) What best explains vigilance in elk: characteristics of prey, predators, or the environment? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 19, 245-254.
147. Loarie, S.R., van Aarde, R.J. & Pimm, S.L. (2009) Elephant seasonal vegetation preferences across dry and wet savannas. Biological Conservation, 142, 3099-3107.
148. Loveridge, A.J., Hunt, J.E., Murindagomo, F. & Macdonald, D.W. (2006) Influence of drought on predation of elephant (Loxodonta africana) calves by lions (Panthera leo) in an African wooded savannah. Journal of Zoology, 270, 523-530.
149. Loveridge, A.J., Searle, A.W., Murindagomo, F. & Macdonald, D.W. (2007) The impact of sporthunting on the population dynamics of an African lion population in a protected area. Biological Conservation, 134, 548-558.
150. Loveridge, A.J., Wang, S.W., Frank, L.G. & Seidensticker, J. (2010a) People and wild felids: conservation of cats and management of conflicts. In: Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids (eds D.W. Macdonald & A.J. Loveridge), pp. 161-195. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
151. Loveridge, A.J., Hemson, G., Davidson, Z. & Macdonald, D.W. (2010b) African lions on the edge: reserve boundaries as 'attractive sinks'. In: Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids (eds D.W. Macdonald & A.J. Loveridge), pp. 283-304. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
152. Lund, M. (2013) Commensal rodents. In: Rodent Pests and Their Control, 2nd edn (eds A.P. Buckle & R.H. Smith), in press. CABI, Wallingford.
153. Macdonald, D.W. (2000) Bartering biodiversity: what are the options? In: Environmental Policy. Objectives, Instruments, and Implementation (ed. D. Helm), pp. 142-171. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
154. Macdonald, D.W. (2009a) The New Encylopedia of Mammals. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
155. Macdonald, D.W. (2009b) Lessons learnt and plans laid: seven awkward questions for the future of reintroductions. In: Reintroduction of Top-Order Predators (eds M.W. Hayward & M.J. Somers), pp. 411-448. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
156. Macdonald, D.W. & Sillero-Zubiri, C. (2004a) Dramatis personae. In: Biology and Conservation of Wild Canids (eds D.W. Macdonald & C. Sillero-Zubiri), pp. 3-36. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
157. Macdonald, D.W. & Sillero-Zubiri, C. (2004b) Conservation: from theory to practice, without bluster. In: Biology and Conservation of Wild Canids (eds D.W. Macdonald & C. Sillero-Zubiri), pp. 353-372. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
158. Macdonald, D.W., Moorhouse, T.P. & Enck, J.W. (2002) The ecological context: a species population perspective. In: Handbook of Ecological Restoration (eds M.R. Perrow & A.J. Davy), pp. 47-65. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
159. Macdonald, D.W., Creel, S. & Mills, M.G.L. (2004) Society. In: Biology and Conservation of Wild Canids (eds D.W. Macdonald & C. Sillero-Zubiri), pp. 85-106. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
160. Macdonald, D.W., King, C.M. & Strachan, R. (2007a) Introduced species and the line between biodiversity and naturalistic eugenics. In: Key Topics in Conservation Biology (eds D.W. Macdonald & K. Service), pp. 186-205. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
161. Macdonald, D.W., Collins, N.M. & Wrangham, R. (2007b) Principles, practice and priorities: the quest for 'alignment'. In: Key Topics in Conservation Biology (eds D. Macdonald & K. Service), pp. 271-289. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
162. Macdonald, D.W., Loveridge, A.J. & Rabinowitz, A. (2010) Felid futures: crossing disciplines, borders, and generations. In: Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids (eds D.W. Macdonald & A.J. Loveridge), pp. 599-650. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
163. Macdonald, D.W., Johnson, P.J., Albrechtsen, L., et al. (2011) Association of body mass with price of bushmeat in Nigeria and Cameroon. Conservation Biology, 25, 1220-1228.
164. Macdonald, D.W., Tattersall, F.H., Brown, E.D. & Balharry, D. (1995) Reintroducing the European beaver to Britain: nostalgic meddling or restoring biodiversity? Mammal Review, 25, 161-200.
165. Macdonald, D.W., Fenn, M.G.P. & Gelling, M. (2012) The natural history of rodents: preadaptations to pestilence. In: Rodent Pests and Their Control, 2nd edn (eds A.P. Buckle & R.H. Smith). CABI, Wallingford.
166. Macdonald, D.W., Herrera, E.A., Ferraz, K.M.P.M.B., and Moreira, J.R. (2012) The capybara paradigm: from sociality to sustainability. pp. 385-408. (In: Capybara: Biology, Use and Conservation of an Exceptional Neotropical Species). Eds. Moreira, J.R., Ferraz, K.M.P.M.B., Herrera, E.A. and Macdonald, D.W.. Springer, New York.
167. Macdonald, D.W., Burnham, D., Hinks, A.E., and Wrangham, R. (2012) A problem shared is a problem reduced: seeking efficiency in the conservation of felids and primates. Folia Primatologica, DOI: 1159/00034 2399
168. Maclennan, S.D., Groom, R.J., Macdonald, D.W. & Frank, L.G. (2009) Evaluation of a compensation scheme to bring about pastoralist tolerance of lions. Biological Conservation, 142, 2419-2427.
169. Mahoney, S.P. & Schaefer, J.A. (2002) Hydroelectric development and the disruption of migration in caribou. Biological Conservation, 107, 147-153.
170. Marker, L.L. (1998) Current status of the Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus). In: Symposium on Cheetahs as Game Ranch Animals (ed. B.L. Penzhorn), pp. 1-17. Wildlife Group of the South African Veterinary Association, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
171. Marker, L.L., Mills, M.G.L. & Macdonald, D.W. (2003) Factors influencing perceptions and tolerance toward cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) on Namibian farmland. Conservation Biology, 17, 1-9.
172. Marker, L.L., Dickman, A.J. & Macdonald, D.W. (2005a) Perceived effectiveness of livestock guarding dogs placed on Namibian Farms. Rangeland Ecology and Management, 58, 329-336.
173. Marker, L.L., Dickman, A.J. & Macdonald, D.W. (2005b) Survivorship and causes of mortality for livestock gurading dogs on Namibian Rangeland. Rangeland Ecology and Management, 58, 337-343.
174. Marker, L.L., Dickman, A.J., Mills, M.G.L. & Macdonald, D.W. (2010) Cheetahs and ranchers in Namibia: a case study. In: The Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids (eds D.W. Macdonald & A.J. Loveridge), pp. 353-372. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
175. Marquet, P.A. & Taper, M.L. (1998) On size and area: patterns of mammalian body size extremes across landmasses. Evolutionary Ecology, 12, 127-139.
176. Matthews, L.J., Arnold, C., Machanda, Z. & Nunn, C.L. (2010) Primate extinction risk and historical patterns of speciation and extinction in relation to body mass. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 278, 1256-1263.
177. McNab, B.K. (1963) Bioenergetics and the determination of home range size. American Naturalist, 97, 133-140.
178. Mech, L.D. & Boitani, L. (2003) Wolves. Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
179. Miller, J.S. & Hickling, G.J. (1990) Fasting endurance and the evolution of mammalian body size. Functional Ecology, 4, 5-12.
180. Milner-Gulland, E.J., Kholodova, M.V., Bekenov, A.B., et al. (2001) Dramatic declines in saiga antelope populations. Oryx, 35, 340-345.
181. Miquelle, D.G., Goodrich, J.M., Smirnov, E.N., et al. (2010) Amur tiger: a case study of living on the edge. In: Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids (eds D.W. Macdonald & A.J. Loveridge), pp. 325-340. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
182. Mittermeier, R.A., Kormos, C.F., Mittermeier, C.G. & Robles Gil, P. (2005) Transboundary conservation. A New Vision for Protected Areas. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
183. Moehlman, P. (2002) Equids: Zebras, Asses and Horses. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Equid Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland.
184. Mohapatra, B., Warrell, D.A., Suraweera, W., et al. (2011) Snakebite mortality in India: a nationally representative mortality survey. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 5, e1018.
185. Moreira, J.R., Verdade, L.M., Ferraz, K.M.P.M.B. & Macdonald, D.W. (2012) The sustainable management of capybaras. pp 283-302 In: Capybara. Biology, Use and Conservation of an Exceptional Neotropical Species (eds J.R. Moreira, K.M.P.M.B. Ferraz, E.A. Herrera & D.W. Macdonald). Springer, New York.
186. Moriceau, J.M. (2007) Histoire Du Méchant Loup. Fayard, Paris.
187. Morrison, J.C., Sechrest, W., Dinerstein, E., Wilcove, D.S. & Lamoreux, J.F. (2007) Persistence of large mammal faunas as indicators of global human impacts. Journal of Mammalogy, 88, 1363-1380.
188. Murphy, T., Gálvez, N., Boutin, A., Laker, J., Bonacic, C. & Macdonald, D.W. (submitted) Puma density and activity in a fragmented, human dominated landscape.
189. Naiman, R.J., Johnston, C.A. & Kelley, J.C. (1988) Alteration of North American streams by beaver. Bioscience, 38, 753-762.
190. Nantha, H.S. & Tisdell, C. (2009) The orangutan-oil palm conflict: economic constraints and opportunities for conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation, 18, 487-502.
191. Naughton-Treves, L., Treves, A., Chapman C.A., & Wrangham, R. (1998) Temporal patterns of cropraiding by primates: linking food availability in croplands and adjacent forest. Journal of Applied Ecology, 35, 596-606.
192. Naughton-Treves, L., Rose, R. & Treves, A. (1999) The Social Dimensions of Human-Elephant Conflict in Africa: A Literature Review and Case Studies from Uganda And Cameroon. A report to the African Elephant Specialist, Human-Elephant Conflict Task Force. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
193. Nijman, V., Nekaris, K.A.I., Donati, G., Bruford, M. & Fa, J. (2011) Primate conservation: measuring and mitigating trade in primates. Endangered Species Research, 13, 159-161.
194. O'Connor, T.G., Goodman, P.S. & Clegg, B. (2007) A functional hypothesis of the threat of local extirpation of woody plant species by elephant in Africa. Biological Conservation, 136, 329-345.
195. Ogada, M.O., Woodroffe, R., Oguge, N.O. & Frank, L.G. (2003) Limiting depredation by African carnivores: the role of livestock husbandry. Conservation Biology, 17, 1521-1530.
196. O'Kane, C.A.J., Duffy, K.J., Page, B.R. & Macdonald, D.W. (2011) Overlap and seasonal shifts in use of woody plant species amongst a guild of savanna browsers. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 27, 249-258.
197. Osborn, F.V. & Parker, G.E. (2003) Towards an integrated approach for reducing the conflict between elephants and people: a review of current research. Oryx, 37, 1-5.
198. Owen-Smith, N. (1988) Megaherbivores. The Influence of Very Large Body Size on Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
199. Owen-Smith, N. & Mills, M.G.L. (2008) Predator-prey size relationships in an African large-mammal food web. Journal of Animal Ecology, 77, 173-183.
200. Packer, C. (2005) Lion attacks on humans in Tanzania. Nature, 436, 927-928.
201. Paine, R.T. (1966) Food web complexity and species diversity. American Naturalist, 100, 65-75.
202. Paine, R.T. (1969a) A note on trophic complexity and community stability. American Naturalist, 103, 91-93.
203. Paine, R.T. (1969b) The Picaster-Tegula interaction: prey patches, predator food preference, and intertidal community structure. Ecology, 52, 1096-1106.
204. Palazy, L., Bonenfant, C., Gaillard, J.M. & Courchamp, F. (2011) Cat dilemma: too protected to escape trophy hunting? PLoS ONE, 6, e22424.
205. Parker, G.E. & Osborn, F.V. (2006) Investigating the potential for chilli Capsicum annuum to reduce human-wildlife conflict in Zimbabwe. Oryx, 40, 1-4.
206. Patil, N., Kumar, N.S., Gopalaswamy, A.M. & Karanth, K.U. (2011) Dispersing tigers make a point. Oryx, 45, 472.
207. Périquet, S., Valeix, M., Loveridge, A.J., Madzikanda, H., Macdonald, D.W. & Fritz, H. (2010) Individual vigilance of African herbivores while drinking: the role of immediate predation risk and context. Animal Behaviour, 79, 665-671.
208. Peters, R.H. (1986) The Ecological Implications of Body Size, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
209. Peters, R.H. & Raelson, J.V. (1984) Relations between individual size and mammalian population density. American Naturalist, 124, 498-517.
210. Pimm, S.L. & van Aarde, R.J. (2001) African elephants and contraception. Nature, 411, 766.
211. Power, M.E. (1992) Top-down and bottom-up forces in food webs: do plants have primacy? Ecology, 73, 733-746.
212. Prescott, G.W., Johnson P.J., et al. (2012). "Does change in IUCN status affect demand for African bovid trophies?" Animal Conservation, 15(3): 248-252.
213. Prescott, G.W., Johnson, P.J., Loveridge, A.J. & Macdonald, D.W. (in press) Does change in IUCN status affect demand for African bovid trophies? Animal Conservation.
214. Price, S.A. & Gittleman, J.L. (2007) Hunting to extinction: biology and regional economy influence extinction risk and the impact of hunting on artiodactyls. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 274, 1845-1851.
215. Primack, R.B. (2006) Essentials of Conservation Biology, 4th edn. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
216. Purvis, A., Gittleman, J.L., Cowlishaw, G. & Mace, G.M. (2000) Predicting extinction risk in declining species. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 267, 1947-1952.
217. Purvis, A., Mace, G.M. & Gittleman, J.L. (2001) Past and future carnivore extinctions: a phylogenetic perspective. In: Carnivore Conservation (eds J.L. Gittleman, S.M. Funk, D. Macdonald & R.K. Wayne), p.675. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
218. Putman, R.J. & Moore, N.P. (1998) Impact of deer in lowland Britain on agriculture, forestry and conservation habitats. Mammal Review, 28, 141-164.
219. Rabinowitz, A. & Zeller, K.A. (2010) A range-wide model of landscape connectivity and conservation for the jaguar, Panthera onca. Biological Conservation, 143, 939-945.
220. Rao, K.S., Maikhurib, R.K., Nautiyala, S. & Saxena, K.G. (2002) Crop damage and livestock depredation by wildlife: a case study from Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, India. Journal of Environmental Management, 66, 317-327.
221. Rasmussen, G.S.A. (1997) Conservation Status of the Painted Hunting Dog Lycaon pictus in Zimbabwe. Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Department of National Parks and Wildlife Management, Zimbabwe.
222. Rasmussen, G.S.A. & Macdonald, D.W. (2012). "Masking of the zeitgeber: African wild dogs mitigate persecution by balancing time." Journal of Zoology, 286(3): 232-242.
223. Rasmussen, G.S.A. & Macdonald, D.W. (in press) Overriding the Zeitgeber: balancing time to mitigate human persecution. Journal of Zoology.
224. Reading, R.P. & Clark, T.W. (1996) Carnivore reintroductions: an interdisciplinary examination. In: Carnivore Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution, Volume 2 (ed. J.L. Gittleman), pp. 296-336. Cornell University Press, New York.
225. Reiter, D.K., Brunson, M.W. & Schmidt, R.H. (1999) Public attitudes towards wildlife damage management and policy. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 27, 746-758.
226. Rigg, R., Findo, S., Wechselberger, M., Gorman, M.L., Sillero-Zubiri, C. & Macdonald, D.W. (2011) Mitigating carnivore-livestock conflict in Europe: lessons from Slovakia. Oryx, 45, 272-280.
227. Ripple, W.J. & Beschta, R.L. (2008) Trophic cascades involving cougar, mule deer, and black oaks in Yosemite National Park. Biological Conservation, 141, 1249-1256.
228. Ruiz-Garcia, M., Payán, E., Murillo, A. & Alvarez, D. (2006) DNA microsatellite characterisation of the jaguar (Panthera onca) in Colombia. Genes and Genetic Systems, 81, 115-127.
229. Rutina, L.P., Moe, S.R. & Swenson, J.E. (2005) Elephant Loxodonta africana driven woodland conversion to shrubland improves dry-season browse availability for impalas Aepyceros melampus. Wildlife Biology, 11, 207-213.
230. Sandom, C., Bull, J., Canney, S. & Macdonald, D.W. (2012) Exploring the value of wolves (Canis lupus) in landscape-scale fenced reserves for ecological restoration in the Scottish highlands. In: Fencing for Conservation. (eds M.J. Somers & M. Hayward), pp. 245-276. Springer, New York.
231. Schipper, J., Chanson, J.S., Chiozza, F., et al. (2008) The status of the world's land and marine mammals: diversity, threat, and knowledge. Science, 322, 225-230.
232. Schley, L. & Roper, T.J. (2003) Diet of wild boar Sus scrofa in Western Europe, with particular reference to consumption of agricultural crops. Mammal Review, 33, 43-56.
233. Seidensticker, J., Dinerstein, E., Goyal, S.P., et al. (2010) Tiger range collapse and recovery at the base of the Himalayas. In: Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids (eds D.W. Macdonald & A.J. Loveridge), pp. 305-324. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
234. Shackleton, D.M. (1997) Wild Sheep and Goats and Their Relatives: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan for Caprinae. IUCN/SSC Caprinae Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland.
235. Shrader, A.M., Pimm, S.L. & van Aarde, R.J. (2010) Elephant surival, rainfall and the confounding effects of water provision and fences. Biodiversity and Conservation, 19, 2235-2245.
236. Shurin, J.B. & Seabloom, E.W. (2005) The strength of trophic cascades across ecosystems: predictions from allometry and energetics. Journal of Animal Ecology, 74, 1029-1038.
237. Sibly, R.M. & Brown, J.H. (2007) Effects of body size and lifestyle on evolution of mammal life histories. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 104, 17707-17712.
238. Sillero-Zubiri, C., Hoffmann, M. & Macdonald, D.W. (2004) Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plans. IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland.
239. Silva, M., Brimacombe, M. & Downing, J.A. (2001) Effects of body mass, climate, geography, and census area on population density of terrestrial mammals. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 10, 469-485.
240. Silva, M. & Downing, J.A. (1995) The allometric scaling of density and body mass: a non-linear relationship for terrestrial mammals. American Naturalist, 145, 704-727.
241. Sinclair, A.R.E., Mduma, S. & Brashares, J.S. (2003) Patterns of predation in a diverse predator-prey system. Nature, 425, 288-290.
242. Sitati, N.W. & Walpole, M.J. (2006) Assessing farmbased measures for mitigating human-elephant conflict in Transmara district, Kenya. Oryx, 40, 279-286.
243. Sitati, N.W., Walpole, M.J., Smith, R.J. & Leader-Williams, N. (2003) Predicting spatial aspects of human-elephant conflict. Journal of Applied Ecology, 40, 667-677.
244. Sitati, N.W., Walpole, M.J. & Leader-Williams, N. (2005) Factors affecting susceptibility of farms to crop raiding by African elephants: using predictive model to mitigate conflict. Journal of Applied Ecology, 42, 1175-1182.
245. Smith, F.A., Elliott, S.M. & Lyons, S.K. (2010) Methane emissions from extinct megafauna. Nature Geosciences, 3, 374-375.
246. Smith, R.H. & Nott, H.M.R. (1988) Rodent damage to Cacao in Equatorial Guinea. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 36, 119-124.
247. Soulé, M.E., Estes, J.A., Miller, B. & Honnold, L. (2005) Strongly interactive species: conservation, policy, management and ethics. BioScience, 55, 168-176.
248. Stahl, P., Vandel, J.M., Herrenschmidt, V. & Migot, P. (2001) Predation on livestock by an expanding reintroduced lynx population: long-term trend and spatial variability. Journal of Applied Ecology, 38, 674-687.
249. Stahl, P., Vandel, J.M., Ruette, S., Coat, L., Coat, Y. & Balestra, L. (2002) Factors affecting lynx predation on sheep in the French Jura. Journal of Applied Ecology, 39, 204-216.
250. Stanley Price, M.R. (1989) Animal Reintroductions: The Arabian Oryx in Oman. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
251. Studsrød, J.E. & Wegge, P. (1995) Park-people relationships: the case of damage caused by park animals around the Royal Bardia National Park, Nepal. Environmental Conservation, 22, 133-142.
252. Sunarto, S., Kelly, M.J., Parakkasi, K., Klenzendorf, S., Septayuda, E. & Kurniawan, H. (2012) Tigers need cover: multi-scale occupancy study of the big cat in Sumatran forest and plantation landscapes. PLoS ONE, 7, 14.
253. Sunarto, S., Kelly, M.J., Klenzendorf, S., et al. (in press) Threatened tigers on the equator: multipoint abundance estimates in central Sumatra. Oryx.
254. Tanner, J.E., Hughes, T.P. & Connell, J.H. (1994) Species coexistence, keystone species, and succession: a sensitivity analysis. Ecology, 75, 2204-2219.
255. Teel, T. L., Manfredo, M.J. & Stinchfield, H.M. (2007) The need and theoretical basis for exploring wildlife value orientations cross-culturally. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 12, 297-305.
256. Terborgh, J. (1988) The big things that run the world-a sequel to E.O. Wilson. Conservation Biology, 2, 402-403.
257. Terborgh, J., Lopez, L., Nuñez, P., et al. (2001) Ecological meltdown in predator-free forest fragments. Science, 294, 1923-1926.
258. Thirgood, S., Mosser, A., Tham, S., et al. (2004) Can parks protect migratory ungulates? The case of the Serengeti wildebeest. Animal Conservation, 7, 113-120.
259. Trimble, M.J. & van Aarde, R.J. (2010) Fences are more than an issue of aesthetics. BioScience, 60, 486.
260. Tuyttens, F.A.M., Delahay, R.J., Macdonald, D.W., Cheeseman, C.L., Long, B. & Donnelly, C.A. (2000) Spatial perturbation caused by a badger (Meles meles) culling operation: implications for the function of territoriality and the control of bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis). Journal of Animal Ecology, 69, 815-828.
261. Tweheyo, M., Hill, C.M. & Obua, J. (2005). Patterns of crop raiding by primates around the Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda. Wildlife Biology, 11, 237-247.
262. Valeix, M., Fritz, H., Dubois, S., Kanengoni, K., Alleaume, S. & Saïd, S. (2007a) Vegetation structure and ungulate abundance over a period of increasing elephant abundance in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 23, 87-93.
263. Valeix, M., Chamaillé-Jammes, S. & Fritz, H. (2007b) Interference competition and temporal niche shifts: elephants and herbivore communities at waterholes. Oecologia, 153, 739-748.
264. Valeix, M., Fritz, H., Chamaillé-Jammes, S., Bourgarel, M. & Murindagomo, F. (2008) Fluctuations in abundance of large herbivore populations: insights into the influence of dry season rainfall and elephant numbers from long-term data. Animal Conservation, 11, 391-400.
265. Valeix, M., Fritz, H., Canévet, V., Le Bel, S. & Madzikanda, H. (2009a) Do elephants prevent other African herbivores from using waterholes in the dry season? Biodiversity and Conservation, 18, 569-576.
266. Valeix, M., Loveridge, A.J., Chamaille-Jammes, S., et al. (2009b) Behavioral adjustments of African herbivores to predation risk by lions: spatiotemporal variations influence habitat use. Ecology, 90, 23-30.
267. Valeix, M., Fritz, H., Loveridge, A.J., et al. (2009c) Does the risk of encountering lions influence African herbivore behaviour at waterholes? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 63, 1483-1494.
268. Valeix, M., Fritz, H., Sabatier, R., Murindagomo, F., Cumming, D. & Duncan, P. (2011) Elephantinduced structural changes in the vegetation and habitat selection by large herbivores in an African savanna. Biological Conservation, 144, 902-912.
269. Valeix, M., Hemson, G., Loveridge, A.J., Mills, G. & Macdonald, D.W. (2012) Behavioural adjustments of a large carnivore to access secondary prey in a human-dominated landscape. Journal of Applied Ecology, 49, 73-81.
270. Van Aarde, R.J. & Jackson, T.P. (2007) Megaparks for metapopulations: addressing the causes of locally high elephant numbers in southern Africa. Biological Conservation, 134, 289-297.
271. Venter, O., Meijaard, E., Possingham, H.P., et al. (2009) Carbon payments as a safeguard for threatened tropical mammals. Conservation Letters, 2, 123.
272. VerCauteren, K.C., Lavelle, M.J. & Hygnstrom, S. (2006) Fences and deer-damage management: a review of designs and efficacy. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 34, 191-200.
273. Vrba, E.S. (1987) Ecology in relation to speciation rates. Some case histories of Miocene-recent mammal clades. Evolutionary Ecology, 1, 283-300.
274. Waldram, M., Bond, W.J. & Stock, W.D. (2008) Ecological engineering by a mega-grazer: white rhino impacts on a South African savanna. Ecosystems, 11, 101-112.
275. Walsh, P.D., Abernethy, K.A., Bermejo, M., et al. (2003) Catastrophic ape decline in western equatorial Africa. Nature, 422, 611-614.
276. Walston, J., Robinson, J.G., Bennett, E.L., et al. (2010) Bringing the tiger back from the brink-the six percent solution. PLoS Biology, 8, e1000485.
277. Wang, S.W. & Macdonald, D.W. (2006) Livestock predation by carnivores in Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, Bhutan. Biological Conservation, 129, 558-565.
278. Wang, S.W. & Macdonald, D.W. (2009) The use of camera traps for estimating tiger and leopard populations in the high altitude mountains of Bhutan. Biological Conservation, 142, 606-613.
279. Wang, S.W., Curtis, P.D. & Lassoie, J.P. (2006a) Farmer perceptions of crop damage by wildlife in Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, Bhutan. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 34, 359-365.
280. Wang, S.W., Lassoie, J.P. & Curtis, P.D. (2006b) Farmer attitudes towards conservation in Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, Bhutan. Environmental Conservation, 33, 148-156.
281. Wang, X., Sheng, H., Bi, J. & Li, M. (1997) Recent history and status of the Mongolian gazelle in Inner Mongolia, China. Oryx, 31, 120-126.
282. Whyte, I.J. & Joubert, S.C.J. (1988) Blue wildebeest population trends in the Kruger National Park and the effects of fencing. South African Journal of Wildlife Research, 18, 78-87.
283. Wikramanayake, E., Dinerstein, E., Seidensticker, J., et al. (2011) A landscape-based conservation strategy to double the wild tiger population. Conservation Letters, 4, 219-227.
284. Wilcove, D.S. & Wikelski, M. (2008) Going, going, gone: is animal migration disappearing? PLoS Biology, 6, e188.
285. Williams, A.C. (2011) WWF Asian Elephant and Rhino Conservation Programme. Financial Years 2012-2014. WWF-AREAS, Nepal.
286. Williamson, D. & Williamson, J. (1984) Botswana's fences and the depletion of Kalahari wildlife. Oryx, 18, 218-222.
287. Winterbach, H.E.K., Winterbach, C.W., Somers, M.J. & Hayward, M.W. (2012) Key factors and related principles in the conservation of large African carnivores. Mammal Review. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00209.x
288. Wood, B.J. & Singleton, G.R. (2013) Rodents in agriculture and forestry. In: Rodent Pests and Their Control, 2nd edn (eds A.P. Buckle & R.H. Smith), in press. CABI, Wallingford.
289. Woodroffe, R. & Ginsberg, J.R. (1998) Edge effects and the extinction of populations inside protected areas. Science, 280, 2126-2128.
290. Wrangham, R.W., Wilson, M.L., Hare, B. & Wolfe, N.D. (2000) Chimpanzee predation and the ecology of pathogen exchange. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease, 12, 186-188.
291. Yamaguchi, N., Cooper, A., Werdelin, L. & Macdonald, D.W. (2004) Evolution of the mane and groupliving in the lion (Panthera leo): a review. Journal of Zoology, 263, 329-342.
292. Young, K.D. & van Aarde, R.J. (2010) Density as an explanatory variable of movements and calf survival in savanna elephants across southern Africa. Journal of Animal Ecology, 79, 662-673.