The Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ

Seminars in Nephrology

Volumn 33, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 2-13

  Adamczak, Marcin ^a   Wiecek, Andrzej ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SILESIA   (Poland)

Author keywords

Adipokines; Adiponectin; Adipose tissue; Leptin

Indexed keywords

ADIPOCYTOKINE; ADIPONECTIN; ALDOSTERONE; ANGIOTENSIN; ANGIOTENSIN II; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 8; LEPTIN; LEPTIN RECEPTOR; NICOTINAMIDE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1; RENIN; RESISTIN; SCATTER FACTOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; VASCULOTROPIN;

ADIPOCYTE; ADIPOSE TISSUE; ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; CYTOKINE RELEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; HEMODIALYSIS; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; KIDNEY DISEASE; MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION; MALNUTRITION; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE;

ADIPOKINES; ADIPOSE TISSUE; HUMANS; NEUROSECRETORY SYSTEMS; OBESITY; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC;

EID: 84873137994     PISSN: 02709295     EISSN: 15584488     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2012.12.008     Document Type: Article

References (155)

1. World Health Organization Report. Fact sheet: obesity and overweight http://www.who.int./dietphysicalactivity/publications/facts/obesity/en/.
2. Whitlock G., Lewington S., Sherliker P., Clarke R., Emberson J., Halsey J., et al. Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies. Lancet 2009, 373:1083-1096.
3. Mariman E.C., Wang P. Adipocyte extracellular matrix composition, dynamics and role in obesity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010, 67:1277-1292.
4. Von Gierke E. Über fett metabolism. Der Deutsch Ges Path 1906, 10:182-185.
5. Zhang Y., Proenca R., Maffei M., Barone M., Leopold L., Friedman J.M. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 1994, 372:425-432.
6. Chudek J., Adamczak M., Nieszporek T., Wiecek A. The adipose tissue as an endocrine organ-a nephrologists' perspective. Contrib Nephrol 2006, 151:70-90.
7. Wozniak S.E., Gee L.L., Wachtel M.S., Frezza E.E. Adipose tissue: the new endocrine organ?. A review article. Dig Dis Sci 2009, 54:1847-1856.
8. Galic S., Oakhill J.S., Steinberg G.R. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010, 316:129-139.
9. Cannon B., Nedergaard J. Brown adipose tissue: function and physiological significance. Physiol Rev 2004, 84:277-359.
10. Cypess A.M., Lehman S., Williams G., Tal I., Rodman D., Goldfine A.B., et al. Identification and importance of brown adipose tissue in adult humans. N Engl J Med 2009, 360:1509-1517.
11. Nedergaard J., Bengtsson T., Cannon B. Unexpected evidence for active brown adipose tissue in adult humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007, 293:E444-E452.
12. Seale P., Lazar M.A. Brown fat in humans: turning up the heat on obesity. Diabetes 2009, 58:1482-1484.
13. Trujillo M.E., Scherer P.E. Adipose tissue-derived factors: impact on health and disease. Endocr Rev 2006, 27:762-778.
14. Avram A.S., Avram M.M., James W.D. Subcutaneous fat in normal and diseased states: 2. Anatomy and physiology of white and brown adipose tissue. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005, 53:671-683.
15. Ailhaud G. Adipose tissue as a secretory organ: from adipogenesis to the metabolic syndrome. C R Biol 2006, 329:570-577.
16. Bahceci M., Gokalp D., Bahceci S., Tuzcu A., Atmaca S., Arikan S. The correlation between adiposity and adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6 and high sensitivity C-reactive protein levels. Is adipocyte size associated with inflammation in adults?. J Endocrinol Invest 2007, 30:210-214.
17. Skurk T., Alberti-Huber C., Herder C., Hauner H. Relationship between adipocyte size and adipokine expression and secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007, 92:1023-1033.
18. Wellen K.E., Hotamisligil G.S. Inflammation, stress, and diabetes. J Clin Invest 2005, 115:1111-1119.
19. Weisberg S.P., McCann D., Desai M., Rosenbaum M., Leibel R.L., Ferrante A.W. Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. J Clin Invest 2003, 112:1796-1808.
20. Furukawa S., Fujita T., Shimabukuro M., Iwaki M., Yamada Y., Nakajima Y., et al. Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest 2004, 114:1752-1761.
21. Chen B., Lam K.S., Wang Y., Wu D., Lam M.C., Shen J., et al. Hypoxia dysregulates the production of adiponectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 independent of reactive oxygen species in adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006, 341:549-556.
22. Ye J., Gao Z., Yin J., He Q. Hypoxia is a potential risk factor for chronic inflammation and adiponectin reduction in adipose tissue of ob/ob and dietary obese mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007, 293:E1118-E1128.
23. Hosogai N., Fukuhara A., Oshima K., Miyata Y., Tanaka S., Segawa K., et al. Adipose tissue hypoxia in obesity and its impact on adipocytokine dysregulation. Diabetes 2007, 56:901-911.
24. Pachler C., Ikeoka D., Plank J., Weinhandl H., Suppan M., Mader J.K., et al. Subcutaneous adipose tissue exerts proinflammatory cytokines after minimal trauma in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007, 293:E690-E696.
25. Arner P., Hellström L., Wahrenberg H., Brönnegård M. Beta-adrenoceptor expression in human fat cells from different regions. J Clin Invest 1990, 86:1595-1600.
26. Brönnegård M., Arner P., Hellström L., Akner G., Gustafsson J.A. Glucocorticoid receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in different regions of human adipose tissue. Endocrinology 1990, 127:1689-1696.
27. Giorgino F., Laviola L., Eriksson J.W. Regional differences of insulin action in adipose tissue: insights from in vivo and in vitro studies. Acta Physiol Scand 2005, 183:13-30.
28. Maeda K., Okubo K., Shimomura I., Mizuno K., Matsuzawa Y., Matsubara K. Analysis of an expression profile of genes in the human adipose tissue. Gene 1997, 190:227-235.
29. Fain J.N., Madan A.K., Hiler M.L., Cheema P., Bahouth S.W. Comparison of the release of adipokines by adipose tissue, adipose tissue matrix, and adipocytes from visceral and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissues of obese humans. Endocrinology 2004, 145:2273-2282.
30. Van Harmelen V., Reynisdottir S., Eriksson P., Thörne A., Hoffstedt J., Lönnqvist F., et al. Leptin secretion from subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue in women. Diabetes 1998, 47:913-917.
31. Lihn A.S., Bruun J.M., He G., Pedersen S.B., Jensen P.F., Richelsen B. Lower expression of adiponectin mRNA in visceral adipose tissue in lean and obese subjects. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2004, 219:9-15.
32. Fisher F.M., McTernan P.G., Valsamakis G., Chetty R., Harte A.L., et al. Differences in adiponectin protein expression: effect of fat depots and type 2 diabetic status. Horm Metab Res 2002, 34:650-654.
33. Maenhaut N., Van de Voorde J. Regulation of vascular tone by adipocytes. BMC Med 2011, 9:25.
34. Considine R.V., Sinha M.K., Heiman M.L., Kriauciunas A., Stephens T.W., Nyce M.R., et al. Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. N Engl J Med 1996, 334:292-295.
35. Huising M.O., Kruiswijk C.P., Flik G. Phylogeny and evolution of class-I helical cytokines. J Endocrinol 2006, 189:1-25.
36. Fei H., Okano H.J., Li C., Lee G.H., Zhao C., Darnell R., et al. Anatomic localization of alternatively spliced leptin receptors (Ob-R) in mouse brain and other tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997, 94:7001-7005.
37. Lee G.H., Proenca R., Montez J.M., Carroll K.M., Darvishzadeh J.G., Lee J.I., et al. Abnormal splicing of the leptin receptor in diabetic mice. Nature 1996, 379:632-635.
38. Gao J., Tian J., Lv Y., Shi F., Kong F., Shi H., et al. Leptin induces functional activation of cyclooxygenase-2 through JAK2/STAT3, MAPK/ERK, and PI3K/AKT pathways in human endometrial cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2009, 100:389-395.
39. Morrison C.D. Leptin signaling in brain: a link between nutrition and cognition?. Biochim Biophys Acta 2009, 1792:401-408.
40. Cowley M.A., Smart J.L., Rubinstein M., Cerdán M.G., Diano S., Horvath T.L., et al. Leptin activates anorexigenic POMC neurons through a neural network in the arcuate nucleus. Nature 2001, 411:480-484.
41. Stanley B.G., Leibowitz S.F. Neuropeptide Y: stimulation of feeding and drinking by injection into the paraventricular nucleus. Life Sci 1984, 35:2635-2642.
42. Blüher S., Mantzoros C.S. Leptin in humans: lessons from translational research. Am J Clin Nutr 2009, 89:991S-997S.
43. Bjorbaek C., Elmquist J.K., Michl P., Ahima R.S., van Bueren A., McCall A.L., et al. Expression of leptin receptor isoforms in rat brain microvessels. Endocrinology 1998, 139:3485-3491.
44. Hileman S.M., Pierroz D.D., Masuzaki H., Bjørbaek C., El-Haschimi K., Banks W.A., et al. Characterization of short isoforms of the leptin receptor in rat cerebral microvessels and of brain uptake of leptin in mouse models of obesity. Endocrinology 2002, 143:775-783.
45. Dardeno T.A., Chou S.H., Moon H., Chamberland J.P., Fiorenza C.G., Mantzoros C.S. Leptin in human physiology and therapeutics. Front Neuroendocrinol 2010, 31:377-393.
46. Nordfors L., Lonnqvist F., Heimburger O., Danielsson A., Schalling M., Stenvinkel P. Low leptin gene expression and hyperleptinemia in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 1998, 54:1267-1275.
47. Okpechi I.G., Pascoe M.D., Swanepoel C.L., Rayner B.L. Microalbuminuria and the metabolic syndrome in non-diabetic black Africans. Diabetes Vasc Dis Res 2007, 4:365-367.
48. Shankar A., Syamala S., Xiao J., Muntner P. Relationship between plasma leptin level and chronic kidney disease. Int J Nephrol 2012, 2012:269532.
49. Heimbürger O., Lönnqvist F., Danielsson A., Nordenström J., Stenvinkel P. Serum immunoreactive leptin concentration and its relation to the body fat content in chronic renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 1997, 8:1423-1430.
50. Kokot F., Adamczak M., Wiecek A. Plasma leptin concentration in kidney transplant patients during the early post-transplant period. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998, 13:2276-2280.
51. Ficek R., Kokot F., Chudek J., Adamczak M., Ficek J., Wiecek A. Plasma leptin concentration in patients with acute renal failure. Clin Nephrol 2004, 62:84-91.
52. Cumin F., Baum H.P., Levens N. Mechanism of leptin removal from the circulation by the kidney. J Endocrinol 1997, 155:577-585.
53. Meyer C., Robson D., Rackovsky N., Nadkarni V., Gerich J. Role of the kidney in human leptin metabolism. Am J Physiol 1997, 273:E903-E907.
54. Zeng J., Patterson B.W., Klein S., Martin D.R., Dagogo-Jack S., Kohrt W.M., et al. Whole body leptin kinetics and renal metabolism in vivo. Am J Physiol 1997, 273:E1102-E1106.
55. Cumin F., Baum H.P., de Gasparo M., Levens N. Removal of endogenous leptin from the circulation by the kidney. Int J Obesity Relat Metab Disord 1997, 21:495-504.
56. Witasp A., Carrero J.J., Heimburger O., et al. Increased expression of pro-inflammatory genes in abdominal subcutaneous fat in advanced chronic kidney disease patients. J Intern Med 2011, 269:410-419.
57. Wiesholzer M., Harm F., Hauser A.C., Pribasnig A., Balcke P. Inappropriately high plasma leptin levels in obese haemodialysis patients can be reduced by high flux haemodialysis and haemodiafiltration. Clin Sci (Lond) 1998, 94:431-435.
58. van Tellingen A., Grooteman M.P., Schoorl M., Wee P.M., Bartels P.C., Schoorl M., et al. Enhanced long-term reduction of plasma leptin concentrations by super-flux polysulfone dialysers. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004, 19:1198-1203.
59. Kim S., Oh K.H., Chin H.J., Na K.Y., Kim Y.S., Chae D.W., et al. Effective removal of leptin via hemodiafiltration with on-line endogenous reinfusion therapy. Clin Nephrol 2009, 72:442-448.
60. Fontan M.P., Rodriguez-Carmona A., Cordido F., García-Buela J. Hyperleptinemia in uremic patients undergoing conservative management, peritoneal dialysis, and hemodialysis: a comparative analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1999, 34:824-831.
61. Young G.A., Woodrow G., Kendall S., Oldroyd B., Turney J.H., Brownjohn A.M., et al. Increased plasma leptin/fat ratio in patients with chronic renal failure: a cause of malnutrition?. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1997, 12:2318-2323.
62. Cheung W., Yu P.X., Little BM Marks D.L., Mak R.H. Role of leptin and melanocortin signaling in uremia-associated cachexia. J Clin Invest 2005, 115:1659-1665.
63. Mak R.H., Cheung W., Cone R.D., Marks D.L. Leptin and inflammation-associated cachexia in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2006, 69:794-797.
64. Daschner M., Tonshoff B., Blum W.F., Englaro P., Wingen A.M., Schaefer F., et al. Inappropriate elevation of serum leptin in children with chronic renal failure. European Study Group for Nutritional Treatment of Chronic Renal Failure in Childhood. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998, 9:1074-1079.
65. Odamaki M., Furuya R., Yoneyama, Nishikino M., Hibi I., Miyaji K., et al. Association of the serum leptin concentration with weight loss in chronic hemodialysis patient. Am J Kidney Dis 1999, 33:361-368.
66. Castaneda-Sceppa C., Sarnak M.J., Wang X., Greene T., Madero M., Kusek J.W., et al. Role of adipose tissue in determining muscle mass in patients with chronic kidney disease. J Ren Nutr 2007, 17:314-322.
67. Stenvinkel P., Lindholm B., Lonnqvist F Katzarski K., Heimbürger O. Increases in serum leptin levels during peritoneal dialysis are associated with inflammation and a decrease in lean body mass. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000, 11:1303-1309.
68. Bossola M., Muscaritoli M., Valenza V., Panocchia N., Tazza L., Cascino A., et al. Anorexia and serum leptin levels in hemodialysis patients. Nephron Clin Pract 2004, 97:c76-c82.
69. Chudek J., Adamczak M., Kania M., Hołowiecka A., Rozmus W., Kokot F., et al. Does plasma leptin concentration predict the nutritional status of hemodialyzed patients with chronic renal failure?. Med Sci Monit 2003, 9:CR377-CR382.
70. Wiecek A. How does leptin contribute to uraemic cachexia?. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005, 20:2620-2622.
71. Stenvinkel P., Heimburger O., Lonnqvist F., Bárány P. Does the ob gene product leptin stimulate erythropoiesis in patients with chronic renal failure?. Kidney Int 1998, 53:1430-1431.
72. Wolf G., Hamann A., Han D.C., Helmchen U., Thaiss F., Ziyadeh F.N., et al. Leptin stimulates proliferation and TGF-beta expression in renal glomerular endothelial cells: potential role in glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int 1999, 56:860-872.
73. Wolf G., Ziyadeh F.N. Leptin and renal fibrosis. Contrib Nephrol 2006, 151:175-183.
74. Carrero J.J., Cordeiro A.C., Lindholm B., Stenvinkel P. The emerging pleiotrophic role of adipokines in the uremic phenotype. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2010, 19:37-42.
75. Maenhaut N., Van de Voorde J. Regulation of vascular tone by adipocytes. BMC Med 2011, 9:25.
76. Li F.Y., Cheng K.K., Lam K.S., Vanhoutte P.M., Xu A. Cross-talk between adipose tissue and vasculature: role of adiponectin. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2011, 203:167-180.
77. Yiannikouris F., Gupte M., Putnam K., Cassis L. Adipokines and blood pressure control. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2010, 19:195-200.
78. Koh K.K., Park S.M., Quon M.J. Leptin and cardiovascular disease: response to therapeutic interventions. Circulation 2008, 117:3238-3249.
79. Ottonello L., Gnerre P., Bertolotto M., Mancini M., Dapino P., Russo R., et al. Leptin as a uremic toxin interferes with neutrophil chemotaxis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004, 15:2366-2372.
80. Wong G.W., Wang J., Hug C., Tsao T.S., Lodish H.F. A family of Acrp30/adiponectin structural and functional paralogs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004, 101:10302-10307.
81. Kadowaki T., Yamauchi T. Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors. Endocr Rev 2005, 26:439-451.
82. Fisher M., Trujillo M.E., Hanif W., Barnett A.H., McTernan P.G., Scherer P.E., et al. Serum high molecular weight complex of adiponectin correlates better with glucose tolerance than total serum adiponectin in Indo-Asian males. Diabetologia 2005, 48:1084-1087.
83. Adamczak M., Chudek J., Wiecek A. Adiponectin in patients with chronic kidney disease. Semin Dial 2009, 22:391-395.
84. Zoccali C., Mallamaci F., Tripepi G., Benedetto F.A., Cutrupi S., Parlongo S., et al. Adiponectin, metabolic risk factors, and cardiovascular events among patients with end-stage renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002, 13:134-141.
85. Stenvinkel P., Marchlewska A., Pecoits-Filho R., Heimbürger O., Zhang Z., Hoff C., et al. Adiponectin in renal disease: relationship to phenotype and genetic variation in the gene encoding adiponectin. Kidney Int 2004, 65:274-281.
86. Ignacy W., Chudek J., Adamczak M., Funahashi T., Matsuzawa Y., Kokot F., et al. Reciprocal association of plasma adiponectin and serum C-reactive protein concentration in haemodialysis patients with end-stage kidney disease-a follow-up study. Nephron Clin Pract 2005, 101:c18-c24.
87. Park G.H., Gil H.W., Yang J.O., Lee E.Y., Hong S.Y. Total and high molecular weight adiponectin concentrations in plasma of patients with end-stage renal disease before and after peritoneal dialysis. Nephrology (Carlton) 2008, 13:181-185.
88. Hara K., Uchida T., Takebayashi K., Sakai Y., Inoue T., Inukai T., et al. Determinants of serum high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin levels in patients with coronary artery disease: associations with cardio-renal-anemia syndrome. Intern Med 2011, 50:2953-2960.
89. Lo M.M., Salisbury S., Scherer P.E., Furth S.L., Warady B.A., Mitsnefes M.M. Serum adiponectin complexes and cardiovascular risk in children with chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2011, 26:2009-2017.
90. Shen Y.Y., Charlesworth J.A., Kelly J.J., Loi K.W., Peake P.W. Up-regulation of adiponectin, its isoforms and receptors in end-stage kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007, 22:171-178.
91. Komura N., Kihara S., Sonoda M., Maeda N., Tochino Y., Funahashi T., et al. Increment and impairment of adiponectin in renal failure. Cardiovasc Res 2010, 86:471-477.
92. Shen Y.Y., Charlesworth J.A., Kelly J.J., Peake P.W. The effect of renal transplantation on adiponectin and its isoforms and receptors. Metabolism 2007, 56:1201-1208.
93. Halberg N., Schraw T.D., Wang Z.V., Kim J.Y., Yi J., Hamilton M.P., et al. Systemic fate of the adipocyte-derived factor adiponectin. Diabetes 2009, 58:1961-1970.
94. Chudek J., Adamczak M., Karkoszka H., Budziński G., Ignacy W., Funahashi T., et al. Plasma adiponectin concentration before and after successful kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc 2003, 35:2186-2189.
95. Adamczak M., Rzepka E., Chudek J., Wiecek A. Ageing and plasma adiponectin concentration in apparently healthy males and females. Clin Endocrinol 2005, 62:114-118.
96. Becker B., Kronenberg F., Kielstein J.T., Haller H., Morath C., Ritz E., et al. Renal insulin resistance syndrome, adiponectin and cardiovascular events in patients with kidney disease: the mild and moderate kidney disease study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005, 16:1091-1098.
97. Adamczak M., Szotowska M., Chudek J., Karkoszka H., Cierpka L., Wiecek A. Plasma adiponectin concentration in patients after successful kidney transplantation-a single centre, observational study. Clin Nephrol 2007, 67:381-390.
98. Iwashima Y., Horio T., Kumada M., Suzuki Y., Kihara S., Rakugi H., et al. Adiponectin and renal function, and implication as a risk of cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 2006, 98:1603-1608.
99. Adamczak M., Czerwienska B., Chudek J., Wiecek A. Renal extraction of circulating adiponectin in patients with renovascular hypertension. Acta Physiol Hung 2007, 94:143-148.
100. Marchlewska A., Stenvinkel P., Lindholm B., Danielsson A., Pecoits-Filho R., Lönnqvist F., et al. Reduced gene expression of adiponectin in fat tissue from patients with end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 2004, 66:46-50.
101. Himmelfarb J., Stenvinkel P., Ikizler T.A., Hakim R.M. The elephant in uremia: oxidant stress as a unifying concept of cardiovascular disease in uremia. Kidney Int 2002, 62:1524-1538.
102. Furukawa S., Fujita T., Shimabukuro M., Iwaki M., Yamada Y., Nakajima Y., et al. Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest 2004, 114:1752-1761.
103. Lautamäki R., Rönnemaa T., Huupponen R., Lehtimäki T., Iozzo P., Airaksinen K.E., et al. Low serum adiponectin is associated with high circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease. Metabolism 2007, 56:881-886.
104. Barazzoni R., Bernardi A., Biasia F., Semolic A., Bosutti A., Mucci M., et al. Low fat adiponectin expression is associated with oxidative stress in nondiabetic humans with chronic kidney disease-impact on plasma adiponectin concentration. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007, 293:R47-R54.
105. Lim P.S., Chen S.L., Wu M.Y., Hu C.Y., Wu T.K. Association of plasma adiponectin levels with oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients. Blood Purif 2007, 25:362-369.
106. Ouchi N., Kihara S., Funahashi T., Nakamura T., Nishida M., Kumada M., et al. Reciprocal association of C-reactive protein with adiponectin in blood stream and adipose tissue. Circulation 2003, 107:671-674.
107. Yu Z.Z., Ni Z.H., Gu L.Y., Lin A.W., Fang W., Yao Q., et al. Adiponectin is related to carotid artery plaque and a predictor of cardiovascular outcome in a cohort of non-diabetic peritoneal dialysis patients. Blood Purif 2008, 26:386-393.
108. Kappes A., Loffler G. Influences of ionomycin, dibutyrylcyclo-AMP and tumour necrosis factor-alpha on intracellular amount and secretion of apM1 in differentiating primary human preadipocytes. Horm Metab Res 2000, 32:548-554.
109. Fasshauer M., Kralisch S., Klier M., Lossner U., Bluher M., Klein J., et al. Adiponectin gene expression and secretion is inhibited by interleukin-6 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003, 301:1045-1050.
110. Yuan G., Chen X., Ma Q., Qiao J., Li R., Li X., et al. C-reactive protein inhibits adiponectin gene expression and secretion in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Endocrinol 2007, 194:275-281.
111. Neumann J., Ligtenberg G., Klein I.I., Koomans H.A., Blankestijn P. Sympathetic hyperactivity in chronic kidney disease: pathogenesis, clinical relevance, and treatment. Kidney Int 2004, 65:1568-1576.
112. Fasshauer M., Klein J., Neumann S., Eszlinger M., Paschke R. Adiponectin gene expression is inhibited by beta-adrenergic stimulation via protein kinase A in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. FEBS Lett 2001, 507:142-146.
113. Lely A.T., Krikken J.A., Bakker S.J.L., Boomsma F., Dullaart R.P.F., Wolffenbuttel B.H.R., et al. Low dietary sodium and exogenous angiotensin II infusion decrease plasma adiponectin concentrations in healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007, 92:1821-1826.
114. Bauche I.B., Ait El Mkadem S., Rezsohazy R., Funahashi T., Maeda N., et al. Adiponectin downregulates its own production and the expression of its AdipoR2 receptor in transgenic mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006, 345:1414-1424.
115. Rao M., Li L., Tighiouart H., Jaber B.L., Pereira B.J., Balakrishnan V.S. Plasma adiponectin levels and clinical outcomes among haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008, 23:2619-2628.
116. Saito O., Saito T., Okuda K., Okuda K., Kotoda A., Akimoto T., et al. Serum adiponectin and markers of endothelial injury in hemodialysis patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans. Clin Exp Nephrol 2008, 12:58-64.
117. Iglseder B., Mackevics V., Stadlmayer A., Tasch G., Ladurner G., Paulweber B. Plasma adiponectin levels and sonographic phenotypes of subclinical carotid artery atherosclerosis: data from the SAPHIR Study. Stroke 2005, 36:2577-2582.
118. Karakitsos D., De Groot E., Patrianakos A.P., Parthenakis F., Boletis J., Karabinis A., et al. Adiponectin and cardiovascular remodeling in end-stage renal disease and co-morbid diabetes mellitus. Am J Nephrol 2006, 26:340-347.
119. Iwasa Y., Otsubo S., Ishizuka T., Uchida K., Nitta K. Influence of serum high-molecular-weight and total adiponectin on arteriosclerosis in IgA nephropathy patients. Nephron Clin Pract 2008, 108:c226-c232.
120. Maeda T., Taniguchi S., Sasaki H. Relationship between plasma adiponectin and cardiac function in patients with end-stage renal disease [abstract]. J Hypertens 2006, 24(Suppl 6):302.
121. Komaba H., Igaki N., Goto S., Yokota K., Takemoto T., Hirosue Y., et al. Adiponectin is associated with brain natriuretic peptide and left ventricular hypertrophy in hemodialysis patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nephron Clin Pract 2007, 107:c103-c108.
122. Adamczak M., Blach A., Kolonko A., Szotowska M., Chudek J., Franek E., et al. Plasma adiponectin concentration and left ventricular hypertrophy in kidney transplant patients. Clin Transplant 2011, 25:561-568.
123. Abdallah E., Waked E., Nabil M., El-Bendary O. Adiponectin and cardiovascular outcomes among hemodialysis patients. Kidney Blood Press Res 2012, 35:247-253.
124. Iwashima Y., Horio T., Kumada M., Suzuki Y., Kihara S., Rakugi H., et al. Adiponectin and renal function, and implication as a risk of cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 2006, 98:1603-1608.
125. Roos M., Baumann M., Liu D., Heinemann F.M., Lindemann M., Horn P.A. Low pre-transplant adiponectin multimers are associated with adverse allograft outcomes in kidney transplant recipients a 3-year prospective study. Regul Pept 2012, 178:11-15.
126. Menon V., Li L., Wang X., Greene T., Balakrishnan V., Madero M., et al. Adiponectin and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006, 17:2599-2606.
127. Jorsal A., Tarnow L., Frystyk J., Lajer M., Flyvbjerg A., Parving H.H., et al. Serum adiponectin predicts all-cause mortality and end stage renal disease in patients with type I diabetes and diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 2008, 74:649-654.
128. Drechsler C., Krane V., Winkler K., Dekker F.W., Wanner C. Changes in adiponectin and the risk of sudden death, stroke, myocardial infarction, and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2009, 76:567-575.
129. Tsigalou C, Chalikias G, Kantartzi K, Tziakas D, Kampouromiti G, Vargemezis V, et al. Differential effect of baseline adiponectin on all-cause mortality in hemodialysis patients depending on initial body mass index. Long-term follow-up data of 4.5 years. J Ren Nutr. In press.
130. Sharma K., Ramachandrarao S., Qiu G., Usui H.K., Zhu Y., Dunn S.R., et al. Adiponectin regulates albuminuria and podocyte function in mice. J Clin Invest 2008, 118:1645-1656.
131. Ohashi K., Iwatani H., Kihara S., Nakagawa Y., Komura N., Fujita K., et al. Exacerbation of albuminuria and renal fibrosis in subtotal renal ablation model of adiponectin-knockout mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007, 27:1910-1917.
132. Saraheimo M., Forsblom C., Thorn L., Saraheimo M., Forsblom C., Thorn L., et al. Serum adiponectin and progression of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2008, 31:1165-1169.
133. Kollerits B., Fliser D., Heid I.M., Reitz E., Kronenberg F. Gender-specific association of adiponectin as a predictor of progression of chronic kidney disease: the mild to moderate kidney disease study. Kidney Int 2007, 71:1279-1286.
134. Jamaluddin M.S., Weakley S.M., Yao Q., Chen C. Resistin: functional roles and therapeutic considerations for cardiovascular disease. Br J Pharmacol 2012, 165:622-632.
135. Kielstein J.T., Becker B., Graf S., Brabant G., Haller H., Fliser D. Increased resistin blood levels are not associated with insulin resistance in patients with renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2003, 42:62-66.
136. Axelsson J., Bergsten A., Qureshi A.R., Heimbürger O., Bárány P., Lönnqvist F., et al. Elevated resistin levels in chronic kidney disease are associated with decreased glomerular filtration rate and inflammation, but not with insulin resistance. Kidney Int 2006, 69:596-604.
137. Nusken K.D., Kratzsch J., Wienholz V., Stöhr W., Rascher W., Dötsch J. Circulating resistin concentrations in children depend on renal function. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006, 21:107-112.
138. Kawamura R., Doi Y., Osawa H., Ninomiya T., Hata J., Yonemoto K., et al. Circulating resistin is increased with decreasing renal function in a general Japanese population: the Hisayama Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010, 25:3236-3240.
139. Filippidis G., Liakopoulos V., Mertens P.R., Kiropoulos T., Stakias N., Verikouki C., et al. Resistin serum levels are increased but not correlated with insulin resistance in chronic hemodialysis patients. Blood Purif 2005, 23:421-428.
140. Cohen G., Ilic D., Raupachova J., Hörl W.H. Resistin inhibits essential functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Immunol 2008, 181:3761-3768.
141. Verma S., Li S.H., Wang C.H., Fedak P.W., Li R.K., Weisel R.D., et al. Resistin promotes endothelial cell activation: further evidence of adipokine-endothelial interaction. Circulation 2003, 108:736-740.
142. Skilton M.R., Nakhla S., Sieveking D.P., Caterson I.D., Celermajer D.S. Pathophysiological levels of the obesity related peptides resistin and ghrelin increase adhesion molecule expression on human vascular endothelial cells. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2005, 32:839-844.
143. Chung W., Jung E.S., Shin D., Choi S.H., Jung J.Y., Chang J.H., et al. Low resistin level is associated with poor hospitalization-free survival in hemodialysis patients. J Korean Med Sci 2012, 27:377-381.
144. Sommer G., Garten A., Petzold S., Beck-Sickinger A.G., Blüher M., Stumvoll M., et al. Visfatin/PBEF/Nampt: structure, regulation and potential function of a novel adipokine. Clin Sci (Lond) 2008, 115:13-23.
145. Axelsson J., Witasp A., Carrero J.J., Qureshi A.R., Suliman M.E., Heimbürger O., et al. Circulating levels of visfatin/pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor 1 in relation to genotype, GFR, body composition, and survival in patients with CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 2007, 49:237-244.
146. Yilmaz M.I., Saglam M., Carrero J.J., Qureshi A.R., Caglar K., Eyileten T., et al. Serum visfatin concentration and endothelial dysfunction in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008, 23:959-965.
147. Kim S.R., Bae Y.H., Bae S.K., Choi K.S., Yoon K.H., Koo T.H., et al. Visfatin enhances ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression through ROS-dependent NF-kappaB activation in endothelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 2008, 1783:886-895.
148. Carrero J.J., Witasp A., Stenvinkel P., Qureshi A.R., Heimbürger O., Bárány P., et al. Visfatin is increased in chronic kidney disease patients with poor appetite and correlates negatively with fasting serum amino acids and triglyceride levels. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010, 25:901-906.
149. Kalupahana N.S., Moustaid-Moussa N. The adipose tissue renin-angiotensin system and metabolic disorders: a review of molecular mechanisms. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2012, 47:379-390.
150. Cassis L.A., Police S.B., Yiannikouris F., Thatcher S.E. Local adipose tissue renin-angiotensin system. Curr Hypertens Rep 2008, 10:93-98.
151. Dorresteijn J.A.N., Visseren F.L.J., Spiering W. Mechanisms linking obesity to hypertension. Obes Rev 2012, 13:17-26.
152. Engeli S., Böhnke J., Gorzelniak K., Janke J., Schling P., Bader M., et al. Weight loss and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Hypertension 2005, 45:356-362.
153. Lu H., Boustany-Kari C.M., Daugherty A., Cassis L.A. Angiotensin II increases adipose angiotensinogen expression. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007, 292:E1280-E1287.
154. Massiéra F., Bloch-Faure M., Ceiler D., Murakami K., Fukamizu A., Gasc J.M., et al. Adipose angiotensinogen is involved in adipose tissue growth and blood pressure regulation. FASEB J 2001, 15:2727-2729.
155. Engeli S., Boschmann M., Frings P., Beck L., Janke J., Titze J., et al. Influence of salt intake on renin-angiotensin and natriuretic peptide system genes in human adipose tissue. Hypertension 2006, 48:1103-1108.