Food additives and preschool children

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society

Volumn 72, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 109-116

  Martyn, Danika M ^a   McNulty, Breige A ^a   Nugent, Anne P ^a   Gibney, Michael J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Behaviour; Exposure assessment; Food additives; Preschool children; Risk analysis

Indexed keywords

ASCORBIC ACID; ASPARTAME; FOOD ADDITIVE; GLUTAMATE SODIUM;

BODY MASS; BODY WEIGHT; CARCINOGENICITY; CATERING SERVICE; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; CHILD GROWTH; CHILD NUTRITION; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CONFERENCE PAPER; DIET RESTRICTION; FOOD COLOR; FOOD INDUSTRY; FOOD INTAKE; FOOD SAFETY; GENOTOXICITY; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HUMAN; HYPERACTIVITY; HYPERKINESIA; LAW; NONHUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK MANAGEMENT; WEIGHT;

ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; EUROPE; FOOD ADDITIVES; FOOD HABITS; GROWTH; HUMANS; MENTAL DISORDERS;

EID: 84872866263     PISSN: 00296651     EISSN: 14752719     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0029665112002935     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (73)

1. Marmion DM (1991) Handbook of U.S. Colorants: Foods, Drugs, Cosmetics, and Medical Devices, 3rd ed. New York: Wiley.
2. Belderok B (2000) Developments in bread-making processes. Plant Foods Human Nutr 55, 1-14.
3. Kitchen L (2008) The Baker. Sydney: Murdoch Books.
4. Mokyr J (1999) The British Industrial Revolution: an Economic Perspective, 2nd ed. Oxford: Westview Press.
5. Branen AL, Davidson, PM, Salminen S et al. (2002) Food Additives, 2nd ed. New York: CRC Press.
6. European Commission (2011) Regulation (EU) No. 1129/2011 of 11 November 2011 amending Annex II to Regulation (EC) No. 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council by Establishing a Union List of Food Additives. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ: L:2011:295:0001:0177: En:PDF (accessed 15 August 2012)
7. European Commission (2008). Regulation (EC) No. 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on Food Additives. Off J Eur Union L 365. 31.12.2008, p. 16 365/16. http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUri Serv/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32008R1333:EN:NOT (accessed 15 August 2012).
8. Emerton V & Choi E (2008) Food additives and why they are used. In Essential Guide to Food Additives, 3rd ed. pp. 1-21. Surrey: Leatherhead Publishing.
9. Hayes C (2001) The effect of non-cariogenic sweeteners on the prevention of dental caries: a review of the evidence. J Dent Ed 65, 1106-1109.
10. Hendriksen MA, Tijhuis MJ, Fransen HP et al. (2011) Impact of substituting added sugar in carbonated soft drinks by intense sweeteners in young adults in the Netherlands: example of a benefit-risk approach. Eur J Nut 50, 41-51.
11. Rieck N (2008) Reinheitsgebot: German Beer Purity Law, 1516. http://www3.sympatico.ca/n.rieck/docs/Reinheitsgebot. html (accessed 15 August 2012).
12. European Union (2008) EU Directive 2008/128/EC of 22 December 2008 laying down specific purity criteria concerning colours for use in foodstuffs. Off J Eur Union L 6, 20-63.
13. European Union (2008) EU Directive 2008/60/EC of 17 June 2008 laying down specific purity criteria concerning sweeteners for use in foodstuffs. Off J Eur Union L 158, 17-40.
14. European Union (2008) EU Directive 2008/84/EC of 27 August 2008 laying down specific purity criteria on food additives other than colours and sweeteners. Off J Eur Union L 253, 1-175.
15. European Union (2000) EU Directive 2000/13/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 March 2000 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the labelling, presentation and advertising of foodstuffs. Off J Eur Comm L 109, 29-42.
16. Zuidam NJ & Nedovic V (editors) (2010) Encapsulation Technologies for Active Food Ingredients and Food Processing. New York: Springer-Verlag.
17. European Food Safety Authority (2012) Food Additives. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/additives.htm (updated November 2012; accessed November 2012).
18. FAO (2012) Chemical Risks and JECFA. http://www.fao.org/food/food-safety- quality/scientific-advice/jecfa/en/(accessed 15 August 2012).
19. Food Standards Agency Australia New Zealand (2012) Who Controls the Use of Additives? http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/consumerinformation/additives/ whocontrolstheuseoff5023.cfm (updated 2 August 2012; accessed 15 August 2012).
20. European Food Safety Authority (2012) About EFSA. http://www.efsa.europa. eu/en/aboutefsa.htm (accessed 15 August 2012).
21. Scientific Committee of Food (2001) Guidance of Submissions for Food Additive Evaluations by the Scientific Committee on Food. http://ec.europa.eu/ food/fs/sc/scf/out98-en.pdf (accessed 15 August 2012).
22. Butchko HH, Stargel WW, Comer C et al. (2002) Aspartame: review of safety. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 35, S1-S93.
23. International Food Information Council Foundation (2009) Glutamate and Monosodium Glutamate: Examining the Myths. http://www.foodinsight.org/Content/ 76/Glutamate-and-Monosodium-Glutamate.pdf (accessed 15/08/2012).
24. Olney JW, Farber NB, Spitznagel et al. (1996). Increasing brain tumour rates: is there a link to aspartame? J Neuro-pathol Exp Neurol 55, 1115.
25. Mead MN (2006) Sour finding on popular sweetener: increased cancer incidence associated with low-dose aspar-tame intake. Environ Health Perspect 114, 176.
26. Yoneda J, Chin K, Torii K et al. (2011) Effects of oral monosodium glutamate in mouse models of asthma. Food Chem Toxicol 49, 299-304.
27. Bradstock M, Serdula M, Marks J et al. (1986) Evaluation of reactions to food additives: the aspartame experience. Am J Clin Nutr 43, 464-469. (Pubitemid 16097208)
28. Maher TJ & Wurtman RJ (1987) Possible neurologic effects of aspartame, a widely used food additive. Environ Health Perspect 75, 53.
29. Yang WH, Drouin MA, Herbert M et al. (1997) The monosodium glutamate symptom complex: assessment in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 99, 757-762. (Pubitemid 27280365)
30. Geha RS, Beiser A, Ren C et al. (2000) Multicenter, doubleblind, placebo-controlled, multiple-challenge evaluation of reported reactions to monosodium glutamate. J Allergy Clin Immunol 106, 973-980.
31. Geha RS, Beiser A, Ren C et al. (2000) Glutamate safety in the food supply. Am Soc Nutr Sci 130, 1058S-1062S.
32. Beyreuther K, Biesalski H, Fernstrom J, et al. (2006) Consensus meeting: monosodium glutamate-an update. Eur J Clin Nutr 61, 304-313.
33. Walker R & Lupien JR (2000) The safety evaluation of monosodium glutamate. J Nutr 130, 1049S.
34. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (1988) L-glutamic acid and its ammonium, calcium, monosodium and potassium salts. In Toxicological Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants. pp. 97-161. New York: Cambridge University Press.
35. Bobe IU & Michel M (2011) Processing and product design for natural food products. In Proceedings of the 11th International Congress on Engineering and Food. pp. 687-688. Athens, Greece: International Congress on Engineering and Food, available at http://www.icef11.org/content/papers/fpe/FPE1272.pdf (accessed 30 November 2012).
36. Downham A & Collins P (2000) Colouring our foods in the last and next millennium. Int J Food Sci Technol 35, 5-22.
37. Kroes R, Müller D, Lambe J et al. (2002) Assessment of intake from the diet. Food Chem Toxicol 40, 327-385. (Pubitemid 34226721)
38. Lambe J (2002) The use of food consumption data in assessments of exposure to food chemicals, including the application of probabilistic modeling. Proc Nutr Soc 61, 11-18. (Pubitemid 34171041)
39. VWA (2008) Children and chemical substances in the diet. Exceedance of the health-based guidelines of chemical substances in the diet of children and a decision tree to assess health risks of children aged between six months and twelve years. Report of a VWA panel. The Hague, The Netherlands:
40. VWA. http://www.vwa.nl/txmpub/files/?p-file-id=39502 (accessed 15 August 2012).
41. Spanjersberg M, Kruizinga A, Rennen M et al. (2007) Risk assessment and food allergy: the probabilistic model applied to allergens. Food Chem Toxicol 45, 49-54. (Pubitemid 44792315)
42. World Health Organization (1987) Principles for the Safety Assessment of Food Additives and Contaminants in Food. Environmental Health Criteria 70. International Programme on Chemical Safety. Geneva: WHO.
43. European Commission (2000) First Report on the Harmonisation of Risk Assessment Procedures. Brussels: European Commission-Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General.
44. World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2002) Risk Assessments of Salmonella in Eggs and Broiler Chickens. Series No. 2. Geneva: FAO. http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/Y4392E/ y4392e00.htm (accessed 15 August 2012).
45. WHO (1997) Guidelines for Predicting Dietary Intake of Pesticide Residues. GEMS/Food in Collaboration with the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues. Document WHO/FSF/FOS/97.7. Geneva: World Health Organization.
46. Nutriscan (1992) An Evaluation of the Methodologies for the Estimation of Intakes of Food Additives and Contaminants in the European Community. Dublin: Nutriscan.
47. Nutriscan (1994) Options for the Routine Collection of Data on Usage Levels of Food Additives in the European Union. Dublin: Nutriscan.
48. Erkekoglu P & Baydar T (2010) Toxicity of acrylamide and evaluation of its exposure in baby foods. Nutr Res Rev 23, 323-333.
49. Goldman LR & Koduru S (2000) Chemicals in the environment and developmental toxicity to children: a public health and policy perspective. Environ Health Perspect 108, 443S.
50. European Food Safety Authority (2011) Overview of the Procedures Currently Used at EFSA for the Assessment of Dietary Exposure to Different Chemical Substances. Parma: European Food Safety Authority. http://www.efsa. europa.eu/en/efsajournal/doc/2490.pdf (accessed 16 August 2012).
51. Huybrechts I, Sioen I, Boon PE et al. (2011) Dietary exposure assessments for children in Europe (the EXPOCHI project): rationale, methods and design. Arch Public Health 69, 1-12.
52. World Health Organisation (2006) Principles for Evaluating Health Risks in Children Associated with Exposure to Chemicals. Environmental Health Criteria 237. Geneva: WHO.
53. Wilson NK, Chuang JC, Morgan MK et al. (2007) An observational study of the potential exposures of preschool children to pentachlorophenol, bisphenol-A, and nonylphenol at home and daycare. Environ Res 103, 9-20. (Pubitemid 44894404)
54. Bearer CF (1995) Environmental health hazards: how children are different from adults. Future Child 5, 11-26.
55. Nielsen E, Thorup I, Schnipper A et al. (2001) Children and the Unborn Child. Miljoproject No. 589. København K: Danish Environmental Protection Agency.
56. Ginsberg G, Hattis D, Miller R et al. (2004) Paediatric pharmacokinetic data: implications for environmental risk assessment for children. Pediatrics 113, 973-983. (Pubitemid 38437350)
57. Lawrie C (1998) Different dietary patterns in relation to age and the consequences for intake of food chemicals. Food Add Contam 15, 75-81. (Pubitemid 28077787)
58. Briefel RR, Reidy K, Karwe V et al. (2004) Toddlers' transition to table foods: impact on nutrient intakes and food patterns. J Am Diet Assoc 104, 38-44.
59. International Life Sciences Inst. Europe (1997) Applicability of the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) to Infants and Children. ILSI Europe Acceptable Daily Intake Task Force. http://www.ilsi.org.ar/biblioteca/ILSI-Europa-Mono grafias/ILSIAppl%5B1%5D.pdf (accessed 16 August 2012).
60. Huybrechts I, Boon PE, De Neve M et al. (2010) Long-Term Dietary Exposure to Different Food Colours in Young Children Living in Different European Countries. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/supporting/pub/53e.htm (accessed 16 August 2012).
61. Gregory JR, Collins D, Davies P et al. (1995) National Diet and Nutrition Survey: Children Aged 1.5 to 4.5 Years. London: HMSO Publications Centre.
62. Feingold BF (1973) Food additives and child development [Editorial]. Hosp Pract 8, 11.
63. Conners CK, Goyette CH, Southwick DA et al. (1976) Food additives and hyperkinesis: a controlled double-blind experiment. Pediatrics 58, 154-166.
64. Harley JP, Ray RS, Tomasi L et al. (1978) Hyperkinesis and food additives: testing the Feingold hypothesis. Pediatrics 61, 818-828. (Pubitemid 8338842)
65. Pollock I & Warner J (1990) Effect of artificial food colours on childhood behaviour. Arch Dis Child 65, 74-77. (Pubitemid 20037440)
66. Wolraich ML, Lindgren SD, Stumbo PJ et al. (1994) Effects of diets high in sucrose or aspartame on the behaviour and cognitive performance of children. New Engl J Med 330, 301-307. (Pubitemid 24041373)
67. Rowe KS & Rowe KJ (1994) Synthetic food colouring and behaviour: a dose response effect in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, repeated-measures study. J Paediatr 125, 691-698. (Pubitemid 24350176)
68. Bateman B, Warner J, Hutchinson E et al. (2004) The effects of a double blind, placebo controlled, artificial food colourings and benzoate preservative challenge on hyperactivity in a general population sample of preschool children. Arch Dis Child 89, 506-511.
69. McCann D, Barrett A, Cooper A et al. (2007) Food additives and hyperactive behaviour in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the community: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 370, 1560-1567. (Pubitemid 350018874)
70. Pelsser L, Frankena K, Toorman J et al. (2011) Effects of a restricted elimination diet on the behaviour of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (INCA study): a randomised controlled trial 1). Lancet 377, 494-503.
71. Connolly A, Hearty A, Nugent A et al. (2010) Pattern of intake of food additives associated with hyperactivity in Irish children and teenagers. Food Add Contam 27, 447-456.
72. Ostergaard GK (1998) The applicability of the ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake) for food additives to infants and children. Food Add Contam 15, 63-74S.
73. European Food Safety Authority (2012) FAQ on Chemicals in Food. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/faqs/faq-chemicalsinfood.htm (accessed 16 August 2012).