Neurophysiology of Cortical Stimulation

International Review of Neurobiology

Volumn 107, Issue , 2012, Pages 57-85

  Lefaucheur, Jean Pascal ^a  

^a HENRI MONDOR HOSPITAL   (France)

Author keywords

Electric field; Epidural cortical stimulation; Neuroprotection; Synaptic plasticity; Therapeutics; Transcranial direct current stimulation; Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Indexed keywords

AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS; ARTICLE; BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; ELECTRIC FIELD; EXCITOTOXICITY; HUMAN; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NERVE STIMULATION; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; NEUROPROTECTION; PAIRED ASSOCIATIVE STIMULATION; PARKINSON DISEASE; PATIENT SAFETY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REPEAT PROCEDURE; SEIZURE; THETA BURST STIMULATION; TRANSCRANIAL DIRECT CURRENT STIMULATION; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; TREATMENT CONTRAINDICATION;

EID: 84872418503     PISSN: 00747742     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-404706-8.00005-X     Document Type: Chapter

References (190)

1. Abraham W.C., Tate W.P. Metaplasticity: A new vista across the field of synaptic plasticity. Progress in Neurobiology 1997, 52:303-323.
2. Ahdab R., Ayache S.S., Brugières P., Goujon C., Lefaucheur J.P. Comparison of " standard" and " navigated" procedures of TMS coil positioning over motor, premotor and prefrontal targets in patients with chronic pain and depression. Neurophysiologie Clinique 2010, 40:27-36.
3. Amassian V.E., Stewart M. Motor cortical and other cortical interneuronal networks that generate very high frequency waves. Supplements to Clinical Neurophysiology 2003, 56:119-142.
4. Andoh J., Artiges E., Pallier C., Rivière D., Mangin J.F., Paillère-Martinot M.L., et al. Priming frequencies of transcranial magnetic stimulation overWernicke' area modulate word detection. Cerebral Cortex 2008, 18:210-216.
5. André-Obadia N., Mertens P., Gueguen A., Peyron R., Garcia-Larrea L. Pain relief by rTMS: Differential effect of current flow but no specific action on pain subtypes. Neurology 2008, 71:833-840.
6. Arai N., Okabe S., Furubayashi T., Mochizuki H., Iwata N.K., Hanajima R., et al. Differences in after-effect between monophasic and biphasic high-frequency rTMS of the human motor cortex. Clinical Neurophysiology 2007, 118:2227-2233.
7. Arai N., Okabe S., Furubayashi T., Terao Y., Yuasa K., Ugawa Y. Comparison between short train, monophasic and biphasic repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the human motor cortex. Clinical Neurophysiology 2005, 116:605-613.
8. Ardolino G., Bossi B., Barbieri S., Priori A. Non-synaptic mechanisms underlie the after-effects of cathodal transcutaneous direct current stimulation of the human brain. The Journal of Physiology (London) 2005, 568:653-663.
9. Atinault A., Cazalaa J.B., Coeytaux R., Louville Y. Comparaison à double insu de deux modalités d'application du courant de Limoge en anesthésie électromédicamenteuse. Agressologie 1978, 19:393-397.
10. Ayache S.S., Farhat W.H., Zouari H.G., Hosseini H., Mylius V., Lefaucheur J.P. Stroke rehabilitation using non-invasive cortical stimulation: motor function. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 2012, 12:949-972.
11. Back T. Pathophysiology of the ischemic penumbra-Revision of a concept. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 1998, 18:621-638.
12. Barker A.T. The history and basic principles of magnetic nerve stimulation. Handbook of transcranial magnetic stimulation 2002, 3-17. Arnold, London. A. Pascual-Leone, N.J. Davey, J. Rothwell, E.M. Wassermann, B.K. Puri (Eds.).
13. Barker A.T., Jalinous R., Freeston I.L. Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex. Lancet 1985, 1:1106-1107.
14. Basser P.J., Roth B.J. New currents in electrical stimulation of excitable tissues. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 2000, 2:377-397.
15. Bäumer T., Lange R., Liepert J., Weiller C., Siebner H.R., Rothwell J.C., et al. Repeated premotor rTMS leads to cumulative plastic changes of motor cortex excitability in humans. NeuroImage 2003, 20:550-560.
16. Berger M.S., Ojemann G.A., Lettich E. Neurophysiological monitoring during astrocytoma surgery. Neurosurgery Clinics of North America 1990, 1:65-80.
17. Bezard E., Boraud T., Nguyen J.P., Velasco F., Keravel Y., Gross C. Cortical stimulation and epileptic seizure: A study of the potential risk in primates. Neurosurgery 1999, 45:346-350.
18. Bienenstock E.L., Cooper L.N., Munro P.W. Theory for the development of neuron selectivity: Orientation specificity and binocular interaction in visual cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience 1982, 2:32-48.
19. Bikson M., Inoue M., Akiyama H., Deans J.K., Fox J.E., Miyakawa H., et al. Effects of uniform extracellular DC electric fields on excitability in rat hippocampal slices in vitro. The Journal of Physiology (London) 2004, 557:175-190.
20. Bindman L.J., Lippold O.C., Redfearn J.W. The action of brief polarizing currents on the cerebral cortex of the rat (1) during current flow and (2) in the production of long-lasting after-effects. The Journal of Physiology (London) 1964, 172:369-382.
21. Borckardt J.J., Bikson M., Frohman H., Reeves S.T., Datta A., Bansal V., et al. A pilot study of the tolerability and effects of high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) on pain perception. The Journal of Pain 2012, 13:112-120.
22. Brown J.A., Lutsep H.L., Weinand M., Cramer S.C. Motor cortex stimulation for the enhancement of recovery from stroke: A prospective, multicenter safety study. Neurosurgery 2006, 58:464-473.
23. Buhmann C., Gorsler A., Baumer T., Hidding U., Demiralay C., Hinkelmann K., et al. Abnormal excitability of premotor-motor connections in de novo Parkinson' disease. Brain 2004, 127:2732-2746.
24. Chen R., Classen J., Gerloff C., Celnik P., Wassermann E.M., Hallett M., et al. Depression of motor cortex excitability by low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurology 1997, 48:1398-1403.
25. Conforto A.B., Kaelin-Lang A., Cohen L.G. Increase in hand muscle strength of stroke patients after somatosensory stimulation. Annals of Neurology 2002, 51:122-125.
26. Daskalakis Z.J., Moller B., Christensen B.K., Fitzgerald P.B., Gunraj C., Chen R. The effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on cortical inhibition in healthy human subjects. Experimental Brain Research 2006, 174:403-412.
27. Deletis V., Sala F. Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring of the spinal cord during spinal cord and spine surgery: A review focus on the corticospinal tracts. Clinical Neurophysiology 2008, 119:248-264.
28. Di Lazzaro V., Dileone M., Pilato F., Profice P., Ranieri F., Musumeci G., et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for ALS: A preliminary controlled study. Neuroscience Letters 2006, 408:135-140.
29. Di Lazzaro V., Oliviero A., Mazzone P., Insola A., Pilato F., Saturno E., et al. Comparison of descending volleys evoked by monophasic and biphasic magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex in conscious humans. Experimental Brain Research 2001, 141:121-127.
30. Di Lazzaro V., Oliviero A., Pilato F., Saturno E., Dileone M., Mazzone P., et al. The physiological basis of transcranial motor cortex stimulation in conscious humans. Clinical Neurophysiology 2004, 115:255-266.
31. Di Lazzaro V., Oliviero A., Profice P., Saturno E., Pilato F., Insola A., et al. Comparison of descending volleys evoked by transcranial magnetic and electric stimulation in conscious humans. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1998, 109:397-401.
32. Di Lazzaro V., Oliviero A., Saturno E., Pilato F., Dileone M., Sabatelli M., et al. Motor cortex stimulation for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Time for a therapeutic trial?. Clinical Neurophysiology 2004, 115:1479-1485.
33. Edwards M.J., Huang Y.Z., Mir P., Rothwell J.C., Bhatia K.P. Abnormalities in motor cortical plasticity differentiate manifesting and nonmanifesting DYT1 carriers. Movement Disorders 2006, 21:2181-2186.
34. Eichhammer P., Langguth B., Marienhagen J., Kleinjung T., Hajak G. Neuronavigated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with tinnitus: A short case series. Biological Psychiatry 2003, 54:862-865.
35. Fitzgerald P.B., Brown T.L., Marston N.A., Oxley T., De Castella A., Daskalakis Z.J., et al. Reduced plastic brain responses in schizophrenia: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Schizophrenia Research 2004, 71:17-26.
36. Fitzgerald P.B., Fountain S., Daskalakis Z.J. A comprehensive review of the effects of rTMS on motor cortical excitability and inhibition. Clinical Neurophysiology 2006, 117:2584-2596.
37. Fitzgerald P.B., Grace N., Hoy K.E., Bailey M., Daskalakis Z.J. An open label trial of clustered maintenance rTMS for patients with refractory depression. Brain Stimulation 2012, in press.
38. Fontaine D., Hamani C., Lozano A. Efficacy and safety of motor cortex stimulation for chronic neuropathic pain: Critical review of the literature. Journal of Neurosurgery 2009, 110:251-256.
39. Francis J.T., Gluckman B.J., Schiff S.J. Sensitivity of neurons to weak electric fields. The Journal of Neuroscience 2003, 23:7255-7261.
40. Fregni F., Boggio P.S., Valle A.C., Otachi P., Thut G., Rigonatti S.P., et al. Homeostatic effects of plasma valproate levels on corticospinal excitability changes induced by 1Hz rTMS in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Clinical Neurophysiology 2006, 117:1217-1227.
41. Fregni F., Pascual-Leone A. Technology insight: Noninvasive brain stimulation in neurology-perspectives on the therapeutic potential of rTMS and tDCS. Nature Clinical Practice. Neurology 2007, 3:383-393.
42. Garcia L., D'Alessandro G., Bioulac B., Hammond C. High-frequency stimulation in Parkinson' disease: More or less?. Trends in Neurosciences 2005, 28:209-216.
43. Garcia-Larrea L., Peyron R. Motor cortex stimulation for neuropathic pain: From phenomenology to mechanisms. NeuroImage 2007, S137:S71-S79.
44. George M.S., Wassermann E.M., Williams W.A., Callahan A., Ketter T.A., Basser P., et al. Daily repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) improves mood in depression. Neuroreport 1995, 6:1853-1856.
45. George M.S., Wassermann E.M., Williams W.A., Steppel J., Pascual-Leone A., Basser P., et al. Changes in mood and hormone levels after rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the prefrontal cortex. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 1996, 8:172-180.
46. Gershon A.A., Dannon P.N., Grunhaus L. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression. The American Journal of Psychiatry 2003, 160:835-845.
47. Gilio F., Curra A., Inghilleri M., Lorenzano C., Manfredi M., Berardelli A. Repetitive magnetic stimulation of cortical motor areas in Parkinson' disease: Implications for the pathophysiology of cortical function. Movement Disorders 2002, 17:467-473.
48. Gluckman B.J., Neel E.J., Netoff T.I., Ditto W.L., Spano M.L., Schiff S.J. Electric field suppression of epileptiform activity in hippocampal slices. Journal of Neurophysiology 1996, 76:4202-4205.
49. Gorman A.L. Differential patterns of activation of the pyramidal system elicited by surface anodal and cathodal cortical stimulation. Journal of Neurophysiology 1966, 29:547-564.
50. Hallett M. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: A primer. Neuron 2007, 55:187-199.
51. Hoffman R.E., Boutros N.N., Berman R.M., Roessler E., Belger A., Krystal J.H., et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation of left temporoparietal cortex in three patients reporting hallucinated " voices" Biological Psychiatry 1999, 46:130-132.
52. Holsheimer J., Lefaucheur J.P., Buitenweg J.R., Goujon C., Nineb A., Nguyen J.P. The role of intra-operative motor evoked potentials in the optimization of chronic cortical stimulation for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Clinical Neurophysiology 2007, 118:2287-2296.
53. Holsheimer J., Nguyen J.P., Lefaucheur J.P., Manola L. Cathodal, anodal or bifocal stimulation of the motor cortex in the management of chronic pain?. Acta Neurochirurgica. Supplement 2007, 97:57-66.
54. Huang Y.Z., Edwards M.J., Rounis E., Bhatia K.P., Rothwell J.C. Theta burst stimulation of the human motor cortex. Neuron 2005, 45:201-206.
55. Hubl D., Nyffeler T., Wurtz P., Chaves S., Pflugshaupt T., Lüthi M., et al. Time course of blood oxygenation level-dependent signal response after theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation of the frontal eye field. Neuroscience 2008, 151:921-928.
56. Inghilleri M., Conte A., Curra A., Frasca V., Lorenzano C., Berardelli A. Ovarian hormones and cortical excitability. An rTMS study in humans. Clinical Neurophysiology 2004, 115:1063-1068.
57. Inghilleri M., Conte A., Frasca V., Scaldaferri N., Gilio F., Santini M., et al. Altered response to rTMS in patients with Alzheimer' disease. Clinical Neurophysiology 2006, 117:103-109.
58. Iyer M.B., Schleper N., Wassermann E.M. Priming stimulation enhances the depressant effect of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. The Journal of Neuroscience 2003, 23:10867-10872.
59. Jalinous R. Principles of magnetic stimulator design. Handbook of transcranial magnetic stimulation 2002, 30-38. Arnold, London. A. Pascual-Leone, N.J. Davey, J. Rothwell, E.M. Wassermann, B.K. Puri (Eds.).
60. Jefferys J.G. Nonsynaptic modulation of neuronal activity in the brain: Electric currents and extracellular ions. Physiological Reviews 1995, 75:689-723.
61. Kammer T., Beck S., Thielscher A., Laubis-Herrmann U., Topka H. Motor thresholds in humans: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study comparing different pulse waveforms, current directions and stimulator types. Clinical Neurophysiology 2001, 112:250-258.
62. Kaneko K., Kawai S., Fuchigami Y., Morita H., Ofuji A. The effect of current direction induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation on the corticospinal excitability in human brain. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1996, 101:478-482.
63. Khedr E.M., Ahmed M.A., Fathy N., Rothwell J.C. Therapeutic trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation after acute ischemic stroke. Neurology 2005, 65:466-468.
64. Khedr E.M., Kotb H., Kamel N.F., Ahmed M.A., Sadek R., Rothwell J.C. Longlasting antalgic effects of daily sessions of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in central and peripheral neuropathic pain. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 2005, 76:833-838.
65. Khedr E.M., Rothwell J.C., Shawky O.A., Ahmed M.A., Hamdy A. Effect of daily repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor performance in Parkinson' disease. Movement Disorders 2006, 21:2201-2205.
66. Kim Y.H., You S.H., Ko M.H., Park J.W., Lee K.H., Jang S.H., et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced corticomotor excitability and associated motor skill acquisition in chronic stroke. Stroke 2006, 37:1471-1476.
67. Kleim J.A., Chan S., Pringle E., Schallert K., Procaccio V., Jimenez R., et al. BDNF val66met polymorphism is associated with modified experience-dependent plasticity in human motor cortex. Nature Neuroscience 2006, 9:735-737.
68. Klein E., Kreinin I., Chistyakov A., Koren D., Mecz L., Marmur S., et al. Therapeutic efficacy of right prefrontal slow repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in major depression: A double-blind controlled study. Archives of General Psychiatry 1999, 56:315-320.
69. Kleiner-Fisman G., Fisman D.N., Kahn F.I., Sime E., Lozano A.M., Lang A.E. Motor cortical stimulation for parkinsonism in multiple system atrophy. Archives of Neurology 2003, 60:1554-1558.
70. Koch G., Franca M., Mochizuki H., Marconi B., Caltagirone C., Rothwell J.C. Interactions between pairs of transcranial magnetic stimuli over the human left dorsal premotor cortex differ from those seen in primary motor cortex. The Journal of Physiology (London) 2005, 578:551-562.
71. Kossoff E.H., Ritzl E.K., Politsky J.M., Murro A.M., Smith J.R., Duckrow R.B., et al. Effect of an external responsive neurostimulator on seizures and electrographic discharges during subdural electrode monitoring. Epilepsia 2004, 45:1560-1567.
72. Kübler A., Mushahwar V.K., Hochberg L.R., Donoghue J.P. BCI Meeting 2005-Workshop on clinical issues and applications. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering 2006, 14:131-134.
73. Lang N., Harms J., Weyh T., Lemon R.N., Paulus W., Rothwell J.C., et al. Stimulus intensity and coil characteristics influence the efficacy of rTMS to suppress cortical excitability. Clinical Neurophysiology 2006, 117:2292-2301.
74. Lang N., Siebner H.R., Ernst D., Nitsche M.A., Paulus W., Lemon R.N., et al. Preconditioning with transcranial direct current stimulation sensitizes the motor cortex to rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation and controls the direction of after-effects. Biological Psychiatry 2004, 56:634-639.
75. Lang N., Siebner H.R., Ward N.S., Lee L., Nitsche M.A., Paulus W., et al. How does transcranial DC stimulation of the primary motor cortex alter regional neuronal activity in the human brain?. The European Journal of Neuroscience 2005, 22:495-504.
76. Langguth B., Eichhammer P., Wiegand R., Marienhegen J., Maenner P., Jacob P., et al. Neuronavigated rTMS in a patient with chronic tinnitus. Effects of 4 weeks treatment. Neuroreport 2003, 14:977-980.
77. Larson J., Wong D., Lynch G. Patterned stimulation at the theta frequency is optimal for the induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation. Brain Research 1986, 368:347-350.
78. Lefaucheur J.P. Stroke recovery can be enhanced by using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Neurophysiologie Clinique 2006, 36:105-115.
79. Lefaucheur J.P. The use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in chronic neuropathic pain. Neurophysiologie Clinique 2006, 36:117-124.
80. Lefaucheur J.P. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): Insights into the treatment of Parkinson' disease by cortical stimulation. Neurophysiologie Clinique 2006, 36:125-133.
81. Lefaucheur J.P. Principles of therapeutic use of transcranial and epidural cortical stimulation. Clinical Neurophysiology 2008, 119:2179-2184.
82. Lefaucheur J.P. Use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in pain relief. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 2008, 8:799-808.
83. Lefaucheur J.P. Methods of therapeutic cortical stimulation. Neurophysiologie Clinique 2009, 39:1-14.
84. Lefaucheur J.P. Treatment of Parkinson' disease by cortical stimulation. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 2009, 9:1755-1771.
85. Lefaucheur J.P. Why image-guided navigation becomes essential in the practice of transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurophysiologie Clinique 2010, 40:1-5.
86. Lefaucheur J.P. Is rTMS a therapeutic option in chronic pain syndrome? Insights from the treatment of fibromyalgia. Pain 2011, 152:1447-1448.
87. Lefaucheur J.P., André-Obadia N., Poulet E., Devanne H., Haffen E., Londero A., et al. Recommandations françaises sur l'utilisation de la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne repetitive (rTMS): règles de sécurité et indications thérapeutiques. Neurophysiologie Clinique 2011, 41:221-295.
88. Lefaucheur J.P., Antal A., Ahdab R., Ciampi de Andrade D., Fregni F., Khedr E.M., et al. The use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to relieve pain. Brain Stimulation 2008, 1:337-344.
89. Lefaucheur J.P., Ayache S.S., Sorel M., Farhat W.H., Zouari H.G., Ciampi de Andrade D., et al. Analgesic effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex in neuropathic pain: Influence of theta burst stimulation priming. European Journal of Pain 2012, 16:1403-1413.
90. Lefaucheur J.P., de Andrade D.C. Intraoperative neurophysiologic mapping of the central cortical region for epidural electrode placement in the treatment of neuropathic pain by motor cortex stimulation. Brain Stimulation 2009, 2:138-148.
91. Lefaucheur J.P., Drouot X., Mrnard-Lefaucheur I., Keravel Y., Nguyen J.P. Motor cortex rTMS restores defective intracortical inhibition in chronic neuropathic pain. Neurology 2006, 67:1568-1574.
92. Lefaucheur J.P., Drouot X., Nguyen J.P. Interventional neurophysiology for pain control: Duration of pain relief following repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex. Neurophysiologie Clinique 2001, 31:247-252.
93. Lefaucheur J.P., Drouot X., Von Raison F., Ménard-Lefaucheur I., Cesaro P., Nguyen J.P. Improvement of motor performance and modulation of cortical excitability by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex in Parkinson' disease. Clinical Neurophysiology 2004, 115:2530-2541.
94. Lefaucheur J.P., Fénelon G., Ménard-Lefaucheur I., Wendling S., Nguyen J.P. Low-frequency repetitive TMS of premotor cortex can reduce painful axial spasms in generalized secondary dystonia: A pilot study of three patients. Neurophysiologie Clinique 2004, 34:141-145.
95. Lefaucheur J.P., Holsheimer J., Goujon C., Keravel Y., Nguyen J.P. Descending volleys generated by efficacious epidural motor cortex stimulation in patients with chronic neuropathic pain. Experimental Neurology 2010, 223:609-614.
96. Li J., Takeda Y., Hirakawa M. Threshold of ischemic depolarization for neuronal injury following four-vessel occlusion in the rat cortex. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology 2000, 12:247-254.
97. Liebetanz D., Nitsche M.A., Tergau F., Paulus W. Pharmacological approach to the mechanisms of transcranial DC-stimulation-induced after-effects of human motor cortex excitability. Brain 2002, 125:2238-2247.
98. Liepert J. Motor cortex excitability in stroke before and after constraint-induced movement therapy. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology 2006, 19:41-47.
99. Limoge A., Robert C., Stanley T.H. Transcutaneous cranial electrical stimulation (TCES): A review 1998. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 1999, 23:529-538.
100. Lipton S.A., Nicotera P. Calcium, free radicals and excitotoxins in neuronal apoptosis. Cell Calcium 1998, 23:165-171.
101. Lipton S.A., Rosenberg P.A. Excitatory amino acids as a final common pathway for neurologic disorders. The New England Journal of Medicine 1994, 330:613-622.
102. Lomarev M.P., Kanchana S., Bara-Jimenez W., Iyer M., Wassermann E.M., Hallett M. Placebo-controlled study of rTMS for the treatment of Parkinson' disease. Movement Disorders 2006, 21:325-331.
103. Loo C.K., Martin D.M., Alonzo A., Gandevia S., Mitchell P.B., Sachdev P. Avoiding skin burns with transcranial direct current stimulation: Preliminary considerations. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 2011, 14:425-426.
104. Lorenzano C., Dinapoli L., Gilio F., Suppa A., Bagnato S., Currà A., et al. Motor cortical excitability studied with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with Huntington' disease. Clinical Neurophysiology 2006, 117:1677-1681.
105. Macdonald D.B. Intraoperative motor evoked potential monitoring: Overview and update. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2006, 20:347-377.
106. Manola L., Holsheimer J., Veltink P., Buitenweg J.R. Anodal vs cathodal stimulation of motor cortex: A modeling study. Clinical Neurophysiology 2007, 118:464-474.
107. Manola L., Roelofsen B.H., Holsheimer J., Marani E., Geelen J. Modelling motor cortex stimulation for chronic pain control: Electrical potential field, activating functions and responses of simple nerve fibre models. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing 2005, 43:335-343.
108. Mansur C.G., Fregni F., Boggio P.S., Riberto M., Gallucci-Neto J., Santos C.M., et al. A sham stimulation-controlled trial of rTMS of the unaffected hemisphere in stroke patients. Neurology 2005, 64:1802-1804.
109. Mantz J., Azerad J., Limoge A., Desmonts J.M. Transcranial electrical stimulation with Limoge' currents decreases halothane requirements in rats. Evidence for the involvement of endogenous opioids. Anesthesiology 1992, 76:253-260.
110. Marshall L., Molle M., Hallschmid M., Born J. Transcranial direct current stimulation during sleep improves declarative memory. The Journal of Neuroscience 2004, 24:9985-9992.
111. McIntyre C.C., Grill W.M. Extracellular stimulation of central neurons: Influence of stimulus waveform and frequency on neuronal output. Journal of Neurophysiology 2002, 88:1592-1604.
112. McKay D.R., Ridding M.C., Thompson P.D., Miles T.S. Induction of persistent changes in the organisation of the human motor cortex. Experimental Brain Research 2002, 143:342-349.
113. Mennemeier M., Chelette K.C., Myhill J., Taylor-Cooke P., Bartel T., Triggs W., et al. Maintenance repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation can inhibit the return of tinnitus. The Laryngoscope 2008, 118:1228-1232.
114. Merton P.A., Morton H.B. Stimulation of the cerebral cortex in the intact human subject. Nature 1980, 285:227.
115. Mhalla A., Baudic S., Ciampi de Andrade D., Gautron M., Perrot S., Teixeira M.J., et al. Long-term maintenance of the analgesic effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation in fibromyalgia. Pain 2011, 152:1478-1485.
116. Mies G., Iijima T., Hossmann K.A. Correlation between peri-infarct DC shifts and ischaemic neuronal damage in rat. Neuroreport 1993, 4:709-711.
117. Mir P., Matsunaga K., Gilio F., Quinn N.P., Siebner H.R., Rothwell J.C. Dopaminergic drugs restore facilitatory premotor-motor interactions in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2005, 64:1906-1912.
118. Miranda P.C., Lomarev M., Hallett M. Modeling the current distribution during transcranial direct current stimulation. Clinical Neurophysiology 2006, 117:1623-1629.
119. Muller J.F., Orekhov Y., Liu Y., Ziemann U. Homeostatic plasticity in human motor cortex demonstrated by two consecutive sessions of paired associative stimulation. The European Journal of Neuroscience 2007, 25:3461-3468.
120. Murase N., Rothwell J.C., Kaji R., Urushihara R., Nakamura K., Murayama N., et al. Subthreshold low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the premotor cortex modulates writer' cramp. Brain 2005, 128:104-115.
121. Nakamura H., Kitagawa H., Kawaguchi Y., Tsuji H. Direct and indirect activation of human corticospinal neurons by transcranial magnetic and electrical stimulation. Neuroscience Letters 1996, 210:45-48.
122. Nguyen J.P., Lefaucheur J.P., Decq P., Uchiyama T., Carpentier A., Fontaine D., et al. Chronic motor cortex stimulation in the treatment of central and neuropathic pain. Correlations between clinical, electrophysiological and anatomical data. Pain 1999, 82:245-251.
123. Nguyen J.P., Nizard J., Keravel Y., Lefaucheur J.P. Invasive brain stimulation for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Nature Reviews. Neurology 2011, 7:699-709.
124. Niehaus L., Meyer B.U., Weyh T. Influence of pulse configuration and direction of coil current on excitatory effects of magnetic motor cortex and nerve stimulation. Clinical Neurophysiology 2000, 111:75-80.
125. Nitsche M.A., Fricke K., Henschke U., Schlitterlau A., Liebetanz D., Lang N., et al. Pharmacological modulation of cortical excitability shifts induced by transcranial direct current stimulation in humans. The Journal of Physiology (London) 2003, 553:293-301.
126. Nitsche M.A., Grundey J., Liebetanz D., Lang N., Tergau F., Paulus W. Catecholaminergic consolidation of motor cortical neuroplasticity in humans. Cerebral Cortex 2004, 14:1240-1245.
127. Nitsche M.A., Jaussi W., Liebetanz D., Lang N., Tergau F., Paulus W. Consolidation of human motor cortical neuroplasticity by D-cycloserine. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004, 29:1573-1578.
128. Nitsche M.A., Lampe C., Antal A., Liebetanz D., Lang N., Tergau F., et al. Dopaminergic modulation of long-lasting direct current-induced cortical excitability changes in the human motor cortex. The European Journal of Neuroscience 2006, 23:1651-1657.
129. Nitsche M.A., Liebetanz D., Antal A., Lang N., Tergau F., Paulus W. Modulation of cortical excitability by weak direct current stimulation-Technical, safety and functional aspects. Supplements to Clinical Neurophysiology 2003, 56:255-276.
130. Nitsche M.A., Paulus W. Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation. The Journal of Physiology (London) 2000, 527:633-639.
131. Nowak L.G., Bullier J. Axons, but not cell bodies, are activated by electrical stimulation in cortical gray matter. I. Evidence from chronaxie measurements. Experimental Brain Research 1998, 118:477-488.
132. Nyffeler T., Wurtz P., Lüscher H.R., Hess C.W., Senn W., Pflugshaupt T., et al. Repetitive TMS over the human oculomotor cortex: Comparison of 1-Hz and theta burst stimulation. Neuroscience Letters 2006, 409:57-60.
133. Oxley T., Fitzgerald P.B., Brown T.L., de Castella A., Daskalakis Z.J., Kulkarni J. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation reveals abnormal plastic response to premotor cortex stimulation in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 2004, 56:628-633.
134. Padberg F., Goldstein-Muller B., Zwanzger P., Moller H.J. Prefrontal cortex stimulation as antidepressant treatment: Mode of action and clinical effectiveness of rTMS. Supplements to Clinical Neurophysiology 2003, 56:406-432.
135. Pascual-Leone A., Catalá M.D., Pascual-Leone Pascual A. Lateralized effect of rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of the prefrontal cortex on mood. Neurology 1996, 46:499-502.
136. Pascual-Leone A., Grafman J., Hallett M. Modulation of cortical motor output maps during development of implicit and explicit knowledge. Science 1994, 263:1287-1289.
137. Pascual-Leone A., Nguyet D., Cohen L.G., Brasil-Neto J.P., Cammarota A., Hallett M. Modulation of muscle responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation during the acquisition of new fine motor skills. Journal of Neurophysiology 1995, 74:1037-1045.
138. Pascual-Leone A., Rubio B., Pallardó F., Catalá M.D. Rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in drug-resistant depression. Lancet 1996, 348:233-237.
139. Pascual-Leone A., Tormos J.M., Keenan J., Tarazona F., Canete C., Catala M.D. Study and modulation of human cortical excitability with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 1998, 15:333-343.
140. Pascual-Leone A., Valls-Sole J., Wassermann E.M., Hallett M. Responses to rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex. Brain 1994, 117:847-858.
141. Patton H.D., Amassian V.E. Single and multiple-unit analysis of cortical stage of pyramidal tract activation. Journal of Neurophysiology 1954, 17:345-363.
142. Paulus W. Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES - tDCS; tRNS, tACS) methods. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 2011, 21:602-617.
143. Pirotte B., Neugroschl C., Metens T., Wikler D., Denolin V., Voordecker P., et al. Comparison of functional MR imaging guidance to electrical cortical mapping for targeting selective motor cortex areas in neuropathic pain: A study based on intraoperative stereotactic navigation. American Journal of Neuroradiology 2005, 26:2256-2266.
144. Poreisz C., Antal A., Boros K., Brepohl N., Csifcsák G., Paulus W. Attenuation of N2 amplitude of laser-evoked potentials by theta burst stimulation of primary somatosensory cortex. Experimental Brain Research 2008, 185:611-621.
145. Post R.M., Kimbrell T.A., McCann U.D., Dunn R.T., Osuch E.A., Speer A.M., et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as a neuropsychiatric tool: Present status and future potential. The Journal of ECT 1999, 15:39-59.
146. Priori A. Brain polarization in humans: A reappraisal of an old tool for prolonged non-invasive modulation of brain excitability. Clinical Neurophysiology 2003, 114:589-595.
147. Priori A., Berardelli A., Rona S., Accornero N., Manfredi M. Polarization of the human motor cortex through the scalp. Neuroreport 1998, 9:2257-2260.
148. Priori A., Lefaucheur J.P. Chronic epidural motor cortical stimulation for movement disorders. Lancet Neurology 2007, 6:279-286.
149. Purpura D.P., McMurtry J.G. Intracellular activities and evoked potential changes during polarization of motor cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology 1965, 28:166-185.
150. Quartarone A., Bagnato S., Rizzo V., Siebner H.R., Dattola V., Scalfari A., et al. Abnormal associative plasticity of the human motor cortex in writer' cramp. Brain 2003, 126:2586-2596.
151. Quartarone A., Rizzo V., Bagnato S., Morgante F., Sant'angelo A., Girlanda P., et al. Rapid-rate paired associative stimulation of the median nerve and motor cortex can produce long-lasting changes in motor cortical excitability in humans. The Journal of Physiology (London) 2006, 575:657-670.
152. Rachid F., Bertschy G. Safety and efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression: A critical appraisal of the last 10 years. Neurophysiologie Clinique 2006, 36:157-183.
153. Ranck J.B. Which elements are excited in electrical stimulation of mammalian central nervous system: A review. Brain Research 1975, 98:417-440.
154. Ridding M.C., Rothwell J.C. Is there a future for therapeutic use of transcranial magnetic stimulation?. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 2007, 8:559-567.
155. Ridding M.C., Taylor J.L. Mechanisms of motor-evoked potential facilitation following prolonged dual peripheral and central stimulation in humans. The Journal of Physiology (London) 2001, 537:623-631.
156. Rizzo V., Siebner H.R., Modugno N., Pesenti A., Munchau A., Gerschlager W., et al. Shaping the excitability of human motor cortex with premotor rTMS. The Journal of Physiology (London) 2004, 554:483-495.
157. Rosenthal J., Waller H.J., Amassian V.E. An analysis of the activation of motor cortical neurons by surface stimulation. Journal of Neurophysiology 1967, 30:844-858.
158. Rossi S., Hallett M., Rossini P.M., Pascual-Leone A., Safety of TMS Consensus Group Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research. Clinical Neurophysiology 2009, 120:2008-2039.
159. Rounis E., Lee L., Siebner H.R., Rowe J.B., Friston K.J., Rothwell J.C., et al. Frequency specific changes in regional cerebral blood flow and motor system connectivity following rTMS to the primary motor cortex. NeuroImage 2005, 26:164-176.
160. Rumi D.O., Gattaz W.F., Rigonatti S.P., Rosa M.A., Fregni F., Rosa M.O., et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation accelerates the antidepressant effect of amitriptyline in severe depression: A double-blind placebo-controlled study. Biological Psychiatry 2005, 57:162-166.
161. Ruohonen J., Ilmoniemi R.J. Physical principles for transcranial magnetic stimulation. Handbook of transcranial magnetic stimulation 2002, 18-29. Arnold, London. A. Pascual-Leone, N.J. Davey, J. Rothwell, E.M. Wassermann, B.K. Puri (Eds.).
162. Ruohonen J., Karhu J. Navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurophysiologie Clinique 2010, 40:7-17.
163. Ruohonen J., Karhu J. tDCS possibly stimulates glial cells. Clinical Neurophysiology 2012, 123:2006-2009.
164. Schindler K., Nyffeler T., Wiest R., Hauf M., Mathis J., Hess C.W., et al. Theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation is associated with increased EEG synchronization in the stimulated relative to unstimulated cerebral hemisphere. Neuroscience Letters 2008, 436:31-34.
165. Siebner H.R., Filipovic S.R., Rowe J.B., Cordivari C., Gerschlager W., Rothwell J.C., et al. Patients with focal arm dystonia have increased sensitivity to slow-frequency repetitive TMS of the dorsal premotor cortex. Brain 2003, 126:2710-2725.
166. Siebner H.R., Lang N., Rizzo V., Nitsche M.A., Paulus W., Lemon R.N., et al. Preconditioning of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation with transcranial direct current stimulation: Evidence for homeostatic plasticity in the human motor cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience 2004, 24:3379-3385.
167. Sommer M., Lang N., Tergau F., Paulus W. Neuronal tissue polarization induced by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation?. Neuroreport 2002, 13:809-811.
168. Stefan K., Kunesch E., Benecke R., Cohen L.G., Classen J. Mechanisms of enhancement of human motor cortex excitability induced by interventional paired associative stimulation. The Journal of Physiology (London) 2002, 543:699-708.
169. Stefan K., Kunesch E., Cohen L.G., Benecke R., Classen J. Induction of plasticity in the human motor cortex by paired associative stimulation. Brain 2000, 123:572-584.
170. Stefan K., Wycislo M., Classen J. Modulation of associative human motor cortical plasticity by attention. Journal of Neurophysiology 2004, 92:66-72.
171. Taniguchi M., Cedzich C., Schramm J. Modification of cortical stimulation for motor evoked potentials under general anesthesia: Technical description. Neurosurgery 1993, 32:219-226.
172. Taylor J.L., Loo C.K. Stimulus waveform influences the efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Journal of Affective Disorders 2007, 97:271-276.
173. Tergau F., Naumann U., Paulus W., Steinhoff B.J. Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation improves intractable epilepsy. Lancet 1999, 353:2209.
174. Todd G., Flavel S.C., Ridding M.C. Low-intensity repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation decreases motor cortical excitability in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology 2006, 101:500-505.
175. Tsubokawa T., Katayama Y., Yamamoto T., Hirayama T., Koyama S. Chronic motor cortex stimulation for the treatment of central pain. Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement (Wien) 1991, 52:137-139.
176. Tsubokawa T., Katayama Y., Yamamoto T., Hirayama T., Koyama S. Chronic motor cortex stimulation in patients with thalamic pain. Journal of Neurosurgery 1993, 78:393-401.
177. Turrigiano G.G., Nelson S.B. Homeostatic plasticity in the developing nervous system. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 2004, 5:97-107.
178. Ueki Y., Mima T., Kotb M.A., Sawada H., Saiki H., Ikeda A., et al. Altered plasticity of the human motor cortex in Parkinson' disease. Annals of Neurology 2006, 59:60-71.
179. Uy J., Ridding M.C. Increased cortical excitability induced by transcranial DC and peripheral nerve stimulation. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 2003, 127:193-197.
180. Uy J., Ridding M.C., Hillier S., Thompson P.D., Miles T.S. Does induction of plastic change in motor cortex improve leg function after stroke?. Neurology 2003, 61:982-984.
181. Van Damme P., Dewil M., Robberecht W., Van Den Bosch L. Excitotoxicity and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurodegenerative Diseases 2005, 2:147-159.
182. Wagner T., Fregni F., Eden U., Ramos-Estebanez C., Grodzinsky A., Zahn M., et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and stroke: A computer-based human model study. NeuroImage 2006, 30:857-870.
183. Wagner T., Fregni F., Fecteau S., Grodzinsky A., Zahn M., Pascual-Leone A. Transcranial direct current stimulation: A computer-based human model study. NeuroImage 2007, 35:1113-1124.
184. Wagner T., Gangitano M., Romero R., Theoret H., Kobayashi M., Anschel D., et al. Intracranial measurement of current densities induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation in the human brain. Neuroscience Letters 2004, 354:91-94.
185. Wagner T.A., Zahn M., Grodzinsky A.J., Pascual-Leone A. Three-dimensional head model simulation of transcranial magnetic stimulation. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 2004, 51:1586-1598.
186. Wongsarnpigoon A., Grill W.M. Effects of stimulation parameters and electrode location on thresholds for epidural stimulation of cat motor cortex. Journal of Neural Engineering 2011, 8:066016.
187. Wongsarnpigoon A., Grill W.M. Computer-based model of epidural motor cortex stimulation: Effects of electrode position and geometry on activation of cortical neurons. Clinical Neurophysiology 2012, 123:160-172.
188. Ziemann U., Hallett M., Cohen L.G. Mechanisms of deafferentation-induced plasticity in human motor cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience 1998, 18:7000-7007.
189. Ziemann U., Ilic T.V., Pauli C., Meintzschel F., Ruge D. Learning modifies subsequent induction of long-term potentiation-like and long-term depression-like plasticity in human motor cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience 2004, 24:1666-1672.
190. Ziemann U., Tam A., Butefisch C., Cohen L.G. Dual modulating effects of amphetamine on neuronal excitability and stimulation-induced plasticity in human motor cortex. Clinical Neurophysiology 2002, 113:1308-1315.