The anti-cancer actions of vitamin D

Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 126-139

  Chiang, Kun Chun ^a,b   Chen, Tai C ^c  

^a CHANG GUNG MEMORIAL HOSPITAL   (Taiwan)

^b CHANG GUNG UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (Taiwan)

^c BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Angiogenesis; Apoptosis; Cancer; Cell cycle; Differentiation; Growth factors; Hedgehog; Kinases; Metastasis; Transcription factors; Vitamin D

Indexed keywords

CALCIDIOL 1 MONOOXYGENASE; CALCIFEDIOL; CLAUDIN 7; CYTOCHROME P450; HETERODIMER; OCCLUDIN; PHOSPHORUS; SOMATOMEDIN BINDING PROTEIN 3; STEROID RECEPTOR; STEROID RECEPTOR COACTIVATOR 1; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN D RECEPTOR;

ACTIN FILAMENT; ANGIOGENESIS; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; APOPTOSIS; CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS; CANCER MORTALITY; CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION; CELL CYCLE ARREST; CELL CYCLE PROGRESSION; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CRYSTAL STRUCTURE; DEUTERIUM HYDROGEN EXCHANGE; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; HYDROXYLATION; INFLAMMATION; LAMELLIPODIUM; MICROTUBULE; NEOPLASM; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PHENOTYPE; PROMOTER REGION; REPRODUCTION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TUMOR GROWTH;

EID: 84872142010     PISSN: 18715206     EISSN: 18755992     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/187152013804487443     Document Type: Review

References (179)

1. Norman, A.W.; Lund, J.; Deluca, H.F. Biologically Active Forms of Vitamin D3 in Kidney and Intestine. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1964, 108, 12-21.
2. Morii, H.L.J.; Neville, P.F.; DeLuca, H.F. Biological activity of a vitamin D metabolite. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1967, 120, 508-512.
3. Blunt, J.W.; Tanaka, Y.; DeLuca, H.F. The biological activity of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, a metabolite of vitamin D3. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 1968, 61(2), 717-718.
4. Lawson, D.E.; Fraser, D.R.; Kodicek, E.; Morris, H.R.; Williams, D.H. Identification of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, a new kidney hormone controlling calcium metabolism. Nature, 1971, 230(5291), 228-230.
5. Norman, A.W.; Myrtle, J.F.; Midgett, R.J.; Nowicki, H.G.; Williams, V.; Popjak, G. 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol: identification of the proposed active form of vitamin D3 in the intestine. Science, 1971, 173(991), 51-54.
6. Holick, M.F.; Schnoes, H.K.; DeLuca, H.F. Identification of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, a form of vitamin D3 metabolically active in the intestine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 1971, 68(4), 803-804.
7. Holick, M.F.; MacLaughlin, J.A.; Clark, M.B.; Holick, S.A.; Potts, J.T., Jr.; Anderson, R.R.; Blank, I.H.; Parrish, J.A.; Elias, P. Photosynthesis of previtamin D3 in human skin and the physiologic consequences. Science, 1980, 210(4466), 203-205.
8. Ponchon, G.; DeLuca, H.F. The role of the liver in the metabolism of vitamin D. J. Clin. Invest., 1969, 48(7), 1273-1279.
9. Cheng, J.B.; Levine, M.A.; Bell, N.H.; Mangelsdorf, D.J.; Russell, D.W. Genetic evidence that the human CYP2R1 enzyme is a key vitamin D 25-hydroxylase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2004, 101(20), 7711-7715.
10. Haddad, J.G., Jr.; Walgate, J. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D transport in human plasma. Isolation and partial characterization of calcifidiolbinding protein. J. Biol. Chem., 1976, 251(16), 4803-4809.
11. Bouillon, R.; Van Baelen, H.; Tan, B.K.; De Moor, P. The isolation and characterization of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D-binding protein from chick serum. J. Biol. Chem., 1980, 255(22), 10925-10930.
12. Schuster, I. Cytochromes P450 are essential players in the vitamin D signaling system. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2011, 1814(1), 186-199.
13. Zehnder, D.; Bland, R.; Williams, M.C.; McNinch, R.W.; Howie, A.J.; Stewart, P.M.; Hewison, M. Extrarenal expression of 25-hydroxyvitamin d(3)-1 alpha-hydroxylase. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2001, 86(2), 888-894.
14. Shultz, T.D.; Fox, J.; Heath, H., 3rd; Kumar, R. Do tissues other than the kidney produce 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in vivo? A reexamination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 1983, 80(6), 1746-1750.
15. Reeve, L.; Tanaka, Y.; DeLuca, H.F. Studies on the site of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 synthesis in vivo. J. Biol. Chem., 1983, 258(6), 3615-3617.
16. Mawer, E.B.; Backhouse, J.; Lumb, G.A.; Stanbury, S.W. Evidence for formation of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol during metabolism of vitamin D in man. Nat. New. Bi.l., 1971, 232(2), 188-189.
17. Gray, R.W.; Weber, H.P.; Dominguez, J.H.; Lemann, J., Jr. The metabolism of vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in normal and anephric humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 1974, 39(6), 1045-1056.
18. Catto, G.R.; Muirhead, N. Metabolic consequences of bilateral nephrectomy. Br. Med. J. (Clin Res Ed), 1984, 289(6438), 146-147.
19. Wagner, D.; Dias, A.G.; Schnabl, K.; Van der Kwast, T.; Vieth, R. Determination of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations in human colon tissues and matched serum samples.Anticancer Res., 2012, 32(1), 259-263.
20. Stumpf, W.E.; Sar, M.; Reid, F.A.; Tanaka, Y.; DeLuca, H.F. Target cells for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in intestinal tract, stomach, kidney, skin, pituitary, and parathyroid. Science, 1979, 206(4423), 1188-1190.
21. Colston, K.; Hirt, M.; Feldman, D. Organ distribution of the cytoplasmic 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol receptor in various mouse tissues. Endocrinology, 1980, 107(6), 1916-1922.
22. Chen, T.C.; DeLuca, H.F. Receptors of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in rat intestine. J. Biol. Chem., 1973, 248(14), 4890-4895.
23. Tsai, H.C.; Wong, R.G.; Norman, A.W. Studies on calciferol metabolism. IV. Subcellular localization of 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 in intestinal mucosa and correlation with increased calcium transport. J. Biol. Chem., 1972, 247(17), 5511-5519.
24. Brumbaugh, P.F.; Haussler, M.R. Specific binding of 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol to nuclear components of chick intestine. J.Biol. Chem., 1975, 250(4), 1588-1594.
25. Brumbaugh, P.F.; Hughes, M.R.; Haussler, M.R. Cytoplasmic and nuclear binding components for 1alpha25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in chick parathyroid glands. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A, 1975, 72(12), 4871-4875.
26. McDonnell, D.P.; Mangelsdorf, D.J.; Pike, J.W.; Haussler, M.R.; O'Malley, B.W. Molecular cloning of complementary DNA encoding the avian receptor for vitamin D. Science, 1987, 235(4793), 1214-1217.
27. Burmester, J.K.; Maeda, N.; DeLuca, H.F. Isolation and expression of rat 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor cDNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A, 1988, 85(4), 1005-1009.
28. Baker, A.R.; McDonnell, D.P.; Hughes, M.; Crisp, T.M.; Mangelsdorf, D.J.; Haussler, M.R.; Pike, J.W.; Shine, J.; O'Malley, B.W. Cloning and expression of full-length cDNA encoding human vitamin D receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A, 1988, 85(10), 3294-3298.
29. Haussler, M.R.; Whitfield, G.K.; Haussler, C.A.; Hsieh, J.C.; Thompson, P.D.; Selznick, S.H.; Dominguez, C.E.; Jurutka, P.W. The nuclear vitamin D receptor: biological and molecular regulatory properties revealed. J. Bone. Miner. Res., 1998, 13(3), 325-349.
30. Rochel, N.; Wurtz, J.M.; Mitschler, A.; Klaholz, B.; Moras, D. The crystal structure of the nuclear receptor for vitamin D bound to its natural ligand. Mol. Cell., 2000, 5(1), 173-179.
31. Hsieh, J.C.; Jurutka, P.W.; Galligan, M.A.; Terpening, C.M.; Haussler, C.A.; Samuels, D.S.; Shimizu, Y.; Shimizu, N.; Haussler, M.R. Human vitamin D receptor is selectively phosphorylated by protein kinase C on serine 51, a residue crucial to its transactivation function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A, 1991, 88(20), 9315-9319.
32. Jurutka, P.W.; Hsieh, J.C.; MacDonald, P.N.; Terpening, C.M.; Haussler, C.A.; Haussler, M.R.; Whitfield, G.K. Phosphorylation of serine 208 in the human vitamin D receptor. The predominant amino acid phosphorylated by casein kinase II, in vitro, and identification as a significant phosphorylation site in intact cells. J. Biol. Chem., 1993, 268(9), 6791-6799.
33. Haussler, M.R.; Haussler, C.A.; Jurutka, P.W.; Thompson, P.D.; Hsieh, J.C.; Remus, L.S.; Selznick, S.H.; Whitfield, G.K. The vitamin D hormone and its nuclear receptor: molecular actions and disease states. J Endocrinol, 1997, 154 Suppl, S57-73.
34. Tsai, M.J.; O'Malley, B.W. Molecular mechanisms of action of steroid/thyroid receptor superfamily members. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 1994, 63, 451-486.
35. Freedman, L.P. Increasing the complexity of coactivation in nuclear receptor signaling. Cell, 1999, 97(1), 5-8.
36. Chen, H.; Lin, R.J.; Xie, W.; Wilpitz, D.; Evans, R.M. Regulation of hormone-induced histone hyperacetylation and gene activation via acetylation of an acetylase. Cell, 1999, 98(5), 675-686.
37. Battaglia, S.; Maguire, O.; Campbell, M.J. Transcription factor corepressors in cancer biology: roles and targeting. Int. J. Cancer., 2010, 126(11), 2511-2519.
38. Dilworth, F.J.; Chambon, P. Nuclear receptors coordinate the activities of chromatin remodeling complexes and coactivators to facilitate initiation of transcription. Oncogene, 2001, 20(24), 3047-3054.
39. Haussler, M.R.; Jurutka, P.W.; Mizwicki, M.; Norman, A.W. Vitamin D receptor (VDR)-mediated actions of 1alpha,25(OH) vitamin D: genomic and non-genomic mechanisms. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2011, 25(4), 543-559.
40. Jin, C.H.; Kerner, S.A.; Hong, M.H.; Pike, J.W. Transcriptional activation and dimerization functions in the human vitamin D receptor. Mol. Endocrinol., 1996, 10(8), 945-957.
41. Pike, J.W.; Meyer, M.B.; Watanuki, M.; Kim, S.; Zella, L.A.; Fretz, J.A.; Yamazaki, M.; Shevde, N.K. Perspectives on mechanisms of gene regulation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its receptor. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 2007, 103(3-5), 389-395.
42. Zhang, J.; Chalmers, M.J.; Stayrook, K.R.; Burris, L.L.; Wang, Y.; Busby, S.A.; Pascal, B.D.; Garcia-Ordonez, R.D.; Bruning, J.B.; Istrate, M.A.; Kojetin, D.J.; Dodge, J.A.; Burris, T.P.; Griffin, P.R. DNA binding alters coactivator interaction surfaces of the intact VDR-RXR complex. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 2011, 18(5), 556-563.
43. Chandra, V.; Huang, P.; Hamuro, Y.; Raghuram, S.; Wang, Y.; Burris, T.P.; Rastinejad, F. Structure of the intact PPAR-gamma-RXR-nuclear receptor complex on DNA. Nature, 2008, 456(7220), 350-356.
44. Emsley, P.; Cowtan, K. Coot: model-building tools for molecular graphics. Acta. Crystallogr. D. Biol. Crystallogr., 2004, 60(Pt 12 Pt 1), 2126-2132.
45. Rastinejad, F.; Perlmann, T.; Evans, R.M.; Sigler, P.B. Structural determinants of nuclear receptor assembly on DNA direct repeats. Nature, 1995, 375(6528), 203-211.
46. Ramagopalan, S.V.; Heger, A.; Berlanga, A.J.; Maugeri, N.J.; Lincoln, M.R.; Burrell, A.; Handunnetthi, L.; Handel, A.E.; Disanto, G.; Orton, S.M.; Watson, C.T.; Morahan, J.M.; Giovannoni, G.; Ponting, C.P.; Ebers, G.C.; Knight, J.C. A ChIPseq defined genome-wide map of vitamin D receptor binding: associations with disease and evolution. Genome Res., 2010, 20(10), 1352-1360.
47. Chen, T.C.; Holick, M.F. Vitamin D and prostate cancer prevention and treatment. Trends Endocrinol. Metab., 2003, 14(9), 423-430.
48. Stewart, L.V.; Weigel, N.L. Vitamin D and prostate cancer. Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood), 2004, 229(4), 277-284.
49. Bikle, D. Nonclassic actions of vitamin D. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2009, 94(1), 26-34.
50. Adams, J.S.; Hewison, M. Update in vitamin D. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2010, 95(2), 471-478.
51. Chiang, K.C.; Yeh, C.N.; Chen, M.F.; Chen, T.C. Hepatocellular carcinoma and vitamin D: a review. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 2011, 26(11), 1597-1603.
52. Krishnan, A.V.; Feldman, D. Mechanisms of the anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory actions of vitamin D. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 2011, 51, 311-336.
53. Fleet, J.C.; DeSmet, M.; Johnson, R.; Li, Y. Vitamin D and cancer: a review of molecular mechanisms. Biochem. J., 2012, 441(1), 61-76.
54. Miller, G.J. Vitamin D and prostate cancer: biologic interactions and clinical potentials. Cancer Metastasis Rev., 1998, 17(4), 353-360.
55. Zinser, G.M.; McEleney, K.; Welsh, J. Characterization of mammary tumor cell lines from wild type and vitamin D3 receptor knockout mice. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 2003, 200(1-2), 67-80.
56. Malumbres, M. Physiological relevance of cell cycle kinases. Physiol. Rev., 2011, 91(3), 973-1007.
57. Canavese, M.; Santo, L.; Raje, N. Cyclin dependent kinases in cancer: Potential for therapeutic intervention. Cancer Biol. Ther., 2012, 13(7)
58. Malumbres, M.; Barbacid, M. To cycle or not to cycle: a critical decision in cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2001, 1(3), 222-231.
59. Jiang, H.; Lin, J.; Su, Z.Z.; Collart, F.R.; Huberman, E.; Fisher, P.B. Induction of differentiation in human promyelocytic HL-60 leukemia cells activates p21, WAF1/CIP1, expression in the absence of p53. Oncogene, 1994, 9(11), 3397-3406.
60. Liu, M.; Lee, M.H.; Cohen, M.; Bommakanti, M.; Freedman, L.P. Transcriptional activation of the Cdk inhibitor p21 by vitamin D3 leads to the induced differentiation of the myelomonocytic cell line U937. Genes Dev., 1996, 10(2), 142-153.
61. Saramaki, A.; Banwell, C.M.; Campbell, M.J.; Carlberg, C. Regulation of the human p21(waf1/cip1) gene promoter via multiple binding sites for p53 and the vitamin D3 receptor. Nucleic Acids Res., 2006, 34(2), 543-554.
62. Kawa, S.; Yoshizawa, K.; Tokoo, M.; Imai, H.; Oguchi, H.; Kiyosawa, K.; Homma, T.; Nikaido, T.; Furihata, K. Inhibitory effect of 220-oxa-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cell lines. Gastroenterology, 1996, 110(5), 1605-1613.
63. Kawa, S.; Nikaido, T.; Aoki, Y.; Zhai, Y.; Kumagai, T.; Furihata, K.; Fujii, S.; Kiyosawa, K. Vitamin D analogues up-regulate p21 and p27 during growth inhibition of pancreatic cancer cell lines. Br. J. Cancer, 1997, 76(7), 884-889.
64. Yang, E.S.; Maiorino, C.A.; Roos, B.A.; Knight, S.R.; Burnstein, K.L. Vitamin D-mediated growth inhibition of an androgen-ablated LNCaP cell line model of human prostate cancer. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 2002, 186(1), 69-79.
65. Yang, E.S.; Burnstein, K.L. Vitamin D inhibits G1 to S progression in LNCaP prostate cancer cells through p27Kip1 stabilization and Cdk2 mislocalization to the cytoplasm. J. Biol. Chem., 2003, 278(47), 46862-46868.
66. Luo, W.; Chen, Y.; Liu, M.; Du, K.; Zheng, G.; Cai, T.; Zhang, W.; Zhao, F.; Yao, T.; Yang, R.; Chen, J. EB1089 induces Skp2-dependent p27 accumulation, leading to cell growth inhibition and cell cycle G1 phase arrest in human hepatoma cells. Cancer Invest., 2009, 27(1), 29-37.
67. Flores, O.; Wang, Z.; Knudsen, K.E.; Burnstein, K.L. Nuclear targeting of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 reveals essential roles of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 localization and cyclin E in vitamin Dmediated growth inhibition. Endocrinology, 2010, 151(3), 896-908.
68. Jensen, S.S.; Madsen, M.W.; Lukas, J.; Binderup, L.; Bartek, J. Inhibitory effects of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) on the G(1)-S phase-controlling machinery. Mol. Endocrinol., 2001, 15(8), 1370-1380.
69. Uhmann, A.; Niemann, H.; Lammering, B.; Henkel, C.; Hess, I.; Nitzki, F.; Fritsch, A.; Prufer, N.; Rosenberger, A.; Dullin, C.; Schraepler, A.; Reifenberger, J.; Schweyer, S.; Pietsch, T.; Strutz, F.; Schulz-Schaeffer, W.; Hahn, H. Antitumoral effects of calcitriol in basal cell carcinomas involve inhibition of hedgehog signaling and induction of vitamin D receptor signaling and differentiation. Mol. Cancer Ther., 2011, 10(11), 2179-2188.
70. Teichert, A.E.; Elalieh, H.; Elias, P.M.; Welsh, J.; Bikle, D.D. Overexpression of hedgehog signaling is associated with epidermal tumor formation in vitamin D receptor-null mice. J. Invest. Dermatol., 2011, 131(11), 2289-2297.
71. Tang, J.Y.; Xiao, T.Z.; Oda, Y.; Chang, K.S.; Shpall, E.; Wu, A.; So, P.L.; Hebert, J.; Bikle, D.; Epstein, E.H., Jr. Vitamin D3 inhibits hedgehog signaling and proliferation in murine Basal cell carcinomas. Cancer Prev. Res. (Phila), 2011, 4(5), 744-751.
72. Yanagisawa, J.; Yanagi, Y.; Masuhiro, Y.; Suzawa, M.; Watanabe, M.; Kashiwagi, K.; Toriyabe, T.; Kawabata, M.; Miyazono, K.; Kato, S. Convergence of transforming growth factor-beta and vitamin D signaling pathways on SMAD transcriptional coactivators. Science, 1999, 283(5406), 1317-1321.
73. Huynh, H.; Pollak, M.; Zhang, J.C. Regulation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) II and IGF binding protein 3 autocrine loop in human PC-3 prostate cancer cells by vitamin D metabolite 1,25(OH)2D3 and its analog EB1089. Int. J. Oncol., 1998, 13(1), 137-143.
74. Tong, W.M.; Hofer, H.; Ellinger, A.; Peterlik, M.; Cross, H.S. Mechanism of antimitogenic action of vitamin D in human colon carcinoma cells: relevance for suppression of epidermal growth factor-stimulated cell growth. Oncol. Res., 1999, 11(2), 77-84.
75. Moreno, J.; Krishnan, A.V.; Feldman, D. Molecular mechanisms mediating the anti-proliferative effects of Vitamin D in prostate cancer. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Bil., 2005, 97(1-2), 31-36.
76. Nusslein-Volhard, C.; Wieschaus, E. Mutations affecting segment number and polarity in Drosophila. Nature, 1980, 287(5785), 795-801.
77. Echelard, Y.; Epstein, D.J.; St-Jacques, B.; Shen, L.; Mohler, J.; McMahon, J.A.; McMahon, A.P. Sonic hedgehog, a member of a family of putative signaling molecules, is implicated in the regulation of CNS polarity. Cell, 1993, 75(7), 1417-1430.
78. Krauss, S.; Concordet, J.P.; Ingham, P.W. A functionally conserved homolog of the Drosophila segment polarity gene hh is expressed in tissues with polarizing activity in zebrafish embryos. Cell, 1993, 75(7), 1431-1444.
79. Riddle, R.D.; Johnson, R.L.; Laufer, E.; Tabin, C. Sonic hedgehog mediates the polarizing activity of the ZPA. Cell, 1993, 75(7), 1401-1416.
80. Chang, D.T.; Lopez, A.; von Kessler, D.P.; Chiang, C.; Simandl, B.K.; Zhao, R.; Seldin, M.F.; Fallon, J.F.; Beachy, P.A. Products, genetic linkage and limb patterning activity of a murine hedgehog gene. Development, 1994, 120(11), 3339-3353.
81. Roelink, H.; Augsburger, A.; Heemskerk, J.; Korzh, V.; Norlin, S.; Ruiz i Altaba, A.; Tanabe, Y.; Placzek, M.; Edlund, T.; Jessell, T.M.; Dodd, J. Floor plate and motor neuron induction by vhh-1, a vertebrate homolog of hedgehog expressed by the notochord. Cell, 1994, 76(4), 761-775.
82. Yang, L.; Xie, G.; Fan, Q.; Xie, J. Activation of the hedgehogsignaling pathway in human cancer and the clinical implications. Oncogene, 2010, 29(4), 469-481.
83. Bale, A.E. Hedgehog signaling and human disease. Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet., 2002, 3, 47-65.
84. Epstein, E.H. Basal cell carcinomas: attack of the hedgehog. Nat.Rev. Cancer., 2008, 8(10), 743-754.
85. Mimeault, M.; Batra, S.K. Frequent deregulations in the hedgehog signaling network and cross-talks with the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway involved in cancer progression and targeted therapies. Pharmacol. Rev., 2010, 62(3), 497-524.
86. Bijlsma, M.F.; Spek, C.A.; Zivkovic, D.; van de Water, S.; Rezaee, F.; Peppelenbosch, M.P. Repression of smoothened by patcheddependent (pro-)vitamin D3 secretion. PLoS. Biol., 2006, 4(8), e232.
87. Moriwake, T.; Tanaka, H.; Kanzaki, S.; Higuchi, J.; Seino, Y. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulates the secretion of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) by cultured human osteosarcoma cells. Endocrinology, 1992, 130(2), 1071-1073.
88. Velez-Yanguas, M.C.; Kalebic, T.; Maggi, M.; Kappel, C.C.; Letterio, J.; Uskokovic, M.; Helman, L.J. 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxy-16-ene-23-yne-26,27-hexafluorocholecalciferol (Ro24-5531) modulation of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 and induction of differentiation and growth arrest in a human osteosarcoma cell line. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 1996, 81(1), 93-99.
89. Colston, K.W.; Perks, C.M.; Xie, S.P.; Holly, J.M. Growth inhibition of both MCF-7 and Hs578T human breast cancer cell lines by vitamin D analogues is associated with increased expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3. J. Mol. Endocrinol., 1998, 20(1), 157-162.
90. Nickerson, T.; Huynh, H. Vitamin D analogue EB1089-induced prostate regression is associated with increased gene expression of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins. J. Endocrinol., 1999, 160(2), 223-229.
91. Agarwal, C.; Lambert, A.; Chandraratna, R.A.; Rorke, E.A.; Eckert, R.L. Vitamin D regulates human ectocervical epithelial cell proliferation and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 level. Biol. Reprod., 1999, 60(3), 567-572.
92. Boyle, B.J.; Zhao, X.Y.; Cohen, P.; Feldman, D. Insulinlike growth factor binding protein-3 mediates 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin d(3) growth inhibition in the LNCaP prostate cancer cell line through p21/WAF1. J. Urol., 2001, 165(4), 1319-1324.
93. Sprenger, C.C.; Peterson, A.; Lance, R.; Ware, J.L.; Drivdahl, R.H.; Plymate, S.R. Regulation of proliferation of prostate epithelial cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is accompanied by an increase in insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3. J. Endocrinol., 2001, 170(3), 609-618.
94. Peng, L.; Malloy, P.J.; Feldman, D. Identification of a functional vitamin D response element in the human insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 promoter. Mol. Endocrinol., 2004, 18(5), 1109-1119.
95. Murthy, S.; Weigel, N.L. 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 induced growth inhibition of PC-3 prostate cancer cells requires an active transforming growth factor beta signaling pathway. Prostate, 2004, 59(3), 282-291.
96. Stewart, L.V.; Weigel, N.L. Role of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)-induced growth inhibition of human prostate cancer cells. Prostate, 2005, 64(1), 9-19.
97. Matilainen, M.; Malinen, M.; Saavalainen, K.; Carlberg, C. Regulation of multiple insulin-like growth factor binding protein genes by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Nucleic Acids Res., 2005, 33(17), 5521-5532.
98. Malinen, M.; Ryynanen, J.; Heinaniemi, M.; Vaisanen, S.; Carlberg, C. Cyclical regulation of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 gene in response to 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Nucleic Acids Res., 2011, 39(2), 502-512.
99. Peng, L.; Malloy, P.J.; Wang, J.; Feldman, D. Growth inhibitory concentrations of androgens up-regulate insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 expression via an androgen response element in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells. Endocrinology, 2006, 147(10), 4599-4607.
100. Yanagi, Y.; Suzawa, M.; Kawabata, M.; Miyazono, K.; Yanagisawa, J.; Kato, S. Positive and negative modulation of vitamin D receptor function by transforming growth factor-beta signaling through smad proteins. J. Biol. Chem., 1999, 274(19), 12971-12974.
101. Wu, Y.; Craig, T.A.; Lutz, W.H.; Kumar, R. Identification of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 response elements in the human transforming growth factor beta 2 gene. Biochemistry, 1999, 38(9), 2654-2660.
102. Wu, G.; Fan, R.S.; Li, W.; Srinivas, V.; Brattain, M.G. Regulation of transforming growth factor-beta type II receptor expression in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells by vitamin D3 and its analogues. J.Biol. Chem., 1998, 273(13), 7749-7756.
103. Koli, K.; Keski-Oja, J. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 enhances the expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 and its latent form binding protein in cultured breast carcinoma cells. Cancer Res., 1995, 55(7), 1540-1546.
104. Proietti, S.; Cucina, A.; D'Anselmi, F.; Dinicola, S.; Pasqualato, A.; Lisi, E.; Bizzarri, M. Melatonin and vitamin D3 synergistically down-regulate Akt and MDM2 leading to TGFbeta-1-dependent growth inhibition of breast cancer cells. J. Pineal Res., 2011, 50(2), 150-158.
105. Daniel, C.; Schroder, O.; Zahn, N.; Gaschott, T.; Steinhilber, D.; Stein, J.M. The TGFbeta/Smad 3-signaling pathway is involved in butyrate-mediated vitamin D receptor (VDR)-expression. J. Cell. Biochem., 2007, 102(6), 1420-1431.
106. Ramirez, A.M.; Wongtrakool, C.; Welch, T.; Steinmeyer, A.; Zugel, U.; Roman, J. Vitamin D inhibition of pro-fibrotic effects of transforming growth factor beta1 in lung fibroblasts and epithelial cells. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 2010, 118(3), 142-150.
107. Halder, S.K.; Goodwin, J.S.; Al-Hendy, A. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 reduces TGF-beta3-induced fibrosis-related gene expression in human uterine leiomyoma cells. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2011, 96(4), E754-762.
108. Debatin, K.M. Apoptosis pathways in cancer and cancer therapy. Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 2004, 53(3), 153-159.
109. Jendrossek, V. The intrinsic apoptosis pathways as a target in anticancer therapy. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol., 2012,
110. McDonnell, T.J.; Beham, A.; Sarkiss, M.; Andersen, M.M.; Lo, P. Importance of the Bcl-2 family in cell death regulation. Experientia, 1996, 52(10-11), 1008-1017.
111. Herrmann, J.L.; Bruckheimer, E.; McDonnell, T.J. Cell death signal transduction and Bcl-2 function. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 1996, 24(4), 1059-1065.
112. Blutt, S.E.; McDonnell, T.J.; Polek, T.C.; Weigel, N.L. Calcitriolinduced apoptosis in LNCaP cells is blocked by overexpression of Bcl-2. Endocrinology, 2000, 141(1), 10-17.
113. Polek, T.C.; Stewart, L.V.; Ryu, E.J.; Cohen, M.B.; Allegretto, E.A.; Weigel, N.L. p53 Is required for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced G0 arrest but is not required for G1 accumulation or apoptosis of LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Endocrinology, 2003, 144(1), 50-60.
114. Deeb, K.K.; Trump, D.L.; Johnson, C.S. Vitamin D signalling pathways in cancer: potential for anticancer therapeutics. Nat. Rev. Cancer., 2007, 7(9), 684-700.
115. James, S.Y.; Mackay, A.G.; Colston, K.W. Effects of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its analogues on induction of apoptosis in breast cancer cells. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 1996, 58(4), 395-401.
116. Simboli-Campbell, M.; Narvaez, C.J.; Tenniswood, M.; Welsh, J. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces morphological and biochemical markers of apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol., 1996, 58(4), 367-376.
117. Gown, A.M.; Willingham, M.C. Improved detection of apoptotic cells in archival paraffin sections: immunohistochemistry using antibodies to cleaved caspase 3. J. Histochem. Cytochem., 2002, 50(4), 449-454.
118. Duan, W.R.; Garner, D.S.; Williams, S.D.; Funckes-Shippy, C.L.; Spath, I.S.; Blomme, E.A. Comparison of immunohistochemistry for activated caspase-3 and cleaved cytokeratin 18 with the TUNEL method for quantification of apoptosis in histological sections of PC-3 subcutaneous xenografts. J. Pathol., 2003, 199(2), 221-228.
119. Resendes, A.R.; Majo, N.; Segales, J.; Mateu, E.; Calsamiglia, M.; Domingo, M. Apoptosis in lymphoid organs of pigs naturally infected by porcine circovirus type 2. J. Gen. Virol., 2004, 85 (Pt 10), 2837-2844.
120. Chiang, K.C.; Yeh, C.N.; Chen, H.Y.; Lee, J.M.; Juang, H.H.; Chen, M.F.; Takano, M.; Kittaka, A.; Chen, T.C. 19-Nor-2alpha-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (MART-10) is a potent cell growth regulator with enhanced chemotherapeutic potency in liver cancer cells. Steroids, 2011, 76(13), 1513-1519.
121. Jiang, F.; Bao, J.; Li, P.; Nicosia, S.V.; Bai, W. Induction of ovarian cancer cell apoptosis by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 through the down-regulation of telomerase. J. Biol. Chem., 2004, 279(51), 53213-53221.
122. Brosseau, C.; Colston, K.; Dalgleish, A.G.; Galustian, C. The immunomodulatory drug lenalidomide restores a vitamin D sensitive phenotype to the vitamin D resistant breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 through inhibition of BCL-2: potential for breast cancer therapeutics. Apoptosis, 2012, 17(2), 164-173.
123. Ylikomi, T.; Laaksi, I.; Lou, Y.R.; Martikainen, P.; Miettinen, S.; Pennanen, P.; Purmonen, S.; Syvala, H.; Vienonen, A.; Tuohimaa, P. Antiproliferative action of vitamin D. Vitam. Horm., 2002, 64, 357-406.
124. Chaudhry, M.; Sundaram, S.; Gennings, C.; Carter, H.; Gewirtz, D.A. The vitamin D3 analog, ILX-23-7553, enhances the response to adriamycin and irradiation in MCF-7 breast tumor cells. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 2001, 47(5), 429-436.
125. Folkman, J. Angiogenesis: an organizing principle for drug discovery? Nat. Rev. Drug. Discov., 2007, 6(4), 273-286.
126. Folkman, J. Angiogenesis in cancer, vascular, rheumatoid and other disease. Nat. Med., 1995, 1(1), 27-31.
127. Adair, T.H.; Gay, W.J.; Montani, J.P. Growth regulation of the vascular system: evidence for a metabolic hypothesis. Am. J. Physiol., 1990, 259(3 Pt 2), R393-404.
128. Shweiki, D.; Itin, A.; Soffer, D.; Keshet, E. Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxia-initiated angiogenesis. Nature, 1992, 359(6398), 843-845.
129. Giaccia, A.; Siim, B.G.; Johnson, R.S. HIF-1 as a target for drug development. Nat. Rev. Drug. Discov., 2003, 2(10), 803-811.
130. Hanahan, D.; Weinberg, R.A. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell, 2000, 100(1), 57-70.
131. Rankin, E.B.; Giaccia, A.J. The role of hypoxia-inducible factors in tumorigenesis. Cell Death Differ., 2008, 15(4), 678-685.
132. Ferrara, N. Role of vascular endothelial growth factor in regulation of physiological angiogenesis. Am. J. Physiol. Cell. Physiol., 2001, 280(6), C1358-1366.
133. Ferrara, N. Vascular endothelial growth factor: basic science and clinical progress. Endocr. Rev., 2004, 25(4), 581-611.
134. Ferrara, N. Pathways mediating VEGF-independent tumor angiogenesis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev, 2010, 21(1), 21-26.
135. Cao, Y.; Cao, R.; Hedlund, E.M. R Regulation of tumor angiogenesis and metastasis by FGF and PDGF signaling pathways. J.Mol. Med. (Berl), 2008, 86(7), 785-789.
136. Jost, M.; Folgueras, A.R.; Frerart, F.; Pendas, A.M.; Blacher, S.; Houard, X.; Berndt, S.; Munaut, C.; Cataldo, D.; Alvarez, J.; Melen-Lamalle, L.; Foidart, J.M.; Lopez-Otin, C.; Noel, A. Earlier onset of tumoral angiogenesis in matrix metalloproteinase-19-deficient mice. Cancer Res., 2006, 66(10), 5234-5241.
137. Merke, J.; Milde, P.; Lewicka, S.; Hugel, U.; Klaus, G.; Mangelsdorf, D.J.; Haussler, M.R.; Rauterberg, E.W.; Ritz, E. Identification and regulation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor activity and biosynthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Studies in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells and human dermal capillaries. J. Clin. Invest., 1989, 83(6), 1903-1915.
138. Iseki, K.; Tatsuta, M.; Uehara, H.; Iishi, H.; Yano, H.; Sakai, N.; Ishiguro, S. Inhibition of angiogenesis as a mechanism for inhibition by 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 of colon carcinogenesis induced by azoxymethane in Wistar rats. Int. J. Cancer, 1999, 81(5), 730-733.
139. Mantell, D.J.; Owens, P.E.; Bundred, N.J.; Mawer, E.B.; Canfield, A.E. 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) inhibits angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Circ. Res., 2000, 87(3), 214-220.
140. Chung, I.; Wong, M.K.; Flynn, G.; Yu, W.D.; Johnson, C.S.; Trump, D.L. Differential antiproliferative effects of calcitriol on tumor-derived and matrigel-derived endothelial cells. Cancer Res., 2006, 66(17), 8565-8573.
141. Lin, R.; Nagai, Y.; Sladek, R.; Bastien, Y.; Ho, J.; Petrecca, K.; Sotiropoulou, G.; Diamandis, E.P.; Hudson, T.J.; White, J.H. Expression profiling in squamous carcinoma cells reveals pleiotropic effects of vitamin D3 analog EB1089 signaling on cell proliferation, differentiation, and immune system regulation. Mol. Endocrinol., 2002, 16(6), 1243-1256.
142. Ben-Shoshan, M.; Amir, S.; Dang, D.T.; Dang, L.H.; Weisman, Y.; Mabjeesh, N.J. 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (Calcitriol) inhibits hypoxia-inducible factor-1/vascular endothelial growth factor pathway in human cancer cells. Mol. Cancer. Ther., 2007, 6(4), 1433-1439.
143. Fernandez-Garcia, N.I.; Palmer, H.G.; Garcia, M.; Gonzalez-Martin, A.; del Rio, M.; Barettino, D.; Volpert, O.; Munoz, A.; Jimenez, B. 1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulates the expression of Id1 and Id2 genes and the angiogenic phenotype of human colon carcinoma cells. Oncogene, 2005, 24(43), 6533-6544.
144. Bao, B.Y.; Yao, J.; Lee, Y.F. 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses interleukin-8-mediated prostate cancer cell angiogenesis. Carcinogenesis, 2006, 27(9), 1883-1893.
145. Getzenberg, R.H.; Light, B.W.; Lapco, P.E.; Konety, B.R.; Nangia, A.K.; Acierno, J.S.; Dhir, R.; Shurin, Z.; Day, R.S.; Trump, D.L.; Johnson, C.S. Vitamin D inhibition of prostate adenocarcinoma growth and metastasis in the Dunning rat prostate model system. Urology, 1997, 50(6), 999-1006.
146. Nakagawa, K.; Sasaki, Y.; Kato, S.; Kubodera, N.; Okano, T. 22-Oxa-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits metastasis and angiogenesis in lung cancer. Carcinogenesis, 2005, 26(6), 1044-1054.
147. Cardus, A.; Parisi, E.; Gallego, C.; Aldea, M.; Fernandez, E.; Valdivielso, J.M. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation through a VEGF-mediated pathway. Kidney Int., 2006, 69(8), 1377-1384.
148. Abe, E.; Miyaura, C.; Sakagami, H.; Takeda, M.; Konno, K.; Yamazaki, T.; Yoshiki, S.; Suda, T. Differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemia cells induced by 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A, 1981, 78(8), 4990-4994.
149. Palmer, H.G.; Sanchez-Carbayo, M.; Ordonez-Moran, P.; Larriba, M.J.; Cordon-Cardo, C.; Munoz, A. Genetic signatures of differentiation induced by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in human colon cancer cells. Cancer Res., 2003, 63(22), 7799-7806.
150. Akutsu, N.; Lin, R.; Bastien, Y.; Bestawros, A.; Enepekides, D.J.; Black, M.J.; White, J.H. Regulation of gene Expression by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and Its analog EB1089 under growth-inhibitory conditions in squamous carcinoma Cells. Mol. Endocrinol., 2001, 15(7), 1127-1139.
151. Guzey, M.; Luo, J.; Getzenberg, R.H. Vitamin D3 modulated gene expression patterns in human primary normal and cancer prostate cells. J.Cell. Biochem., 2004, 93(2), 271-285.
152. Palmer, H.G.; Gonzalez-Sancho, J.M.; Espada, J.; Berciano, M.T.; Puig, I.; Baulida, J.; Quintanilla, M.; Cano, A.; de Herreros, A.G.; Lafarga, M.; Munoz, A. Vitamin D(3) promotes the differentiation of colon carcinoma cells by the induction of E-cadherin and the inhibition of beta-catenin signaling. J. Cell. Biol., 2001, 154(2), 369-387.
153. Lazzaro, G.; Agadir, A.; Qing, W.; Poria, M.; Mehta, R.R.; Moriarty, R.M.; Das Gupta, T.K.; Zhang, X.K.; Mehta, R.G. Induction of differentiation by 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(5) in T47D human breast cancer cells and its interaction with vitamin D receptors. Eur. J. Cancer, 2000, 36(6), 780-786.
154. Pendas-Franco, N.; Gonzalez-Sancho, J.M.; Suarez, Y.; Aguilera, O.; Steinmeyer, A.; Gamallo, C.; Berciano, M.T.; Lafarga, M.; Munoz, A. Vitamin D regulates the phenotype of human breast cancer cells. Differentiation, 2007, 75(3), 193-207.
155. Haselberger, M.; Springwald, A.; Konwisorz, A.; Lattrich, C.; Goerse, R.; Ortmann, O.; Treeck, O. Silencing of the icb-1 gene inhibits the induction of differentiation-associated genes by vitamin D3 and all-trans retinoic acid in gynecological cancer cells. Int. J. Mol. Med., 2011, 28(1), 121-127.
156. Hsu, J.W.; Yasmin-Karim, S.; King, M.R.; Wojciechowski, J.C.; Mickelsen, D.; Blair, M.L.; Ting, H.J.; Ma, W.L.; Lee, Y.F. Suppression of prostate cancer cell rolling and adhesion to endothelium by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Am. J. Pathol., 2011, 178(2), 872-880.
157. Lopes, N.; Carvalho, J.; Duraes, C.; Sousa, B.; Gomes, M.; Costa, J.L.; Oliveira, C.; Paredes, J.; Schmitt, F. 1Alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces de novo E-cadherin expression in triple-negative breast cancer cells by CDH1-promoter demethylation. Anticancer Res., 2012, 32(1), 249-257.
158. Barbachano, A.; Ordonez-Moran, P.; Garcia, J.M.; Sanchez, A.; Pereira, F.; Larriba, M.J.; Martinez, N.; Hernandez, J.; Landolfi, S.; Bonilla, F.; Palmer, H.G.; Rojas, J.M.; Munoz, A. SPROUTY-2 and E-cadherin regulate reciprocally and dictate colon cancer cell tumourigenicity. Oncogene, 2010, 29(34), 4800-4813.
159. Pendas-Franco, N.; Garcia, J.M.; Pena, C.; Valle, N.; Palmer, H.G.; Heinaniemi, M.; Carlberg, C.; Jimenez, B.; Bonilla, F.; Munoz, A.; Gonzalez-Sancho, J.M. DICKKOPF-4 is induced by TCF/betacatenin and upregulated in human colon cancer, promotes tumour cell invasion and angiogenesis and is repressed by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Oncogene, 2008, 27(32), 4467-4477.
160. Pendas-Franco, N.; Aguilera, O.; Pereira, F.; Gonzalez-Sancho, J.M.; Munoz, A. Vitamin D and Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in colon cancer: role and regulation of DICKKOPF genes. Anticancer Res., 2008, 28(5A), 2613-2623.
161. Shah, S.; Islam, M.N.; Dakshanamurthy, S.; Rizvi, I.; Rao, M.; Herrell, R.; Zinser, G.; Valrance, M.; Aranda, A.; Moras, D.; Norman, A.; Welsh, J.; Byers, S.W. The molecular basis of vitamin D receptor and beta-catenin crossregulation. Mol. Cell., 2006, 21(6), 799-809.
162. Meyer, M.B.; Goetsch, P.D.; Pike, J.W. VDR/RXR and TCF4/betacatenin cistromes in colonic cells of colorectal tumor origin: impact on c-FOS and c-MYC gene expression. Mol. Endocrinol., 2012, 26(1), 37-51.
163. Welsh, J. Cellular and molecular effects of vitamin D on carcinogenesis. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 2011,
164. Kaler, P.; Augenlicht, L.; Klampfer, L. Macrophage-derived IL-1beta stimulates Wnt signaling and growth of colon cancer cells: a crosstalk interrupted by vitamin D3. Oncogene, 2009, 28(44), 3892-3902.
165. Peehl, D.M.; Shinghal, R.; Nonn, L.; Seto, E.; Krishnan, A.V.; Brooks, J.D.; Feldman, D. Molecular activity of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in primary cultures of human prostatic epithelial cells revealed by cDNA microarray analysis. J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol., 2004, 92(3), 131-141.
166. Krishnan, A.V.; Shinghal, R.; Raghavachari, N.; Brooks, J.D.; Peehl, D.M.; Feldman, D. Analysis of vitamin D-regulated gene expression in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells using cDNA microarrays. Prostate, 2004, 59(3), 243-251.
167. Mantovani, A.; Allavena, P.; Sica, A.; Balkwill, F. Cancer-related inflammation. Nature, 2008, 454(7203), 436-444.
168. Wu-Wong, J.R.; Nakane, M.; Ma, J.; Ruan, X.; Kroeger, P.E. Effects of Vitamin D analogs on gene expression profiling in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis, 2006, 186(1), 20-28.
169. Ting, H.J.; Yasmin-Karim, S.; Yan, S.J.; Hsu, J.W.; Lin, T.H.; Zeng, W.; Messing, J.; Sheu, T.J.; Bao, B.Y.; Li, W.X.; Messing, E.; Lee, Y.F. A positive feedback signaling loop between ATM and the vitamin D receptor is critical for cancer chemoprevention by vitamin D. Cancer Res., 2012, 72(4), 958-968.
170. Norman, A.W.; Song, X.; Zanello, L.; Bula, C.; Okamura, W.H. Rapid and genomic biological responses are mediated by different shapes of the agonist steroid hormone, 1alpha,25(OH)2vitamin D3. Steroids, 1999, 64(1-2), 120-128.
171. Zanello, L.P.; Norman, A.W. Rapid modulation of osteoblast ion channel responses by 1alpha,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 requires the presence of a functional vitamin D nuclear receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A, 2004, 101(6), 1589-1594.
172. Wali, R.K.; Kong, J.; Sitrin, M.D.; Bissonnette, M.; Li, Y.C. Vitamin D receptor is not required for the rapid actions of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to increase intracellular calcium and activate protein kinase C in mouse osteoblasts. J. Cell. Biochem., 2003, 88(4), 794-801.
173. Huhtakangas, J.A.; Olivera, C.J.; Bishop, J.E.; Zanello, L.P.; Norman, A.W. The vitamin D receptor is present in caveolae enriched plasma membranes and binds 1 alpha,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 in vivo and in vitro. Mol. Endocrinol., 2004, 18(11), 2660-2671.
174. Mizwicki, M.T.; Keidel, D.; Bula, C.M.; Bishop, J.E.; Zanello, L.P.; Wurtz, J.M.; Moras, D.; Norman, A.W. Identification of an alternative ligand-binding pocket in the nuclear vitamin D receptor and its functional importance in 1alpha,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 signaling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A, 2004, 101(35), 12876-12881.
175. Hanada, K.; Sawamura, D.; Nakano, H.; Hashimoto, I. Possible role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced metallothionein in photoprotection against UVB injury in mouse skin and cultured rat keratinocytes. J. Dermatol. Sci., 1995, 9(3), 203-208.
176. Wong, G.; Gupta, R.; Dixon, K.M.; Deo, S.S.; Choong, S.M.; Halliday, G.M.; Bishop, J.E.; Ishizuka, S.; Norman, A.W.; Posner, G.H.; Mason, R.S. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D and three lowcalcemic analogs decrease UV-induced DNA damage via the rapid response pathway. J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol., 2004, 89-90(1-5), 567-570.
177. De Haes, P.; Garmyn, M.; Verstuyf, A.; De Clercq, P.; Vandewalle, M.; Degreef, H.; Vantieghem, K.; Bouillon, R.; Segaert, S. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and analogues protect primary human keratinocytes against UVB-induced DNA damage. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B., 2005, 78(2), 141-148.
178. Banakar, M.C.; Paramasivan, S.K.; Chattopadhyay, M.B.; Datta, S.; Chakraborty, P.; Chatterjee, M.; Kannan, K.; Thygarajan, E. 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 prevents DNA damage and restores antioxidant enzymes in rat hepatocarcinogenesis induced by diethylnitrosamine and promoted by phenobarbital. World J.Gastroenterol., 2004, 10(9), 1268-1275.
179. Mason, R.S.; Sequeira, V.B.; Dixon, K.M.; Gordon-Thomson, C.; Pobre, K.; Dilley, A.; Mizwicki, M.T.; Norman, A.W.; Feldman, D.; Halliday, G.M.; Reeve, V.E. Photoprotection by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and analogs: further studies on mechanisms and implications for UV-damage. J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol., 2010, 121(1-2), 164-168.