Pathogenesis and treatment of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease

Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases International

Volumn 11, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 586-593

  Xu, Zi Wei ^a   Li, You Sheng ^a  

^a MEDICAL SCHOOL OF NANJING UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Farnesoid x receptor; Fish oil; Parenteral nutrition associated liver disease; Phytosterol

Indexed keywords

GLUTAMINE; LIPID EMULSION; PHYTOSTEROL; URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID;

CHOLESTASIS; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; ENTERIC FEEDING; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FOOD INTAKE; HUMAN; LIVER DISEASE; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; PARENTERAL NUTRITION; PARENTERAL NUTRITION ASSOCIATED LIVER DISEASE; PATHOGENESIS; PREMATURITY; RECURRENT INFECTION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEPSIS; SOYBEAN; TREATMENT DURATION;

EID: 84872131300     PISSN: 14993872     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1499-3872(12)60229-X     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Llop JM, Virgili N, Moreno-Villares JM, García-Peris P, Serrano T, Forga M, et al. Phytosterolemia in parenteral nutrition patients: implications for liver disease development. Nutrition 2008;24:1145-1152.
2. Hallikainen M, Huikko L, Kontra K, Nissinen M, Piironen V, Miettinen T, et al. Effect of parenteral serum plant sterols on liver enzymes and cholesterol metabolism in a patient with short bowel syndrome. Nutr Clin Pract 2008;23:429-435.
3. Carter BA, Taylor OA, Prendergast DR, Zimmerman TL, Von Furstenberg R, Moore DD, et al. Stigmasterol, a soy lipid-derived phytosterol, is an antagonist of the bile acid nuclear receptor FXR. Pediatr Res 2007;62:301-306.
4. Ellegård L, Sunesson A, Bosaeus I. High serum phytosterol levels in short bowel patients on parenteral nutrition support. Clin Nutr 2005;24:415-420.
5. Carter BA, Shulman RJ. Mechanisms of disease: update on the molecular etiology and fundamentals of parenteral nutrition associated cholestasis. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;4:277-287.
6. Buchman AL, Iyer K, Fryer J. Parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease and the role for isolated intestine and intestine/ liver transplantation. Hepatology 2006;43:9-19.
7. Kumpf VJ. Parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease in adult and pediatric patients. Nutr Clin Pract 2006;21:279-290.
8. Goulet O, Joly F, Corriol O, Colomb-Jung V. Some new insights in intestinal failure-associated liver disease. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2009;14:256-261.
9. Wiles A, Woodward JM. Recent advances in the management of intestinal failure-associated liver disease. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2009;12:265-272.
10. Nehra D, Fallon EM, Puder M. The prevention and treatment of intestinal failure-associated liver disease in neonates and children. Surg Clin North Am 2011;91:543-563.
11. Slicker J, Vermilyea S. Pediatric parenteral nutrition: putting the microscope on macronutrients and micronutrients. Nutr Clin Pract 2009;24:481-486.
12. Naini BV, Lassman CR. Total parenteral nutrition therapy and liver injury: a histopathologic study with clinical correlation. Hum Pathol 2012;43:826-833.
13. Messing B, Bories C, Kunstlinger F, Bernier JJ. Does total parenteral nutrition induce gallbladder sludge formation and lithiasis? Gastroenterology 1983;84:1012-1019.
14. Duro D, Mitchell PD, Kalish LA, Martin C, McCarthy M, Jaksic T, et al. Risk factors for parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease following surgical therapy for necrotizing enterocolitis: A Glaser Pediatric Research Network Study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011;52:595-600.
15. Cavicchi M, Beau P, Crenn P, Degott C, Messing B. Prevalence of liver disease and contributing factors in patients receiving home parenteral nutrition for permanent intestinal failure. Ann Intern Med 2000;132:525-532.
16. Diamond IR, de Silva NT, Tomlinson GA, Pencharz PB, Feldman BM, Moore AM, et al. The role of parenteral lipids in the development of advanced intestinal failure-associated liver disease in infants: a multiple-variable analysis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2011;35:596-602.
17. Kelly DA. Intestinal failure-associated liver disease: what do we know today? Gastroenterology 2006;130:S70-77.
18. Beale EF, Nelson RM, Bucciarelli RL, Donnelly WH, Eitzman DV. Intrahepatic cholestasis associated with parenteral nutrition in premature infants. Pediatrics 1979;64:342-347.
19. Viña J, Vento M, García-Sala F, Puertes IR, Gascó E, Sastre J, et al. L-cysteine and glutathione metabolism are impaired in premature infants due to cystathionase deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;61:1067-1069.
20. Lester R, St Pyrek J, Little JM, Adcock EW. Diversity of bile acids in the fetus and newborn infant. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1983;2:355-364.
21. Balistreri WF, Heubi JE, Suchy FJ. Immaturity of the enterohepatic circulation in early life: factors predisposing to "physiologic" maldigestion and cholestasis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1983;2:346-354.
22. Colomb V, Jobert-Giraud A, Lacaille F, Goulet O, Fournet JC, Ricour C. Role of lipid emulsions in cholestasis associated with long-term parenteral nutrition in children. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2000;24:345-350.
23. Meisel JA, Le HD, de Meijer VE, Nose V, Gura KM, Mulkern RV, et al. Comparison of 5 intravenous lipid emulsions and their effects on hepatic steatosis in a murine model. J Pediatr Surg 2011;46:666-673.
24. Javid PJ, Greene AK, Garza J, Gura K, Alwayn IP, Voss S, et al. The route of lipid administration affects parenteral nutrition-induced hepatic steatosis in a mouse model. J Pediatr Surg 2005;40:1446-1453.
25. Wanten GJ, Calder PC. Immune modulation by parenteral lipid emulsions. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:1171-1184.
26. Clayton PT, Bowron A, Mills KA, Massoud A, Casteels M, Milla PJ. Phytosterolemia in children with parenteral nutrition-associated cholestatic liver disease. Gastroenterology 1993;105:1806-1813.
27. Rocha M, Banuls C, Bellod L, Jover A, Victor VM, Hernandez-Mijares A. A review on the role of phytosterols: new insights into cardiovascular risk. Curr Pharm Des 2011;17:4061-4075.
28. Fiorucci S, Baldelli F. Farnesoid X receptor agonists in biliary tract disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2009;25:252-259.
29. Sinal CJ, Tohkin M, Miyata M, Ward JM, Lambert G, Gonzalez FJ. Targeted disruption of the nuclear receptor FXR/BAR impairs bile acid and lipid homeostasis. Cell 2000; 102:731-744.
30. Eloranta JJ, Kullak-Ublick GA. Coordinate transcriptional regulation of bile acid homeostasis and drug metabolism. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005;433:397-412.
31. Degott C, Messing B, Moreau D, Chazouillères O, Paris R, Colombel JF, et al. Liver phospholipidosis induced by parenteral nutrition: histologic, histochemical, and ultrastructural investigations. Gastroenterology 1988;95:183-191.
32. Richardson TJ, Sgoutas D. Essential fatty acid deficiency in four adult patients during total parenteral nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 1975;28:258-263.
33. Zagara G, Locati L. Role of total parenteral nutrition in determining liver insufficiency in patients with cranial injuries. Glucose vs glucose + lipids. Minerva Anestesiol 1989;55:509-512.
34. Kaminski DL, Adams A, Jellinek M. The effect of hyperalimentation on hepatic lipid content and lipogenic enzyme activity in rats and man. Surgery 1980;88:93-100.
35. Black DD, Suttle EA, Whitington PF, Whitington GL, Korones SD. The effect of short-term total parenteral nutrition on hepatic function in the human neonate: a prospective randomized study demonstrating alteration of hepatic canalicular function. J Pediatr 1981;99:445-449.
36. Vileisis RA, Inwood RJ, Hunt CE. Prospective controlled study of parenteral nutrition-associated cholestatic jaundice: effect of protein intake. J Pediatr 1980;96:893-897.
37. Mosharov E, Cranford MR, Banerjee R. The quantitatively important relationship between homocysteine metabolism and glutathione synthesis by the transsulfuration pathway and its regulation by redox changes. Biochemistry 2000;39: 13005-13011.
38. Moss RL, Haynes AL, Pastuszyn A, Glew RH. Methionine infusion reproduces liver injury of parenteral nutrition cholestasis. Pediatr Res 1999;45:664-668.
39. Buchman AL, Moukarzel A, Jenden DJ, Roch M, Rice K, Ament ME. Low plasma free choline is prevalent in patients receiving long term parenteral nutrition and is associated with hepatic aminotransferase abnormalities. Clin Nutr 1993;12:33-37.
40. Chawla RK, Berry CJ, Kutner MH, Rudman D. Plasma concentrations of transsulfuration pathway products during nasoenteral and intravenous hyperalimentation of malnourished patients. Am J Clin Nutr 1985;42:577-584.
41. Buchman AL, Ament ME, Sohel M, Dubin M, Jenden DJ, Roch M, et al. Choline deficiency causes reversible hepatic abnormalities in patients receiving parenteral nutrition: proof of a human choline requirement: a placebo-controlled trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2001;25:260-268.
42. Buchman AL, Dubin MD, Moukarzel AA, Jenden DJ, Roch M, Rice KM, et al. Choline deficiency: a cause of hepatic steatosis during parenteral nutrition that can be reversed with intravenous choline supplementation. Hepatology 1995; 22:1399-1403.
43. Alverdy JC, Aoys E, Moss GS. Total parenteral nutrition promotes bacterial translocation from the gut. Surgery 1988; 104:185-190.
44. Verbeke L, Nevens F, Laleman W. Bench-to-beside review: acute-on-chronic liver failure - linking the gut, liver and systemic circulation. Crit Care 2011;15:233.
45. O'Brien DP, Nelson LA, Kemp CJ, Williams JL, Wang Q, Erwin CR, et al. Intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation are uncoupled after small bowel resection. J Pediatr Surg 2002;37:390-394.
46. Moss RL, Amii LA. New approaches to understanding the etiology and treatment of total parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis. Semin Pediatr Surg 1999;8:140-147.
47. Trauner M, Arrese M, Lee H, Boyer JL, Karpen SJ. Endotoxin downregulates rat hepatic ntcp gene expression via decreased activity of critical transcription factors. J Clin Invest 1998; 101:2092-2100.
48. Ghose R, Zimmerman TL, Thevananther S, Karpen SJ. Endotoxin leads to rapid subcellular re-localization of hepatic RXRalpha: A novel mechanism for reduced hepatic gene expression in inflammation. Nucl Recept 2004;2:4.
49. Paik YH, Schwabe RF, Bataller R, Russo MP, Jobin C, Brenner DA. Toll-like receptor 4 mediates inflammatory signaling by bacterial lipopolysaccharide in human hepatic stellate cells. Hepatology 2003;37:1043-1055.
50. Lucas A, Bloom SR, Aynsley-Green A. Metabolic and endocrine consequences of depriving preterm infants of enteral nutrition. Acta Paediatr Scand 1983;72:245-249.
51. Reinshagen K, Adams R, Trunk M, Wessel LM. The chronic liver disease in patients with short bowel syndrome: etiology and treatment. Minerva Pediatr 2009;61:273-281.
52. Greenberg GR, Wolman SL, Christofides ND, Bloom SR, Jeejeebhoy KN. Effect of total parenteral nutrition on gut hormone release in humans. Gastroenterology 1981;80:988-993.
53. Ding LA, Li JS, Li YS, Zhu NT, Liu FN, Tan L. Intestinal barrier damage caused by trauma and lipopolysaccharide. World J Gastroenterol 2004;10:2373-2378.
54. Mermel LA, Farr BM, Sherertz RJ, Raad II, O'Grady N, Harris JS, et al. Guidelines for the management of intravascular catheter-related infections. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:1249-1272.
55. Lambert JR, Thomas SM. Metronidazole prevention of serum liver enzyme abnormalities during total parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1985;9:501-503.
56. Wong F, Bernardi M, Balk R, Christman B, Moreau R, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. Sepsis in cirrhosis: report on the 7th meeting of the International Ascites Club. Gut 2005;54:718-725.
57. Ren ZG, Liu H, Jiang JW, Jiang L, Chen H, Xie HY, et al. Protective effect of probiotics on intestinal barrier function in malnourished rats after liver transplantation. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2011;10:489-496.
58. Besselink MG, van Santvoort HC, Renooij W, de Smet MB, Boermeester MA, Fischer K, et al. Intestinal barrier dysfunction in a randomized trial of a specific probiotic composition in acute pancreatitis. Ann Surg 2009;250:712-719.
59. Spaeth G, Specian RD, Berg RD, Deitch EA. Bulk prevents bacterial translocation induced by the oral administration of total parenteral nutrition solution. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1990;14:442-447.
60. Al-Hathlol K, Al-Madani A, Al-Saif S, Abulaimoun B, Al-Tawil K, El-Demerdash A. Ursodeoxycholic acid therapy for intractable total parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in surgical very low birth weight infants. Singapore Med J 2006;47:147-151.
61. Spagnuolo MI, Iorio R, Vegnente A, Guarino A. Ursodeoxycholic acid for treatment of cholestasis in children on long-term total parenteral nutrition: a pilot study. Gastroenterology 1996;111:716-719.
62. Heubi JE, Wiechmann DA, Creutzinger V, Setchell KD, Squires R Jr, Couser R, et al. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) in the prevention of total parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease. J Pediatr 2002;141:237-242.
63. Gong Y, Huang ZB, Christensen E, Gluud C. Ursodeoxycholic acid for primary biliary cirrhosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008:CD000551.
64. Gong Y, Huang Z, Christensen E, Gluud C. Ursodeoxycholic acid for patients with primary biliary cirrhosis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials using Bayesian approach as sensitivity analyses. Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102:1799-1807.
65. Kelly DA. Preventing parenteral nutrition liver disease. Early Hum Dev 2010;86:683-687.
66. Cober MP, Teitelbaum DH. Prevention of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease: lipid minimization. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2010;15:330-333.
67. Alwayn IP, Gura K, Nosé V, Zausche B, Javid P, Garza J, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation prevents hepatic steatosis in a murine model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Pediatr Res 2005;57:445-452.
68. Gura KM, Duggan CP, Collier SB, Jennings RW, Folkman J, Bistrian BR, et al. Reversal of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease in two infants with short bowel syndrome using parenteral fish oil: implications for future management. Pediatrics 2006;118:e197-e201.
69. Gura KM, Lee S, Valim C, Zhou J, Kim S, Modi BP, et al. Safety and efficacy of a fish-oil-based fat emulsion in the treatment of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease. Pediatrics 2008;121:e678-686.
70. Lee SI, Valim C, Johnston P, Le HD, Meisel J, Arsenault DA, et al. Impact of fish oil-based lipid emulsion on serum triglyceride, bilirubin, and albumin levels in children with parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease. Pediatr Res 2009;66:698-703.
71. Puder M, Valim C, Meisel JA, Le HD, de Meijer VE, Robinson EM, et al. Parenteral fish oil improves outcomes in patients with parenteral nutrition-associated liver injury. Ann Surg 2009;250:395-402.
72. Diamond IR, Sterescu A, Pencharz PB, Kim JH, Wales PW. Changing the paradigm: omegaven for the treatment of liver failure in pediatric short bowel syndrome. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2009;48:209-215.
73. Pironi L, Colecchia A, Guidetti M, Belluzzi A, D'Errico A. Fish oil-based emulsion for the treatment of parenteral nutrition associated liver disease in an adult patient. e-SPEN Eur E J Clin Nutr Metab 2010;5:e243-e246.
74. Jurewitsch B, Gardiner G, Naccarato M, Jeejeebhoy KN. Omega-3-enriched lipid emulsion for liver salvage in parenteral nutrition-induced cholestasis in the adult patient. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2011;35:386-390.
75. Xu Z, Li Y, Wang J, Wu B, Li J. Effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to reverse biopsy-proven parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease in adults. Clin Nutr 2012;31:217-223.
76. Le HD, de Meijer VE, Zurakowski D, Meisel JA, Gura KM, Puder M. Parenteral fish oil as monotherapy improves lipid profiles in children with parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2010;34:477-484.
77. Le HD, de Meijer VE, Robinson EM, Zurakowski D, Potemkin AK, Arsenault DA, et al. Parenteral fish-oil-based lipid emulsion improves fatty acid profiles and lipids in parenteral nutrition-dependent children. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;94:749-758.
78. Zhao A, Yu J, Lew JL, Huang L, Wright SD, Cui J. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are FXR ligands and differentially regulate expression of FXR targets. DNA Cell Biol 2004;23 (8):519-526.
79. Nose K, Yang H, Sun X, Nose S, Koga H, Feng Y, et al. Glutamine prevents total parenteral nutrition-associated changes to intraepithelial lymphocyte phenotype and function: a potential mechanism for the preservation of epithelial barrier function. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2010; 30:67-80.
80. Wang Y, Tao YX, Cai W, Tang QY, Feng Y, Wu J. Protective effect of parenteral glutamine supplementation on hepatic function in very low birth weight infants. Clin Nutr 2010;29:307-311.
81. Wu J, Hong L, Cai W, Tang Q, Shi C. Glutamine attenuates TPN-associated liver injury in infant rabbits. Eur J Pediatr 2007;166:601-606.
82. Albers MJ, Steyerberg EW, Hazebroek FW, Mourik M, Borsboom GJ, Rietveld T, et al. Glutamine supplementation of parenteral nutrition does not improve intestinal permeability, nitrogen balance, or outcome in newborns and infants undergoing digestive-tract surgery: results from a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Ann Surg 2005; 241:599-606.
83. Fitzgibbons SC, Jones BA, Hull MA, Zurakowski D, Duro D, Duggan C, et al. Relationship between biopsy-proven parenteralnutrition-associated liver fibrosis and biochemical cholestasis in children with short bowel syndrome. J Pediatr Surg 2010;45:95-99.
84. Lauro A, Zanfi C, Ercolani G, Dazzi A, Golfieri L, Amaduzzi A, et al. Recovery from liver dysfunction after adult isolated intestinal transplantation without liver grafting. Transplant Proc 2006;38:3620-3624.
85. Abu-Elmagd KM, Costa G, Bond GJ, Soltys K, Sindhi R, Wu T, et al. Five hundred intestinal and multivisceral transplantations at a single center: major advances with new challenges. Ann Surg 2009;250:567-581.