Correction: “Disentangling Stereotype Activation and Stereotype Application in the Stereotype Misperception Task,” (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology: Attitudes and Social Cognition, (2012), 103(2), (205–224), (10.1037/a0028764));Disentangling stereotype activation and stereotype application in the stereotype misperception task

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 103, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 205-224

  Krieglmeyer, Regina ^a   Sherman, Jeffrey W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Implicit measures; Multinomial modeling; Stereotype activation; Stereotype application

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CAUCASIAN; DECISION MAKING; FACE; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; NEGRO; PERCEPTION; PHOTOSTIMULATION; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY;

AFRICAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; FACE; FEMALE; HUMANS; JUDGMENT; MALE; PHOTIC STIMULATION; PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; SOCIAL PERCEPTION; STEREOTYPING;

EID: 84871671662     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000332     Document Type: Erratum

References (77)

1. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
2. Akaike, H. (1974). A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 19, 716 -723. doi:10.1109/ TAC.1974.1100705
3. Allen, T. J., Sherman, J. W., & Klauer, K. C. (2010). Social context and the self-regulation of implicit bias. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 13, 137-149. doi:10.1177/1368430209353635
4. Amodio, D. M., & Devine, P. G. (2006). Stereotyping and evaluation in implicit race bias: Evidence for independent constructs and unique effects on behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 652-661. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.652
5. Batchelder, W. H., & Riefer, D. M. (1999). Theoretical and empirical review of multinomial process tree modeling. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 6, 57-86. doi:10.3758/BF03210812
6. Blair, I. V. (2002). The malleability of automatic stereotypes and prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6, 242-261. doi:10.1207/ S15327957PSPR0603_8
7. Blair, I. V., Judd, C. M., & Fallman, J. L. (2004). The automaticity of race and Afrocentric facial features in social judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 763-778. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.6.763
8. Blair, I. V., Judd, C. M., Sadler, M. S., & Jenkins, C. (2002). The role of Afrocentric features in person perception: Judging by features and categories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 5-25. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.1.5
9. Bodenhausen, G. V., & Lichtenstein, M. (1987). Social stereotypes and information-processing strategies: The impact of task complexity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 871-880. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.5.871
10. Brewer, M. B. (1988). A dual process model of impression formation. In T. K. Srull & R. S. Wyer (Eds.), Advances in social cognition (Vol. 1, pp. 1-36). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
11. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
12. Conrey, F. R., Sherman, J. W., Gawronski, B., Hugenberg, K., & Groom, C. J. (2005). Separating multiple processes in implicit social cognition: The quad model of implicit task performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 469-487. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.469
13. Correll, J., Park, B., Judd, C. M., & Wittenbrink, B. (2002). The police officer's dilemma: Using ethnicity to disambiguate potentially threatening individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1314-1329. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.6.1314
14. De Houwer, J. (2009). Comparing measures of attitudes at the functional and procedural level: Analysis and implications. In R. E. Petty, R. H. Fazio, & P. Brinol (Eds.), Attitudes: Insights from the new implicit measures (pp. 361-390). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
15. Deutsch, R., & Gawronski, B. (2009). When the method makes a difference: Antagonistic effects on "automatic evaluations" as a function of task characteristics of the measure. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 101-114. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.09.001
16. Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5-18. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5
17. Devine, P. G., & Monteith, M. J. (1999). Automaticity and control in stereotyping. In S. Chaiken & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual-process theories in social psychology (pp. 339-360). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
18. Dovidio, J. F., Evans, N., & Tyler, R. B. (1986). Racial stereotypes: The contents of their cognitive representations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 22-37. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(86)90039-9
19. Eder, A. B., Hommel, B., & De Houwer, J. (Eds.). (2007). How distinctive is affective processing [Special issue]. Cognition & Emotion, 2(6).
20. Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton, B. C., & Williams, C. J. (1995). Variability in automatic activation as an unobstrusive measure of racialattitudes: A bona fide pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1013-1027. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.6.1013
21. Fazio, R. H., & Olson, M. A. (2003). Implicit measures in social cognition research: Their meaning and use. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 297-327. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145225
22. Fiske, S. T., & Neuberg, S. L. (1990). A continuum model of impression formation: From category-based to individuation processes as a function of information, motivation, and attention. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 23, pp. 1-74). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
23. Freeman, J. B., & Ambady, N. (2009). Motions of the hand expose the partial and parallel activation of stereotypes. Psychological Science, 20, 1183-1188. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02422.x
24. Gawronski, B., Cunningham, W. A., LeBel, E. P., & Deutsch, R. (2010). Attentional influences on affective priming: Does categorisation influence spontaneous evaluations of multiply categorisable objects? Cognition & Emotion, 24, 1008-1025. doi:10.1080/02699930903112712
25. Gawronski, B., Deutsch, R., Mbirkou, S., Seibt, B., & Strack, F. (2008). When "Just Say No" is not enough: Affirmation versus negation training and the reduction of automatic stereotype activation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 370 -377. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.12.004
26. Gilbert, D. T., & Hixon, J. G. (1991). The trouble of thinking: Activation and application of stereotypic beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 509-517. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.4.509
27. Glick, P., Zion, C., & Nelson, C. (1988). What mediates sex discrimination in hiring decisions? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 178-186. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.55.2.178
28. Gonsalkorale, K., Sherman, J. W., Allen, T. J., Klauer, K. C., & Amodio, D. M. (2011). Accounting for successful control of implicit racial bias: The roles of association activation, response monitoring, and overcoming bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 1534-1545. doi:10.1177/0146167211414064
29. Govorun, O., & Payne, B. K. (2006). Ego-depletion and prejudice: Separating automatic and controlled components. Social Cognition, 24, 111- 136. doi:10.1521/soco.2006.24.2.111
30. Hamilton, D. L. (1981). Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Elrbaum.
31. Hamilton, D. L., & Sherman, J. W. (1994). Stereotypes. In R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbool of social cognition (2nd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 1-68). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
32. Hugenberg, K., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2003). Facing prejudice: Implicit prejudice and the perception of facial threat. Psychological Science, 14, 640-643. doi:10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1478.x
33. Imhoff, R., Schmidt, A. F., Bernhardt, J., Dierksmeier, A., & Banse, R. (2011). An inkblot for sexual preference: A semantic variant of the Affect Misattribution Procedure. Cognition & Emotion, 25, 676-690. doi:10.1080/02699931.2010.508260
34. Jacoby, L. L. (1991). A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 513-541. doi:10.1016/0749-596X(91)90025-F
35. Klauer, K. C., & Voss, A. (2008). Effects of race on responses and response latencies in the weapon identification task: A test of six models. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1124 -1140. doi: 10.1177/0146167208318603
36. Klauer, K. C., & Wegener, I. (1998). Unraveling social categorization in the "Who said what" paradigm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1155-1178. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.5.1155
37. Kunda, Z., & Spencer, S. J. (2003). When do stereotypes come to mind and when do they color judgment? A goal-based theoretical framework for stereotype activation and application. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 522- 544. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.4.522
38. LeDoux, J. (1996). The emotional brain: The myterious underpinnings of emotional life. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
39. Lindsay, D. S., & Jacoby, L. L. (1994). Stroop process dissociations: The relationship between facilitation and interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 20, 219-234. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.20.2.219
40. Loersch, C., & Payne, B. K. (2011). The situated inference model: An integrative account of the effects of primes on perception, behavior, and motivation. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 234-252. doi: 10.1177/1745691611406921
41. Macrae, C. N., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2000). Social cognition: Thinking categorically about others. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 93-120. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.93
42. Macrae, C. N., Bodenhausen, G. V., Milne, A. B., Thorn, T. M. J., & Castelli, L. (1997). On the activation of social stereotypes: The moderating role of processing objectives. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 471-489. doi:10.1006/jesp.1997.1328
43. Macrae, C. N., Milne, A. B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (1994). Stereotypes as energy-saving devices: A peek inside the cognitive toolbox. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 37- 47. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.66.1.37
44. Minear, M., & Park, D. C. (2004). A lifespan database of adult facial stimuli. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 630-633. doi:10.3758/BF03206543
45. Monteith, M. J., Sherman, J. W., & Devine, P. G. (1998). Suppression as a stereotype control strategy. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2, 63-82. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0201_4
46. Moshagen, M. (2010). multiTree: A computer program for the analysis of multinomial processing tree models. Behavior Research Methods, 42, 42-54. doi:10.3758/BRM.42.1.42
47. Nadarevic, L., & Erdfelder, E. (2011). Cognitive processes in implicit attitude tasks: An experimental validation of the Trip Model. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 254-268. doi:10.1002/ejsp.776
48. Neuberg, S. L., & Fiske, S. T. (1987). Motivational influences on impression formation: Outcome dependency, accuracy-driven attention, and individuating processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 431-444. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.3.431
49. Nosek, B. A., Banaji, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (2002). Math = male, me = female, therefore math ≠ me. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 44-59. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.1.44
50. Oosterhof, N. N., & Todorov, A. (2008). The functional basis of face evaluation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105, 11087-11092. doi:10.1073/ pnas.0805664105
51. Payne, B. K. (2001). Prejudice and perception: The role of automatic and controlled processes in misperceiving a weapon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 181-192. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.2.181
52. Payne, B. K. (2005). Conceptualizing control in social cognition: How executive functioning modulates the expression of automatic stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 488-503. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.488
53. Payne, B. K. (2009). Attitude misattribution: Implications for attitude measurement and the implicit-explicit relationship. In R. E. Petty, R. H. Fazio, & P. Brinol (Eds.), Attitudes: Insights from the new wave of implicit measures (pp. 459-483). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
54. Payne, B. K., & Bishara, A. J. (2009). An integrative review of process dissociation and related models in social cognition. European Review of Social Psychology, 20, 272-314. doi:10.1080/10463280903162177
55. Payne, B. K., Cheng, C. M., Govorun, O., & Stewart, B. D. (2005). An inkblot for attitudes: Affect misattribution as implicit measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 277-293. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.89.3.277
56. Payne, B. K., Hall, D. L., Cameron, C. D., & Bishara, A. J. (2010). A process model of affect misattribution. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 1397-1408. doi:10.1177/0146167210383440
57. Phills, C. E., Kawakami, K., Tabi, E., Nadolny, D., & Inzlicht, M. (2011Mind the gap: Increasing associations between the self and Blacks with approach behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 197-210. doi:10.1037/a0022159
58. Plant, E. A., & Devine, P. G. (1998). Internal and external motivation to respond without prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 811-832. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.3.811
59. Rudman, L. A., Greenwald, A. G., & McGhee, D. E. (2001). Implicit self-concept and evaluative implicit gender stereotypes: Self and ingroup share desirable traits. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1164-1178. doi:10.1177/0146167201279009
60. Schwarz, G. (1978). Estimating the dimension of a model. Annals of Statistics, 6, 461-464. doi:10.1214/aos/1176344136
61. Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (2007). Feelings and phenomenal experiences. In A. W. Kruglanski & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (2nd ed., pp. 385-407). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
62. Sherman, J. W. (2006). On building a better process model: It's not only how many, but which ones and by which means Psychological Inquiry, 17, 173-184. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1703_3
63. Sherman, J. W., Gawronski, B., Gonsalkorale, K., Hugenberg, K., Allen, T. J., & Groom, C. J. (2008). The self-regulation of automatic associations and behavioral impulses. Psychological Review, 115, 314-335. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.115.2.314
64. Sherman, J. W., Klauer, K. C., & Allen, T. J. (2010). Mathematical modeling of implicit social cognition: The machine in the ghost. In B. Gawronski & B. K. Payne (Eds.), Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications (pp. 156-175). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
65. Sherman, J. W., Macrae, C. N., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2000). Attention and stereotyping: Cognitive constraints on the construction of meaningful social impressions. European Review of Social Psychology, 11, 145-175. doi:10.1080/14792772043000022
66. Sherman, J. W., Stroessner, S. J., Conrey, F. R., & Azam, O. A. (2005). Prejudice and stereotype maintenance processes: Attention, attribution, and individuation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 607-622. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.607
67. Spencer, S. J., Fein, S., Wolfe, C. T., Fong, C., & Dunn, M. A. (1998).Automatic activation of stereotypes: The role of self-image threat. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 1139-1152. doi:10.1177/ 01461672982411001
68. Stahl, C., & Degner, J. (2007). Assessing automatic activation of valence: A multinomial model of EAST performance. Experimental Psychology, 54, 99-112. doi:10.1027/1618-3169.54.2.99
69. Strack, F., & Hannover, B. (1996). Awareness of influence as a precondition for implementing correctional goals. In P. M. Gollwitzer & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior (pp. 579-596). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
70. Strack, F., Schwarz, N., Bless, H., Kübler, A., & Wänke, M. (1993). Awareness of the influence as a determinant of assimilation versus contrast. European Journal of Social Psychology, 23, 53-62. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.2420230105
71. Wagenmakers, E. J., & Farrell, S. (2004). AIC model selection using Akaike weights. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 11, 192-196. doi: 10.3758/BF03206482
72. Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1997). The flexible correction model: The role of naive theories of bias in bias correction. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 29, pp. 141-208). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
73. Weisbuch, M., Pauker, K., & Ambady, N. (2009, December 18). The subtle transmission of race bias via televised nonverbal behavior. Science, 326, 1711-1714. doi:10.1126/science.1178358
74. Wilson, T. D., & Brekke, N. (1994). Mental contamination and mental correction: Unwanted influences on judgments and evaluations. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 117-142. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.116.1.117
75. Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C. M., & Park, B. (1997). Evidence for racial prejudice at the implicit level and its relationship with questionnaire measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 262-274. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.2.262
76. Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C. M., & Park, B. (2001). Evaluative versus conceptual judgments in automatic stereotyping and prejudice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 244 -252. doi:10.1006/ jesp.2000.1456
77. Zajonc, R. B. (1984). On the primacy of affect. American Psychologist, 39, 117-123. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.39.2.117