Comparing measures of attitudes at the functional and procedural level: Analysis and implications

Attitudes: Insights from the New Implicit Measures

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 359-390

  Houwer, Jan De ^a  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84920494159     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203809884     Document Type: Chapter

References (56)

1. Asendorpf, J. B., Banse, R., & Mücke, D. (2002). Double dissociation between implicit and explicit personality self-concept: The case of shy behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 380–393.
2. Banse, R., Seise, J., & Zerbes, N. (2001). Implicit attitudes towards homosexuality: Reliability, validity, and controllability of the IAT. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie, 48, 145–160.
3. Bargh, J.A. (1992). The ecology of automaticity. Toward establishing the conditions needed to produce automatic processing effects. American Journal of Psychology, 105, 181–199.
4. Bluemke, M., & Friese, M. (2006). Do features of stimuli influence IAT effects? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 163–176.
5. Borsboom, D., Mellenbergh, G. J., & van Heerden, J. (2004). The concept of validity. Psychological Review, 111, 1061–1071.
6. Bosson, J.K., Swann, W.B., & Pennebaker, J.W. (2000). Stalking the perfect measure of implicit self-esteem: The blind men and the elephant revisited? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 631–643.
7. Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult romantic attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships(pp. 46–76). New York: Guilford Press.
8. Brunel, F. F., Tietje, B. C., & Greenwald, A. G. (2004). Is the Implicit Association Test a valid and valuable measure of implicit consumer social cognition? Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14, 385–404.
9. De Houwer, J. (2001). A structural and process analysis of the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 443–451.
10. De Houwer, J. (2003a). A structural analysis of indirect measures of attitudes. In J. Musch & K. C. Klauer (Eds.), The psychology of evaluation: Affective processes in cognition and emotion(pp. 219–244). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
11. De Houwer, J. (2003b). The Extrinsic Affective Simon Task. Experimental Psychology, 50, 77–85.
12. De Houwer, J. (2004). Spatial Simon effects with non-spatial responses. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 11, 49–53.
13. De Houwer, J. (2006). What are implicit measures and why are we using them? In R. W. Wiers & A. W. Stacy (Eds.), The handbook of implicit cognition and addiction(pp. 11–28). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishers.
14. De Houwer, J., Crombez, G., Baeyens, F., & Hermans, D. (2001). On the generality of the affective Simon effect. Cognition and Emotion, 15, 189–206.
15. De Houwer, J., & De Bruycker, E. (2007a). The IAT outperforms the EAST as a measure of inter-individual differences in attitudes. British Journal of Social Psychology, 46, 401–421.
16. De Houwer, J., & De Bruycker, E. (2007b). The Identification-EAST as a valid measure of implicit attitudes toward alcohol-related stimuli. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 38, 133–143.
17. De Houwer, J., & Eelen, P. (1998). An affective variant of the Simon paradigm. Cognition and Emotion, 12, 45–61.
18. De Houwer, J., Geldof, T., & De Bruycker, E. (2005). The Implicit Association Test as a general measure of similarity. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59, 228–239.
19. De Houwer, J., & Moors, A. (2007). How to define and examine the implicitness of implicit measures. In B. Wittenbrink & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Implicit measures of attitudes: Procedures and controversies(pp. 179–194). New York: Guilford Press.
20. Dewitte, M., De Houwer, J., & Buysse, A. (2007). On the role of the implicit self-concept in adult attachment. Manuscript submitted for publication.
21. Ellwart, T., Becker, E. S., & Rinck, M. (2005). Activation and measurement of threat associations in fear of spiders: An application of the Extrinsic Affective Simon Task. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 36, 281–299.
22. Fazio, R. H. (1990). Multiple processes by which attitudes guide behavior: The MODE model as an integrative framework. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology(Vol. 23, pp. 75–109). San Francisco: Academic Press.
23. Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton, B. C., & Williams, C. J. (1995). Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1013–1027.
24. Fazio, R. H., & Olson, M. A. (2003). Implicit measures in social cognition research: Their meaning and use. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 297–327.
25. Fiedler, K., & Bluemke, M. (2005). Faking the IAT: Aided and unaided response control on the Implicit Association Test. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 27, 307–316.
26. Fitts, P. M., & Seeger, C. M. (1953). SR compatibility: Spatial characteristics of stimulus and response codes. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 46, 199–210.
27. Govan, C. L., & Williams, K. D. (2004). Changing the affective valence of the stimulus items influences the IAT by redefining the category labels. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 357–365.
28. Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464–1480.
29. Hommel, B., Proctor, R. W., & Vu, K.-P. (2004). A feature-integration account of sequential effects in the Simon task. Psychological Research, 68, 1–17.
30. Huijding, J., & de Jong, P. J. (2006). Specific predictive power of implicit associations for automatic fear behavior. Behavior Research and Therapy, 44, 161–176.
31. Klauer, K. C., & Musch, J. (2003). Affective priming: Findings and theories. In J. Musch & K. C. Klauer (Eds.), The psychology of evaluation: Affective processes in cognition and emotion. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
32. Koole, S. L., Dijksterhuis, A., & van Knippenberg, A. (2001). What’s in a name? Implicit self-esteem and the automatic self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 669–685.
33. Kornblum, S., & Lee, J.-W. (1995). Stimulus-response compatibility with relevant and irrelevant stimulus dimensions that do and do not overlap with the response. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21, 855–875.
34. Livingston, R. W., & Brewer, M. B. (2002). What are we really priming? Cuebased versus category-based processing of facial stimuli. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 5–18.
35. Long, D. L., & Prat, C. S. (2002). Working memory and Stroop interference: An individual differences investigation. Memory & Cognition, 30, 294–301.
36. Mierke, J., & Klauer, K. C. (2003). Method specific variance in the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 1180–1192.
37. Mitchell, J. P., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Contextual variations in implicit evaluation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 132, 455–469.
38. Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Field, M., & De Houwer, J. (2003). Eye movements to smoking-related pictures in smokers: Relationship between attentional biases and implicit and explicit measures of stimulus valence. Addiction, 98, 825–836.
39. Monteith, M. J., Voils, C. I., & Ashburn-Nardo, L. (2001). Taking a look underground: Detecting, interpreting, and reacting to implicit racial bias. Social Cognition, 19, 395–417.
40. Moors, A., & De Houwer, J. (2006). Automaticity: A conceptual and theoretical analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 297–326.
41. Musch, J., & Klauer, K. C. (2001). Local uncertainty moderates affective congruency effects in the evaluative decision task. Cognition and Emotion, 15, 167–188.
42. Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2001). The Go/No-Go Association Task. Social Cognition, 19, 625–666.
43. Nuttin, J. M. (1985). Narcissism beyond Gestalt awareness: The name-letter effect. European Journal of Social Psychology, 15, 353–361.
44. Olson, M. A., & Fazio, R. H. (2003). Relations between implicit measures of prejudice: What are we measuring? Psychological Science, 14, 636–639.
45. Olson, M. A., & Fazio, R. H. (2004). Reducing the influence of extra-personal associations on the Implicit Association Test: Personalizing the IAT. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 653–667.
46. Olson, M. A., & Fazio, R. H. (in press). Implicit and explicit measures of attitudes: The perspective of the MODE model. In R. E. Petty, R. H. Fazio, & P. Briñol (Eds.), Attitudes: Insights from the new implicit measures. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
47. Proctor, R. W., & Vu, K.-P. L. (2002). Eliminating, magnifying, and reversing spatial compatibility effects with mixed location-relevant and irrelevant trials. In W. Prinz & B. Hommel (Eds.), Common mechanisms in perception and action: Attention and performance XIX(pp. 443–473). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
48. Roediger, H. L. (1990). Implicit memory: Retention without remembering. American Psychologist, 45, 9, 1043–1056.
49. Rothermund, K., & Wentura, D. (2004). Underlying processes in the Implicit Association Test (IAT): Dissociating salience from associations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133, 139–165.
50. Schnabel, K., Banse, R., & Asendorpf, J. B. (2006). Employing automatic approach and avoidance tendencies for the assessment of implicit personality self-concept: The Implicit Association Procedure (IAP). Experimental Psychology, 53, 69–76.
51. Steffens, M. C. (2004). Is the Implicit Association Test immune to faking? Experimental Psychology, 51, 165–179.
52. Steffens, M. C., & Plewe, I. (2001). Items’ cross-category associations as a confounding factor in the Implicit Association Test. Zeitschrift fûr Experimentelle Psychologie, 48, 123–134.
53. Teige, S., Schnabel, K., Banse, R., & Asendorpf, J. B. (2004). Assessment of multiple implicit self-concept dimensions using the Extrinsic Affective Simon Task (EAST). European Journal of Personality, 18, 495–520.
54. Vargas, P. T. (2004). On the relationship between implicit attitudes and behavior: Some lessons from the past, and directions for the future. In G. Haddock & G. R. Maio (Eds.), Contemporary perspectives on the psychology of attitudes. New York: Psychology Press.
55. Wilson, T. D., Lindsey, S., & Schooler, T. Y. (2000). A model of dual attitudes. Psychological Review, 107, 101–126.
56. Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking. Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 35, 151–175.