Mechanisms of change in psychosocial interventions for autism spectrum disorders

Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience

Volumn 14, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 307-318

  Lerner, Matthew D ^a,b   White, Susan W ^c   McPartland, James C ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Alliance; Autism spectrum disorder; Biomarker; Cognitive behavioral therapy; Intervention; Mechanism; Mediator; Moderator; Social knowledge; Social skills training

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; AUTISM; BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION; CHILD PARENT RELATION; COGNITIVE THERAPY; CONSTRUCT VALIDITY; EMOTIONALITY; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; HUMAN; MOTIVATION; NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION; PEER GROUP; PERCEPTION; PLASTICITY; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOSOCIAL CARE; SOCIAL ADAPTATION; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL COMPETENCE; SOCIAL DISABILITY; SOCIAL EVOLUTION; SOCIAL INTERACTION; STEREOTYPY; SUPPORT GROUP; TREATMENT RESPONSE;

EID: 84871251817     PISSN: 12948322     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (134)

1. Bodfish JW. Restricted repetitive behaviors. In: Hollander E, Kolevson A, Coyle J, eds. Textbook of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc; 2011:169-177.
2. Carter AS, Davis NO, Klin A, Volkmar F. Social development in autism. In: Volkmar F, Paul R, Klin A, Cohen DJ, eds. Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons; 2005:312-334.
3. Koenig K, Los Reyes A De, Cicchetti D, Scahill L, Klin A. Group intervention to promote social skills in school-age children with pervasive developmental disorders: reconsidering efficacy. J Autism Dev Disord. 2009;39:1163-1172.
4. Beauchamp MH, Anderson V. SOCIAL: an integrative framework for the development of social skills. Psychol Bull. 2010;136:39-64.
5. Eikeseth S. Outcome of comprehensive psycho-educational interventions for young children with autism. Res Dev Disabil. 2012;30:158-178.
6. Rogers SJ. Interventions that facilitate socialization in children with autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2000;30:399-409.
7. Rogers SJ, Vismara LA. Evidence-based comprehensive treatments for early autism. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2008;37:8-38.
8. Norcross JC, Wampold BE. What works for whom: tailoring psychotherapy to the person. J Clin Psychol. 2010;67:1-6.
9. Paul GL. Strategy of outcome research in psychotherapy. J Consult Psychol. 1967;31:109-118.
10. Kazdin AE. Mediators and mechanisms of change in psychotherapy research. Ann Rev Clin Psychol. 2007;3:1-27.
11. Wampold BE, Mondin GW, Moody M, et al. A meta-analysis of outcome studies comparing bona fide psychotherapies: empiricially, "all must have prizes." Psychol Bull. 1997;122:203-215.
12. Kazdin AE, Nock MK. Delineating mechanisms of change in child and adolescent therapy: methodological issues and research recommendations. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2003;44:1116-1129.
13. Vismara L a, Rogers SJ. Behavioral treatments in autism spectrum disorder: what do we know? Ann Rev Clin Psychol. 2010;6:447-468.
14. Schreibman L, Stahmer A, Barlett V, Dufek S. Brief Report: Toward refinement of a predictive behavioral profile for treatment outcome in children with autism. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2009;3:163-172.
15. McHugh RK, Barlow DH. The dissemination and implementation of evidence-based psychological treatments: a review of current efforts. Am Psychol. 2010;65:73-84.
16. Anon. What is cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)? 2012:1. Available at: abct.org/Public/?m=mPublic&fa=WhatIsCBTpublic.
17. Klinger LA, Williams J. Cognitive-behavioral interventions for students with autism spectrum disorders. In: Mayer M, Lochman JE, Acker R Van, eds. Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions for Emotional and Behavioral disorders: School-Based Practice. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2009:328-362.
18. Bauminger N. The facilitation of social-emotional understanding and social interaction in high-functioning children with autism: intervention outcomes. J Autism Dev Disord. 2002;32:283-298.
19. Bauminger N. Brief report: individual social-multi-modal intervention for HFASD. J Autism Dev Disord. 2007;37:1593-1604.
20. Attwood T. The Complete Guide to Asperger's Syndrome. London, UK: Jessica Kingsley; 2008:397.
21. Wood JJ, Fujii C, Renno P. Cognitive behavioral therapy in high-functioning autism: review and recommendations for treatment development. In: Reichow B, Doehring P, Cicchetti DV, Volkmar FR, eds. Evidence-Based Practices and Treatments for Children with Autism. New York, NY: Springer Science & Business; 2011:197-230.
22. White SW, Keonig K, Scahill L. Social skills development in children with autism spectrum disorders: a review of the intervention research. J Autism Dev Disord. 2007;37:1858-68.
23. Matson JL, Matson ML, Rivet TT. Social-skills treatments for children with autism spectrum disorders. Behav Modif. 2007;31:682.
24. Rao PA, Beidel DC, Murray MJ. Social skills interventions for children with Asperger's syndrome or high-functioning autism: a review and recommendations. J Autism Dev Disord. 2008;38:353-361.
25. Lerner MD, Hileman CM, Britton N. Promoting the social and emotional development of adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. In: Gullotta T, Leukefeld C, eds. Encyclopedia of Primary Prevention and Health Promotion, Volume 3: Adolescence. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2012.
26. Bellini S, Peters JK, Benner L, Hopf A. A meta-analysis of school-based social skils interventions for children with autism spectrum disorders. Remed Spec Ed. 2007;28:153-162.
27. Reichow B, Volkmar FR. Social skills interventions for individuals with autism: evaluation for evidence-based practices within a best evidence synthesis framework. J Autism Dev Disord. 2010;40:149-166.
28. Wang P, Spillan A. Evidence-based social skills interventions for children with autism: A meta-analysis. Ed Training Devel Disabil. 2009;44:318-342.
29. Sansosti FJ, Powell-Smith. Using computer-presented social stories and video models to increase the social communication skills of children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders. J Posit Behav Interv. 2008;10:162-178.
30. Laugeson EA, Frankel F, Mogil C, Dillon AR. Parent-assisted social skills training to improve friendships in teens with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Devel Disord. 2009;39:596-606.
31. Koegel RL, Koegel LK, Vernon TW, Brookman-Frazee LI. Empirically supported pivotal response treatment for children with autism spectrum disorders. In: Weisz JR, Kazdin AE, eds. Evidence-Based Psychotherapies for Children and Adolescents. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2010:327-345.
32. Sofronoff K, Attwood T, Hinton S. A randomized controlled trial of a cognitive behavioural intervention for anger management in children diagnosed with Asperger syndrome. J Autism Dev Disord. 2007;37:1203-1204.
33. Levine K, Chedd N. Replays: Using Play to Enhance Emotional and Behavioral Development for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Philadelphia, PA: Jessica Kingsley Publishers; 2007.
34. Klin A, Sparrow SS, Volkmar FR, Cicchetti DV, Rourke. Asperger syndrome. In: Rourke, ed. Syndrome of Nonverbal Learning Disabilities: Neurodevelopmental Manifestations. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1995:93-118.
35. Semrud-Clikeman M, Walkowiak J, Wilkinson A, Christopher G. Neuropsychological differences among children with Asperger syndrome, nonverbal learning disabilities, attention deficit disorder, and controls. Dev Neuropsychol. 2010;35:582-600.
36. Singh NN, Lancioni GE, Manikam R, et al. A mindfulness-based strategy for self-management of aggressive behavior in adolescents with autism. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2011;5:1153-1158.
37. Cotter MKW. Improving the social behavior of high-functioning children with autism: a social skills support group intervention. Dissertation Abstracts. 1998;59:413.
38. Laugeson EA, Frankel F, Mogil C, Dillon AR. Parent-assisted social skills training to improve friendships in teens with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2009;39:596-606.
39. Ingersoll B, Dvortcsak A. Teaching Social Communication to Children with Autism: a Practitioner's Guide to Parent Training. New York, NY: Guilford Press: 2010.
40. Frankel F, Whitham C. Parent -assisted group treatment for friendship problems of children with autism spectrum disorders. Brain Res. 2011;1380:240-245.
41. Frankel F, Myatt R, Cantwell DP, Feinberg DT. Parent-assisted transfer of children's social skills training: effects on children with and without attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36:1056-1064.
42. Frankel F. Parent-assisted children's friendship training. In: Hibbs ED, Jensen PS, eds. Psychosocial Treatments for Child and Adolescent Disorders: Empirically Based Approaches. Vol 2. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2005:693-715.
43. Frankel F, Mogil C, Dillon AR. Parent-assisted social skills training to improve friendships in teens with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2008;39:596-606.
44. Sloan DM, Feinstein BA, Gallagher MW, Beck JG, Keane TM. Efficacy of group treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: a metaanalysis. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. American Psychological Association; 2011.
45. Hinshaw SP, Owens EB, Wells KC, et al. Family Processes and Treatment Outcome in the MTA: Negative/Ineffective Parenting Practices in Relation to Multimodal Treatment. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Springer; 2000:555-568.
46. Zinbarg RE, Barlow DH, Brown TA, Hertz RM. Cognitive-behavioral approaches to the nature and treatment of anxiety disorders. Ann Rev Psychol. 1992;43:235-267.
47. Hallion LS, Ruscio AM. A meta-analysis of the effect of cognitive bias modification on anxiety and depression. Psychol Bull. 2011;137:940-958.
48. Scheeren AM, Koot HM, Begeer S. Social interaction style of children and adolescents with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2012:1-10.
49. Tsakanikos E, Costello H, Holt G, Sturmey P, Bouras N. Behaviour management problems as predictors of psychotropic medication and use of psychiatric services in adults with autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2007;37:1080- 1085.
50. Sturaro C, Lier PAC van, Cuijpers P, Koot HM. The role of peer relationships in the development of early school-age externalizing problems. Child Dev. 2011;82:758-765.
51. Lecavalier, Leone S, Wiltz J. The impact of behaviour problems on caregiver stress in young people with autism spectrum disorders. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2006;50:172-183.
52. Lecavalier L. Behavioral and emotional problems in young people with pervasive developmental disorders: relative prevalence, effects of subject characteristics, and empirical classification. J Autism Dev Disord. 2006;36:1101-1114.
53. Kasari C, Rotheram-Fuller E. Peer relationships of children with autism: challenges and interventions. In: Hollander E, ed. Clinical Manual for the Treatment of Autism. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc; 2007.
54. Goldstein AP, McGinnis E. Skillstreaming the Adolescent: New Strategies and Perspectives for Teaching Prosocial Skills. Revised edition. Champaign, IL: Research Press; 1997:352.
55. Wright LA. Utilizing social stories to reduce problem behavior and increase pro-social behavior in young children with autism. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri; 2011.
56. Tse J, Strulovitch J, Tagalakis V, Meng L, Fombonne E. Social skills training for adolescents with Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2007;37:1960-1968.
57. Solomon M, Goodlin-Jones BL, Anders TF. A social adjustment enhancement intervention for high functioning autism, Asperger's syndrome, and pervasive developmental disorder NOS. J Autism Dev Disord. 2004;34:649-668.
58. Lopata C, Thomeer ML, Volker MA, Nida RE, Lee GK. Effectiveness of a manualized summer social treatment program for high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2008;38:890-904.
59. Laugeson EA, Frankel F, Gantman A, Dillon AR, Mogil C. Evidencebased social skills training for adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: The UCLA PEERS Program. J Autism Dev Disord. 2012;42:1025-1036.
60. Norcross JC. Empirically supported therapy relationships. In: Norcross JC, ed. Psychotherapy Relationships That Work : Evidence-Based Responsiveness. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press;2011:3-16.
61. Horvath AO, Del Re AC , Flückiger C, Symonds D. Alliance in individual psychotherapy. Psychotherapy. 2011;48:9-16.
62. Burlingame GM, McClendon DT, Alonso J. Cohesion in group therapy. Psychotherapy. 2011;48:34-42.
63. Friedlander ML, Escudero V, Heatherington L, Diamond GM. Alliance in couple and family therapy. Psychotherapy. 2011;48:35-33.
64. Shirk SR, Karver MS, Brown R. The alliance in child and adolescent psychotherapy. Psychotherapy. 2011;48:17-24.
65. McLeod BD. Relation of the alliance with outcomes in youth psychotherapy: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31:603-616.
66. Bordin ES. The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance. Psychother Theory Res Pract. 1979;16:252-260.
67. Flückiger C, Re AC Del, Wampold BE, Symonds D, Horvath AO. How central is the alliance in psychotherapy? A multilevel longitudinal metaanalysis. J Couns Psychol. 2011;59:10-17.
68. Shechtman Z, Katz E. Therapeutic bonding in group as an explanatory variable of progress in the social competence of students with learning disabilities. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice. 2007;11:117-128.
69. Lerner MD, Mikami AY, McLeod BD. The alliance in a friendship coaching intervention for parents of children with ADHD. Behav Ther. 2011;42:449-461.
70. Hare DJ, Flood AM. Approaching work with people with a diagnosis of Asperger's syndrome: some notes for the perplexed. Clin Psychol Forum. 2001;148:11-16.
71. Anderson S, Morris J. Cognitive behavior therapy for people with Asperger syndrome. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2006;34:293-303.
72. Gutstein SE. Empowering families through relationship developmental intervention: an important part of the biopsychosocial management of autism spectrum disorders. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2009;21:174-182.
73. Lerner MD, Levine K. The Spotlight Program: an integrative approach to teaching social pragmatics using dramatic principles and techniques. J Dev Proc. 2007;2:91-102.
74. Ramsay J, Brodkin E, Cohen M. "Better strangers": using the relationship in psychotherapy for adult patients with Asperger Syndrome. Psychother Theory Res Pract Training. 2005;42:483-493.
75. Lerner MD, Anthony M. The therapeutic alliance in a social skills intervention for adolescents with ASDs. Presented at: International Meeting for Autism Research. San Diego, CA; 2011.
76. Mesibov GB. Social skills training with verbal autistic adolescents and adults: a program model. J Autism Dev Disord. 1984;14:395-404.
77. McMahon SD, Washburn J, Felix ED, Yakin J, Childrey G. Violence prevention: program effects on urban preschool and kindergarten children. Appl Prevent Psychol. 2000;9:271-281.
78. Hambrick DZ, Meinz EJ. Limits on the predictive power of domain-specific experience and knowledge in skilled performance. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2011;20:275-279.
79. Kiesler DJ. Intrepid pursuit of the essential ingredients of psychotherapy. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2004;11:391-395.
80. McMillan D, Lee R. A systematic review of behavioral experiments vs. exposure alone in the treatment of anxiety disorders: a case of exposure while wearing the emperor's new clothes? Clin Psychol Rev. 2010;30:467-478.
81. Lerner MD, Mikami AY. A preliminary randomized controlled trial of two social skills interventions for youth with high functioning autism spectrum disorders. Focus Autism Other Devel Disabil. 2012;27:145-155.
82. Beckes L, Coan JA. Social baseline theory: the role of social proximity in emotion and economy of action. Soc Personal PsycholComp. 2011;5:976- 988.
83. Behrens TEJ, Hunt LT, Rushworth MFS. The computation of social behavior. Science. 2009;324:1160-1164.
84. Dawson G, Webb SJ, McPartland J. Understanding the nature of face processing impairment in autism: insights from behavioral and electrophysiological studies. Dev Neuropsychol. 2005;27:403-424.
85. Koegel RL, Mentis M. Motivation in childhood autism: can they or won't they? J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1985;26:185-191.
86. Scott-Van Zeeland A, Dapretto M, Ghahremani DG, Poldrack R, Bookheimer SY. Reward processing in autism. Autism Res. 2010;3:53-67.
87. Koegel RL, Vernon TW, Koegel LK. Improving social initiations in young children with autism using reinforcers with embedded social interactions. J Autism Dev Disord. 2009;39:1240-1251.
88. Lerner MD, Mikami AY, Levine K. Socio-dramatic affective-relational intervention for adolescents with asperger syndrome and high functioning autism: pilot study. Autism. 2011;15:21-42.
89. Legoff DB, Sherman M. Long-term outcome of social skills intervention based on interactive LEGO play. Autism. 2006;10:317-329.
90. McKone E, Kanwisher N, Duchaine BC. Can generic expertise explain special processing for faces? Trends Cogn Sci. 2007;11:8-15.
91. Rump KM, Giovannelli JL, Minshew NJ, Strauss MS. The development of emotion recognition in individuals with autism. Child Dev. 2009;80:1434- 1447.
92. Bal E, Harden E, Lamb D, et al. Emotion recognition in children with autism spectrum disorders: relations to eye gaze and autonomic state. J Autism Dev Disord. 2010;40:358-370.
93. McPartland J, Dawson G, Webb SJ, Panagiotides H, Carver LJ. Eventrelated brain potentials reveal anomalies in temporal processing of faces in autism spectrum disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatr. 2004;45:1235-1245.
94. Lerner MD, McPartland JC, Morris JP. Multimodal emotion processing in autism spectrum disorders: an event-related potential study. under review. Dev Cogn Neurosci. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2012.08.005.
95. McPartland JC, Wu J, Bailey CA, et al. Atypical neural specialization for social percepts in autism spectrum disorder. Soc Neurosci. 2011;6:436-451.
96. Faja S, Aylward E, Bernier R, Dawson G. Becoming a face expert: a computerized face-training program for high-functioning individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Dev Neuropsychol. 2008;33:1-24.
97. Faja S, Webb SJ, Jones E, et al. The effects of face expertise training on the behavioral performance and brain activity of adults with high functioning autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2012;42:278-293.
98. Kenworthy L, Yerys BE, Anthony LG, Wallace GL. Understanding executive control in autism spectrum disorders in the lab and in the real world. Neuropsychol Rev. 2008;18:320-338.
99. Laurent AC, Rubin E. Challenges in emotional regulation in Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism. Topics Lang Disord. 2004;24:286.
100. Mazefsky CA, Pelphrey KA, Dahl RE. The need for a broader approach to emotion regulation research in autism. Child Dev Perspect. 2012;6:92-97.
101. Bye L, Jussim L. A proposed model for the acquisition of social knowledge and social competence. Psychol Schools. 1993;30:143-161.
102. Gadow KD, DeVincent CJ, Pomeroy J. ADHD symptom subtypes in children with pervasive developmental disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2006;36:271-283.
103. Gillberg C, Billstedt E. Autism and Asperger syndrome: coexistence with other clinical disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scandinav. 2000;102:321-330.
104. Schonfeld AM, Paley B, Frankel F, O'Connor MJ. Executive functioning predicts social skills following prenatal alcohol exposure. Child Neuropsychol. 2006;12:439-452.
105. Jacobson LA, Williford AP, Pianta RC. The role of executive function in children's competent adjustment to middle school. Child Neuropsychol. 2011;17:255-280.
106. Mikami AY. The importance of friendship for youth with attentiondeficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2010;13:181-198.
107. Mikami AY, Lerner MD, Griggs MS, McGrath A, Calhoun CD. Parental influence on children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: II. Results of a pilot intervention training parents as friendship coaches for children. J Abn Child Psychol. 2010;38:737-749.
108. Diamond A, Lee K. Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old. Science. 2011;333:959-964.
109. White SW, Oswald D, Ollendick T, Scahill L. Anxiety in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Clin Psychol Rev. 2009;29:216- 229.
110. White SW, Roberson-Nay R. Anxiety, social deficits, and loneliness in youth with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2009;39:1006- 1013.
111. Wood JJ, Gadow KD. Exploring the nature and function of anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorders. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2010;17:281-292.
112. White SW, Scahill L, Ollendick TH. Multimodal treatment for anxiety and social skills difficulties in adolescents. In: Scarpa A, White SW, Attwood, eds. Cognitive Behavioral Interventions for Children and Adolescents with High Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders. New York, NY: Guilford Press. In press.
113. Mayes SD, Calhoun SL, Murray MJ, Zahid J. Variables associated with anxiety and depression in children with autism. J Dev Phys Disabil. 2011;23:325-337.
114. Wood JJ, Drahota A, Sze K, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized, controlled trial. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2009;50:224-234.
115. Sze K, Wood JJ, Jeffrey J. Enhancing CBT for the treatment of autism spectrum disorders and concurrent anxiety. Behavi Cogn Psychother. 2008;36:403-409.
116. Reaven J, Blakeley-Smith A, Nichols S, et al. Cognitive-behavioral group treatment for anxiety symptoms in children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders: a pilot study. Focus Autism Other Dev Disabil. 2009;24:27-37.
117. Sofronoff K, Attwood T, Hinton S. A randomised controlled trial of a CBT intervention for anxiety in children with Asperger syndrome. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2005;46:1152-1160.
118. Sze KM, Wood JJ. Enhancing CBT for the treatment of autism spectrum disorders and concurrent anxiety. Behavi Cogn Psychother. 2008;36:403-409.
119. White SW, Albano AM, Johnson CR, et al. Development of a cognitivebehavioral intervention program to treat anxiety and social deficits in teens with high-functioning autism. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2010;13:77-90.
120. Hobson RP, Lee A, Hobson JA. Qualities of symbolic play among children with autism: a social-developmental perspective. J Autism Dev Disord. 2009;39:12-22.
121. Mouchiroud C, Bernoussi A. An empirical study of the construct validity of social creativity. Learn Indiv Diff. 2008;18:372-380.
122. Hinshaw SP. The stigmatization of mental illness in children and parents: developmental issues, family concerns, and research needs. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2005;46:714-734.
123. Mikami AY, Lerner MD, Lun J. Social context influences on children's rejection by their peers. Child Dev Perspect. 2010;4:123-130.
124. Wright SS, Forsyth DR. Group membership and collective identity: consequences for self-esteem. J Social Clin Psychol. 1997;16:43-56.
125. Cramer D. Acceptance and need for approval as moderators of selfesteem and satisfaction with a romantic relationship or closest friendship. J Psychol. 2003;137:495-506.
126. Brownlow C, O'Dell L. Constructing an autistic identity: AS voices online. Ment Retard. 2007;44:315-321.
127. Cimera RE, Wehman P, West M, Burgess S. Do sheltered workshops enhance employment outcomes for adults with autism spectrum disorder? Autism. 2011;16:87-94.
128. Kasari C, Rotheram-Fuller E, Locke J, Gulsrud A. Making the connection: randomized controlled trial of social skills at school for children with autism spectrum disorders. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2011;53:431-439.
129. Herbrecht E, Poustka F, Birnkammer S, et al. Pilot evaluation of the Frankfurt Social Skills Training for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;18:327-35.
130. McPartland JC, Webb SJ, Keehn B, Dawson G. Patterns of visual attention to faces and objects in autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2011;41:148-157.
131. Zilbovicius M, Meresse I, Boddaert N. Neuroimaging in autism. Clin Neuropsychiatry. 2005;2:389-396.
132. Bryck RL, Fisher PA. Training the brain: Practical applications of neural plasticity from the intersection of cognitive neuroscience, developmental psychology, and prevention science. Am Psychol. 2011;67:87-100.
133. Westen D, Novotny CM, Thompson-Brenner H. The empirical status of empirically supported psychotherapies: assumptions, findings, and reporting in controlled clinical trials. Psychol Bull. 2004;130:631-663.
134. Piven J, Palmer P, Jacobi D, Childress D, Arndt S. Broader autism phenotype: evidence from a family history study of multiple-incidence autism families. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154:185-190.