The pathologic and clinical intersection of atopic and autoimmune disease

Current Allergy and Asthma Reports

Volumn 12, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 520-529

  Shah, Ankoor ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Atopic disease; Atopy; Autoimmune disease; Autoimmunity; B regulatory cells; IgE autoantibodies; Immunotherapy; Mast cells; Omalizumab; Th1; Th17; Th2; Thymic stromal lymphopoietin; Tregulatory cells

Indexed keywords

GAMMA INTERFERON; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 18; INTERLEUKIN 4; OMALIZUMAB; STAT1 PROTEIN; STAT4 PROTEIN; TOCILIZUMAB; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR GATA 3; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ALLERGIC ASTHMA; ALLERGIC REACTION; ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ATOPIC DERMATITIS; ATOPY; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; AUTOIMMUNITY; B LYMPHOCYTE; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; COMORBIDITY; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; FOOD ALLERGY; HUMAN; HYPERSENSITIVITY; IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE; IMMUNOREACTIVITY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; MOLECULARLY TARGETED THERAPY; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REGULATORY T LYMPHOCYTE; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; TH1 CELL; TH17 CELL; TH2 CELL;

ANIMALS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; AUTOIMMUNITY; B-LYMPHOCYTES; COMORBIDITY; HUMANS; HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE; IMMUNE TOLERANCE; IMMUNITY, HUMORAL; T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER; T-LYMPHOCYTES, REGULATORY;

EID: 84870605337     PISSN: 15297322     EISSN: 15346315     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11882-012-0293-0     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. Lilja G, Wickman M. Allergy-atopy-hypersensitivity-a matter of definition. Allergy. 1998;53:1011-2.
2. Mackay IR, Anderson WH. What's in a name? Experimental encephalomyelitis: 'Allergic' or 'autoimmune'. J Neuroimmunol. 2010;223:1-4.
3. Witebsky E, Rose NR, Terplan K, Paine JR, Egan RW. Chronic thyroiditis and autoimmunization. J AmMed Assoc 1957;164:1439-1447.
4. Macaubas C, Lee PT, Smallacombe TB, Holt BJ, Wee C, Sly PD, Holt PG. Reciprocal patterns of allergen-induced GATA-3 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from atopics vs. non-atopics. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2002;32:97-106. (Pubitemid 34226935)
5. Yamada H, Nakashima Y, Okazaki K, Mawatari T, Fukushi J-I, Oyamada A, Fujimura K, Iwamoto Y, Yoshikai Y. Preferential accumulation of activated Th1 cells not only in rheumatoid arthritis but also in osteoarthritis joints. J Rheumatol. 2011;38:1569-75.
6. Sun J, Wong B, Cundall M, Goncharova S, Conway M, Dalrymple A, Coyle AJ,Waserman S, Jordana M. Immunoreactivity profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with ragweedinduced allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2007;37:901-8. (Pubitemid 47074554)
7. Bartemes KR, Kita H. Dynamic role of epithelium-derived cytokines in asthma. Clin Immunol. 2012;143:222-35.
8. Brandt EB, Sivaprasad U. Th2 Cytokines and Atopic Dermatitis. J Clin Cell Immunol 2011;2.
9. Grund LZ, Komegae EN, Lopes-Ferreira M, Lima C. IL-5 and IL-17A are critical for the chronic IgE response and differentiation of long-lived antibody-secreting cells in inflamed tissues. Cytokine. 2012;59:335-51.
10. Hayashi T, Murase A. Polarization Toward Th1-Type Response in Active, but Not in Inactive, Lupus Inhibits Late Allergic Rhinitis in Lupus-Prone Female NZB × NZWF1 Mice. Inflammation 2012; doi:10.1007/s10753-012-9494-x.
11. Hubner MP, Shi Y, Torrero MN, Mueller E, Larson D, Soloviova K, Gondorf F, Hoerauf A, Killoran KE, Stocker JT, et al. Helminth Protection against Autoimmune Diabetes in Nonobese Diabetic Mice Is Independent of a Type 2 Immune Shift and Requires TGF. J Immunol. 2012;188:559-68.
12. Walsh KP, Brady MT, Finlay CM, Boon L, Mills KHG. Infection with a Helminth Parasite Attenuates Autoimmunity through TGF - Mediated Suppression of Th17 and Th1 Responses. J Immunol. 2009;183:1577-86.
13. Kabashima-Kubo R, Nakamura M, Sakabe J-I, Sugita K, Hino R, Mori T, Kobayashi M, Bito T, Kabashima K, Ogasawara K, et al. A group of atopic dermatitis without IgE elevation or barrier impairment shows a high Th1 frequency: Possible immunological state of the intrinsic type. J Dermatol Sci. 2012;67:37-43.
14. Tokura Y. Extrinsic and intrinsic types of atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci. 2010;58:1-7.
15. Valenta R, Duchêne M, Pettenburger K, Sillaber C, Valent P, Bettelheim P, Breitenbach M, Rumpold H, Kraft D, Scheiner O. Identification of profilin as a novel pollen allergen; IgE autoreactivity in sensitized individuals. Science. 1991;253:557-60. (Pubitemid 21917187)
16. Balaji H, Heratizadeh A, Wichmann K, Niebuhr M, Crameri R, Scheynius A, Werfel T. Malassezia sympodialis thioredoxinspecific T cells are highly cross-reactive to human thioredoxin in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128:92-99.e4.
17. Heratizadeh A, Mittermann I, Balaji H, Wichmann K, Niebuhr M, Valenta R, Werfel T. The role of T-cell reactivity towards the autoantigen α-NAC in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2011;164:316-24.
18. Bünder R, Mittermann I, Herz U, Focke M, Wegmann M, Valenta R, Renz H. Induction of autoallergy with an environmental allergen mimicking a self protein in a murine model of experimental allergic asthma. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2004;114:422-8. (Pubitemid 39119047)
19. Gerli R, Bistoni O, Russano A, Fiorucci S, Borgato L, Cesarotti MEF, Lunardi C. In vivo activated T cells in rheumatoid synovitis. Analysis of Th1-and Th2-type cytokine production at clonal level in different stages of disease. Clin Exp Immunol. 2002;129:549-55. (Pubitemid 35024926)
20. Chaplin DD. Overview of the immune response. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2010;125:S3-23.
21. Cua DJ, Sherlock J, Chen Y, Murphy CA, Joyce B, Seymour B, Lucian L, To W, Kwan S, Churakova T, et al. Interleukin-23 rather than interleukin-12 is the critical cytokine for autoimmune inflammation of the brain. Nature. 2003;421:744-8. (Pubitemid 36227625)
22. Langrish CL, Chen Y, Blumenschein WM, Mattson J, Basham B, Sedgwick JD, McClanahan T, Kastelein RA, Cua DJ. IL-23 drives a pathogenic T cell population that induces autoimmune inflammation. J Exp Med. 2005;201:233-40. (Pubitemid 40189432)
23. Hot A, Miossec P. Effects of interleukin (IL)-17A and IL-17 F in human rheumatoid arthritis synoviocytes. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70:727-32.
24. Ankathatti Munegowda M, Deng Y, Chibbar R, Xu Q, Freywald A, Mulligan SJ, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S, Sun D, Xiong S, Xiang J. A distinct role of CD4+ Th17-and Th17-stimulated CD8+ CTL in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Clin Immunol. 2011;31:811-26.
25. Martin DA, Towne JE, Kricorian G, Klekotka P, Gudjonsson JE, Krueger JG, Russell CB. The Emerging Role of IL-17 in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis: Preclinical and Clinical Findings. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2012;doi:10.1038/jid. 2012.194.
26. Alunno A, Bartoloni E, Bistoni O, Nocentini G, Ronchetti S, Caterbi S, Valentini V, Riccardi C, Gerli R. Balance between Regulatory T and Th17 Cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: The Old and the New. Clin Dev Immunol. 2012;2012:823085.
27. Shen Y, Hu G-H, Yang Y-C, Ke X, Tang X-Y, Hong S-L. Allergen induced Th17 response in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with nasal polyposis. Int Immunopharmacol. 2012;12:235-40.
28. Milner JD. IL-17 producing cells in host defense and atopy. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 2011;23:784-788.
29. Gutowska-Owsiak D, Schaupp AL, Salimi M, Selvakumar TA, McPherson T, Taylor S, Ogg GS. IL-17 downregulates filaggrin and affects keratinocyte expression of genes associated with cellular adhesion. Exp Dermatol. 2012;21:104-10.
30. Oyoshi MK, Murphy GF, Geha RS. Filaggrin-deficient mice exhibit TH17-dominated skin inflammation and permissiveness to epicutaneous sensitization with protein antigen. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124:485-493.e1.
31. Kudo M, Melton AC, Chen C, Engler MB, Huang KE, Ren X, Wang Y, Bernstein X, Li JT, Atabai K, et al. IL-17A produced by αβ T cells drives airway hyper-responsiveness in mice and enhances mouse and human airway smooth muscle contraction. Nature Medicine. 2012;18:547-54.
32. Milner JD, Brenchley JM, Laurence A, Freeman AF, Hill BJ, Elias KM, Kanno Y, Spalding C, Elloumi HZ, Paulson ML, et al. Impaired T(H)17 cell differentiation in subjects with autosomal dominant hyper-IgE syndrome. Nature. 2008;452:773-6. (Pubitemid 351521078)
33. Quan S-H, Zhang Y-L, Han DH, Iwakura Y, Rhee C-S. Contribution of interleukin 17A to the development and regulation of allergic inflammation in a murine allergic rhinitis model. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2012;108:342-50.
34. Milovanovic M, Drozdenko G, Weise C, Babina M, Worm M. Interleukin-17A promotes IgE production in human B cells. J Invest Dermatol. 2010;130:2621-8.
35. d'Hennezel E, Ben-Shoshan M, Ochs HD, Torgerson TR, Russell LJ, Lejtenyi C, Noya FJ, Jabado N, Mazer B, Piccirillo CA. FOXP3 forkhead domain mutation and regulatory T cells in the IPEX syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1710-3.
36. Josefowicz SZ, Niec RE, Kim HY, Treuting P, Chinen T, Zheng Y, Umetsu DT, Rudensky AY. Extrathymically generated regulatory T cells control mucosal TH2 inflammation. Nature. 2012;482:395-9.
37. Kong N, Lan Q, Chen M, Wang J, Shi W, Horwitz DA, Quesniaux V, Ryffel B, Liu Z, Brand D, et al. Antigen-specific TGF-β-induced regulatory T cells but not natural Tregs ameliorate autoimmune arthritis by shifting the balance of Th17 toward Treg cells. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2012;doi:10.1002/art.34513.
38. Suurmond J, Schuerwegh AJM, Toes REM. Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis: a functional role for mast cells and basophils? Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70 Suppl 1:i55-8.
39. Hoppu S, Ronkainen MS, Kulmala P, Akerblom HK, Knip M. Childhood Diabetes in Finland Study Group: GAD65 antibody isotypes and epitope recognition during the prediabetic process in siblings of children with type I diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol. 2004;136:120-8. (Pubitemid 38437774)
40. Metcalfe R, Jordan N, Watson P, Gullu S, Wiltshire M, Crisp M, Evans C, Weetman A, Ludgate M. Demonstration of immunoglobulin G, A, and E autoantibodies to the human thyrotropin receptor using flow cytometry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:1754-61. (Pubitemid 34615265)
41. Mikol DD, Ditlow C, Usatin D, Biswas P, Kalbfleisch J, Milner A, Calenoff E. Serum IgE reactive against small myelin proteinderived peptides is increased in multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuroimmunol. 2006;180:40-9. (Pubitemid 44692321)
42. Bonfield TL, Ross KR. Asthma heterogeneity and therapeutic options from the clinic to the bench. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;12:60-7.
43. Liu M, Subramanian V, Christie C, Castro M, Mohanakumar T. Immune responses to self-antigens in asthma patients: clinical and immunopathological implications. HIM 2012;73:511-516.
44. Hoshino M, Nakamura Y, Sim J, Shimojo J, Isogai S. Bronchial subepithelial fibrosis and expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in asthmatic airway inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;102:783-8. (Pubitemid 28543528)
45. Finnegan A, Kaplan CD, Cao Y, Eibel H, Glant TT, Zhang J. Collagen-induced arthritis is exacerbated in IL-10-deficient mice. Arthritis Research & Therapy. 2003;5:R18-24.
46. Li X, Braun J, Wei B. Regulatory B cells in autoimmune diseases and mucosal immune homeostasis. Autoimmunity. 2011;44:58-68.
47. Davidson NJ, Fort MM, Müller W, Leach MW, Rennick DM. Chronic colitis in IL-10-/- mice: insufficient counter regulation of a Th1 response. Int Rev Immunol. 2000;19:91-121. (Pubitemid 30146945)
48. Bettelli E, Nicholson LB, Kuchroo VK. IL-10, a key effector regulatory cytokine in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Autoimmun. 2003;20:265-7. (Pubitemid 36677515)
49. Yang M, Deng J, Liu Y, Ko K-H, Wang X, Jiao Z, Wang S, Hua Z, Sun L, Srivastava G, et al. IL-10-Producing Regulatory B10 Cells Ameliorate Collagen-Induced Arthritis via Suppressing Th17 Cell Generation. Am J Pathol. 2012;180:2375-85.
50. Carter NA, Rosser EC, Mauri C. Interleukin-10 produced by B cells is crucial for the suppression of Th17/Th1 responses, induction of T regulatory type 1 cells and reduction of collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Research & Therapy. 2012;14:R32.
51. Singh A, Carson WF, Secor ER, Guernsey LA, Flavell RA, Clark RB, Thrall RS, Schramm CM. Regulatory role of B cells in a murine model of allergic airway disease. J Immunol. 2008;180:7318-26.
52. Lee JH, Noh J, Noh G, Choi WS, Cho S, Lee SS. Allergen-specific transforming growth factor-β-producing CD19+CD5+ regulatory B-cell (Br3) responses in human late eczematous allergic reactions to cow's milk. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2011;31:441-9.
53. Griffin DO, Rothstein TL. Human "orchestrator" CD11b(+) B1 cells spontaneously secrete IL-10 and regulate T cell activity. Mol Med 2012;doi:10.2119/molmed.2012.00203.
54. Roan F, Bell BD, Stoklasek TA, Kitajima M, Han H, Ziegler SF. The multiple facets of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) during allergic inflammation and beyond. J Leukoc Biol. 2012;91:877-86.
55. Wang Y-H, Ito T, Wang Y-H, Homey B, Watanabe N, Martin R, Barnes CJ, McIntyre BW, Gilliet M, Kumar R, et al. Maintenance and polarization of human TH2 central memory T cells by thymic stromal lymphopoietin-activated dendritic cells. Immunity. 2006;24:827-38. (Pubitemid 43867361)
56. Soumelis V, Reche PA, Kanzler H, Yuan W, Edward G, Homey B, Gilliet M, Ho S, Antonenko S, Lauerma A, et al. Human epithelial cells trigger dendritic cell mediated allergic inflammation by producing TSLP. Nat Immunol. 2002;3:673-80. (Pubitemid 34752477)
57. Oyoshi MK, Larson RP, Ziegler SF, Geha RS. Mechanical injury polarizes skin dendritic cells to elicit a T(H)2 response by inducing cutaneous thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2010;126:976-84-984. e1-5.
58. Jiang H, Hener P, Li J, Li M. Skin thymic stromal lymphopoietin promotes airway sensitization to inhalant house dust mites leading to allergic asthma in mice. Allergy 2012;doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2012.02857.x.
59. Hartgring SAY, Willis CR, Dean CE, Broere F, van Eden W, Bijlsma JWJ, Lafeber FPJG, van Roon JAG. Critical proinflammatory role of thymic stromal lymphopoietin and its receptor in experimental autoimmune arthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2011;63:1878-1887.
60. Bogiatzi SI, Guillot-Delost M, Cappuccio A, Bichet J-C, Chouchane-Mlik O, Donnadieu M-H, Barillot E, Hupé P, Chlichlia K, Efremidou EI, et al. Multiple-checkpoint inhibition of thymic stromal lymphopoietin-induced T(H)2 response by T(H)17-related cytokines. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;130:233-240.e5.
61. Stone KD, Prussin C, Metcalfe DD. IgE, mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125:S73-80.
62. Nagarkar DR, Poposki JA, Comeau MR, Biyasheva A, Avila PC, Schleimer RP, Kato A. Airway epithelial cells activate T(H)2 cytokine production in mast cells through IL-1 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;130:225-232.e4.
63. Lock C, Hermans G, Pedotti R, Brendolan A, Schadt E, Garren H, Langer-Gould A, Strober S, Cannella B, Allard J, et al. Genemicroarray analysis of multiple sclerosis lesions yields new targets validated in autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Nature Medicine. 2002;8:500-8. (Pubitemid 34546753)
64. Sayed BA, Walker ME, Brown MA. Cutting Edge: Mast Cells Regulate Disease Severity in a Relapsing-Remitting Model of Multiple Sclerosis. J Immunol. 2011;186:3294-8.
65. Brown MA. Mast cells are important modifiers of autoimmune disease: with so much evidence, why is there still controversy? 2012, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2012. 00147/abstract.
66. Suurmond J, Dorjée AL, Boon MR, Knol EF, Huizinga TW, Toes RE, Schuerwegh AJ. Mast cells are the main interleukin 17-positive cells in anticitrullinated protein antibody-positive and - negative rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis synovium. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2011;13:R150.
67. Schuerwegh AJM, Ioan-Facsinay A, Dorjée AL, Roos J, Bajema IM, van der Voort EIH, Huizinga TWJ, Toes REM. Evidence for a functional role of IgE anticitrullinated protein antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107:2586-91.
68. Robbie-Ryan M, Tanzola MB, Secor VH, Brown MA. Cutting edge: both activating and inhibitory Fc receptors expressed on mast cells regulate experimental allergic encephalomyelitis disease severity. J Immunol. 2003;170:1630-4. (Pubitemid 36197375)
69. Ganeshan K, Bryce PJ. Regulatory T cells enhance mast cell production of IL-6 via surface-bound TGF-β. J Immunol. 2012;188:594-603.
70. Jönsson F, Mancardi DA, Zhao W, Kita Y, Iannascoli B, Khun H, van Rooijen N, Shimizu T, Schwartz LB, Daëron M, et al. Human FcγRIIA induces anaphylactic and allergic reactions. Blood. 2012;119:2533-44.
71. Jönsson F, Mancardi DA, Kita Y, Karasuyama H, Iannascoli B, van Rooijen N, Shimizu T, Daëron M, Bruhns P. Mouse and human neutrophils induce anaphylaxis. J Clin Invest. 2011;121:1484-96.
72. Falanga YT, Chaimowitz NS, Charles N, Finkelman FD, Pullen NA, Barbour S, Dholaria K, Faber T, Kolawole M, Huang B, et al. Lyn but Not Fyn Kinase Controls IgG-Mediated Systemic Anaphylaxis. J Immunol. 2012;188:4360-8.
73. Sheikh A, Smeeth L, Hubbard R. There is no evidence of an inverse relationship between TH2-mediated atopy and TH1-mediated autoimmune disorders: Lack of support for the hygiene hypothesis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2003;111:131-135. (Pubitemid 36143303)
74. O'Driscoll BR, Milburn HJ, Kemeny DM, Cochrane GM, Panayi GS. Atopy and rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Allergy. 1985;15:547-53. (Pubitemid 16223237)
75. Verhoef CM, van Roon JA, Vianen ME, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, Lafeber FP, Bijlsma JW. Mutual antagonism of rheumatoid arthritis and hay fever; a role for type 1/type 2 T cell balance. Ann Rheum Dis. 1998;57:275-80. (Pubitemid 28351094)
76. Rudwaleit M, Andermann B, Alten R, Sörensen H, Listing J, Zink A, Sieper J, Braun J. Atopic disorders in ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002;61:968-74. (Pubitemid 35221683)
77. Bergamaschi R, Villani S, Crabbio M, Ponzio M, Romani A, Verri A, Bargiggia V, Cosi V. Inverse relationship between multiple sclerosis and allergic respiratory diseases. Neurol Sci. 2009;30:115-8.
78. Confino-Cohen R, Chodick G, Shalev V, Leshno M, Kimhi O, Goldberg A. Chronic urticaria and autoimmunity: Associations found in a large population study. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2012;129:1307-1313
79. Kitaba S, Matsui S, Iimuro E, Nishioka M, Kijima A, Umegaki N, Murota H, Katayama I. Four cases of atopic dermatitis complicated by Sjögren's syndrome: link between dry skin and autoimmune anhidrosis. Allergol Int. 2011;60:387-91.
80. Matsui S, Kitaba S, Itoi S, Kijima A, Murota H, Tani M, Katayama I. A case of disseminated DLE complicated by atopic dermatitis and Sjögren's syndrome: link between hypohidrosis and skin manifestations. Mod Rheumatol. 2011;21:101-5.
81. Lina C, Conghua W, Nan L, Ping Z. Combined Treatment of Etanercept and MTX Reverses Th1/Th2, Th17/Treg Imbalance in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Clin Immunol. 2011;31:596-605.
82. Machado P, Santos A, Pereira C, Silva J, Chieira C, Malcata A. Increased prevalence of allergic sensitisation in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with anti-TNFalpha. Joint Bone Spine. 2009;76:508-13.
83. Iwasaki M, Saito K, Takemura M, Sekikawa K, Fujii H, Yamada Y, Wada H, Mizuta K, Seishima M, Ito Y. TNF-alpha contributes to the development of allergic rhinitis in mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;112:134-40. (Pubitemid 36819818)
84. Mo J-H, Kang E-K, Quan S-H, Rhee C-S, Lee CH, Kim DY. Antitumor necrosis factor-alpha treatment reduces allergic responses in an allergic rhinitis mouse model. Allergy. 2011;66:279-86.
85. Chan JL, Davis-Reed L, Kimball AB. Counter-regulatory balance: atopic dermatitis in patients undergoing infliximab infusion therapy. J Drugs Dermatol. 2004;3:315-8.
86. Linhart B, Bigenzahn S, Hartl A, Lupinek C, Thalhamer J, Valenta R, Wekerle T. Costimulation blockade inhibits allergic sensitization but does not affect established allergy in a murine model of grass pollen allergy. J Immunol. 2007;178:3924-31. (Pubitemid 46417663)
87. Navarini AA, French LE, Hofbauer GFL. Interrupting IL-6-receptor signaling improves atopic dermatitis but associates with bacterial superinfection. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128:1128-30.
88. Corren J, Busse W, Meltzer EO, Mansfield L, Bensch G, Fahrenholz J, Wenzel SE, Chon Y, Dunn M, Weng HH, et al. A randomized, controlled, phase 2 study of AMG 317, an IL-4Ralpha antagonist, in patients with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;181:788-96.
89. Corren J. Anti-interleukin-5 antibody therapy in asthma and allergies. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;11:565-70.
90. Piper E, Brightling C, Niven R, Oh C, Faggioni R, Poon K, She D, Kell C, May RD, Geba GP, et al. A phase 2 placebo-controlled study of tralokinumab in moderate-to-severe asthma. Eur Respir J 2012;doi:10.1183/09031936.00223411.
91. Park S-Y, Choi M-R, Na J-I, Youn S-W, Park K-C, Huh C-H. Recalcitrant atopic dermatitis treated with omalizumab. Ann Dermatol. 2010;22:349-52.
92. Sampson HA, Leung DYM, Burks AW, Lack G, Bahna SL, Jones SM, Wong DA. A phase II, randomized, double blind, parallel group, placebo controlled oral food challenge trial of Xolair (omalizumab) in peanut allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127:1309-10.e1.
93. Kamin W, Kopp MV, Erdnuess F, Schauer U, Zielen S, Wahn UO. Safety of anti-IgE treatment with omalizumab in children with seasonal allergic rhinitis undergoing specific immunotherapy simultaneously. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2010;21:e160-5.
94. Büyüköztürk S, Gelincik A, Demirtürk M, Kocaturk E, Colakoǧlu B, Dal M. Omalizumab markedly improves urticaria activity scores and quality of life scores in chronic spontaneous urticaria patients: A real life survey. J Dermatol. 2012;39:439-42.
95. Pevec B, Radulovicpevec M, Stipicmarkovic A, Batista I, Rijavec M, Silar M, Kosnik M, Korosec P. House dust mite-specific immunotherapy alters the basal expression of t regulatory and FcεRI pathway genes. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2012;159:287-96.
96. Assier E, Semerano L, Duvallet E, Delavallée L, Bernier E, Laborie M, Grouard-Vogel G, Larcier P, Bessis N, BoissierM-C. Modulation of anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) antibody secretion in mice immunized with TNF-α kinoid. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2012;19:699-703.
97. Röcken M, Schallreuter K, Renz H, Szentivanyi A. What exactly is "atopy"? Exp Dermatol. 1998;7:97-104.