Human evolution and the archaeology of the social brain

Current Anthropology

Volumn 53, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 693-722

  Gowlett, John ^a   Gamble, Clive ^b   Dunbar, Robin ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84870559580     PISSN: 00113204     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/667994     Document Type: Article

References (312)

1. Abbott, D. H., E. B. Keverne, G. F. Moore, and U. Yodyinguad. 1986. Social suppression of reproduction in subordinate talapoin monkeys, Miopithecus talapoin. In Primate ontogeny. J. Else and P. C. Lee, eds. Pp. 329-341. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2. Aiello, L., and R. Dunbar. 1993. Neocortex size, group size and the evolution of language. Current Anthropology 34:184-193.
3. Aiello, L., and P. Wheeler. 1995. The expensive-tissue hypothesis: the brain and the digestive system in human and primate evolution. Current Anthropology 36:199-221.
4. Allen, N. J. 1998. Effervescence and the origins of human society. In On Durkheim's elementary forms of religious life. N. J. Allen, W. S. F. Pickering, and W. Watts Miller, eds. Pp. 149-161. London: Routledge.
5. Alperson-Afil, N. 2008. Continual fire-making by hominins at Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel. Quaternary Science Reviews 27:1733-1739.
6. Alperson-Afil, N., G. Sharon, M. Kislev, Y. Melamed, I. Zohar, S. Ashkenazi, R. Rabinovich, et al. 2009. Spatial organization of hominin activities at Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel. Science 326:1677-1680.
7. Amati, D., and T. Shallice. 2007. On the emergence of modern humans. Cognition 103:358-385. [LW]
8. Ambrose, S. H. 1998. Chronology of the Later Stone Age and food production in East Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 25:377-392.
9. Arbib, M. A. 2011. From mirror neurons to complex imitation in the evolution of language and tool use. Annual Review of Anthropology 40: 257-273. [OB-Y]
10. Aron, A., E. N. Aron, and D. Smollan. 1992. Inclusion of other in the self scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63:596-612.
11. Atkinson, Q. D. 2011. Phonemic diversity supports a serial founder effect model of language expansion from Africa. Science 332:346-349.
12. Audouze, F. 1987. Des modèles et des faits: les modèles de A. Leroi-Gourhan et L. Binford confrontés aux résultats récents. Bulletin de la Société Pré-historique Française 85:343-352.
13. Aureli, F., C. Schaffner, C. Boesch, S. Bearder, J. Call, C. Chapman, R. Connor, et al. 2008. Fission-fusion dynamics: new research frameworks. Current Anthropology 49:627-654.
14. Barkai, R., A. Gopher, S. E. Lauritzen, and A. Frumkin. 2003. Uranium series dates from Qesem Cave, Israel, and the end of the Lower Paleolithic. Nature 423:977-979.
15. Barkai, R., A. Gopher, and R. Shimelmitz. 2005. Middle Pleistocene blade production in the Levant: an Amudian assemblage from Qesem Cave, Israel. Eurasian Prehistory 3:39-74.
16. Barkow, J. H., L. Cosmides, and J. Tooby, eds. 1992. The adapted mind: evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. New York: Oxford University Press.
17. Barnard, A. 2011. Social anthropology and human origins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [PP]
18. Barnard, A. 2012. Genesis of symbolic thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [AB]
19. Barrett, L., P. Henzi, and R. Dunbar. 2003. Primate cognition: from "what now?" to "what if?" Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7:484-497.
20. Bar-Yosef, O. 2001. From sedentary foragers to village hierarchies: the emergence of social institutions. Proceedings of the British Academy 110:1-38.
21. Bar-Yosef, O. 2002. The Upper Palaeolithic revolution. Annual Review of Anthropology 31:363-393.
22. Bar-Yosef, O., and S. Kuhn. 1999. The big deal about blades: laminar technologies and human evolution. American Anthropologist 101:322-338.
23. Bar-Yosef, O., and Y. Wang. 2012. Paleolithic archaeology in China. Annual Review of Anthropology 41:319-335. [OB-Y]
24. Beck, R. A., ed. 2007. The durable house: house society models in archaeology. Occasional Paper 35. Carbondale: Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University.
25. Bellwood, P. 2005. First farmers: the origins of agricultural societies. Oxford: Blackwell.
26. Berscheid, E., M. Snyder, and A. M. Omoto. 1989. The relationship closeness inventory: assessing the closeness of interpersonal relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57:792-807.
27. Bettinger, R. 1991. Hunter-gatherers: archaeological and evolutionary theory. New York: Plenum.
28. Binford, L. R. 1978. Dimensional analysis of behaviour and site structure: learning from an Eskimo hunting stand. American Antiquity 43:330-361.
29. Binford, L. R. 1981. Bones: ancient men and modern myth. New York: Academic Press. [TW]
30. Binford, L. R. 1983. In pursuit of the past. London: Thames & Hudson.
31. Binford, L. R. 1985. Human ancestors: changing views of their behavior. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 4:292-327. [TW]
32. Bischoff, J. L., D. D. Shamp, A. Aramburu, J. L. Arsuaga, E. Carbonell, and J. M. Bermúdez de Castro. 2003. The Sima de los Huesos hominids date to beyond U/Th equilibrium (1350 kyr) and perhaps to 400-500 kyr: new radiometric dates. Journal of Archaeological Science 30:275-280.
33. +∞-66 kyrs: implications for the evolution of the early Neanderthal lineage. Journal of Archaeological Science 34:763-770.
34. Blumenschine, R. J., C. R. Peters, F. T. Masao, R. J. Clarke, A. L. Deino, R. L. Hay, C. C. Swisher, et al. 2003. Late Pliocene Homo and hominid land use from western Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Science 299:1217-1221.
35. Blumenschine, R., and B. Pobiner. 2007. Zooarchaeology and the ecology of Oldowan hominin carnivory. In Evolution of the human diet: the known, the unknown, and the unknowable. P. Ungar, ed. Pp. 167-190. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [TW]
36. Boëda, E., S. Bonilauri, J. Connan, D. Jarvie, N. Mercier, M. Tobey, H. Valladas, H. Al Sakhel, and S. Muhesen. 2008. Middle Palaeolithic bitumen use at Umm el Tlel around 70 000 BP. Antiquity 82:853-861. [LW]
37. Boric, D. 2007. The house between grand narrative and microhistory: a house society in the Balkans. In The durable house: house society models in archaeology. R. A. Beck, ed. Occasional Paper 35. Pp. 97-129. Carbondale: Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University.
38. Botha, R. 2008. Prehistoric shell beads as a window on language evolution. Language and Communication 28:197-212. [LW]
39. Bouzouggar, A., N. Barton, M. Vanhaeren, F. d'Errico, S. N. Collcut, T. F. G. Higham, E. Hodge, et al. 2007. 82,000-year-old shell beads from North Africa and implications for the origins of modern human behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 104:9964-9969.
40. Bowman, L. A., S. R. Dilley, and E. B. Keverne. 1978. Suppression of oestrogeninduced LH surges by social subordination in talapoin monkeys. Nature 275:56-58.
41. Brace, C. L. 1964. The fate of the "classic" Neanderthals: a consideration of hominid catastrophism. Current Anthropology 5:3-43.
42. Brain, C. K. 2005. Essential attributes of any technologically competent animal. In From tools to symbols: from early hominids to modern humans. F. d'Errico and L. Backwell, eds. Pp. 38-51. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.
43. Brain, C. K., and A. Sillen. 1988. Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for the earliest use of fire. Nature 336:464-466.
44. Braun, D., T. Plummer, J. Ferraro, P. Ditchfield, and L. Bishop. 2008. Raw material quality and Oldowan hominin toolstone preferences: evidence from Kanjera South, Kenya. Journal of Archaeological Science 36:1605-1614. [TW]
45. Bronowski, J. 1973. The ascent of man. London: BBC.
46. Brown, K., C. W. Marean, A. I. R. Herries, Z. Jacobs, C. Tribolo, D. Braun, D. L. Roberts, M. C. Meyer, and J. Bernatchez. 2009. Fire as an engineering tool of early modern humans. Science 325:859-862. [LW]
47. Brumm, A., and M. W. Moore. 2005. Symbolic revolutions and the Australian archaeological record. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 15:157-175.
48. Bunn, H., and E. Kroll. 1986. Systematic butchery by Plio/Pleistocene hominids at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Current Anthropology 27:431-452. [TW]
49. Byrd, B. F. 1994. Public and private, domestic and corporate: the emergence of the Southwest Asian village. American Antiquity 59:639-666.
50. Byrd, B. F. 2005. Reassessing the emergence of village life in the Near East. Journal of Archaeological Research 13:231-290.
51. Byrne, R. W., and A. Whiten, eds. 1988. Machiavellian intelligence: social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys. Oxford: Clarendon.
52. Carbonell, E. 1992. Abric Romani nivell H: un model d'estraregia ocupacional al plistoce superior mediterrani. ESTRAT: Revista d'Arquelogia, Prehistoria i Historia Antiga 5:157-308.
53. Carbonell, E., M. Mosquera, A. Ollé, X. P. Rodríguez, R. Sala, J. M. Vergès, J. L. Arsuaga, and J. M. Bermúdez de Castro. 2003. Les premiers comportments funéraires auraient-ils pris place à Atapuerca, il y a 350,000 ans? L'Anthropologie 107:1-14.
54. Cartmill, E. A., and R. W. Byrne. 2007. Orangutans modify their gestural signaling according to their audience's comprehension. Current Biology 17: 1345-1348.
55. Cauvin, J. 1978. Les prémiers villages de Syrie-Palestine du IXème au VIIème Millénaire avant J.C. Lyon: Maison de l'Orient.
56. Cauvin, J. 2000. The birth of the gods and the origins of agriculture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
57. Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., and F. Cavalli-Sforza. 1995. The great human diasporas: the history of diversity and evolution. Reading, MA: Perseus.
58. Childe, V. G. 1935. Changing methods and aims in prehistory. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 1:1-15.
59. Childe, V. G. 1942. What happened in history. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
60. Clark, J. D. 1959. The prehistory of southern Africa. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
61. Clark, J. D. 1980. The Plio-Pleistocene environmental and cultural sequence at Gadeb, northern Bale, Ethiopia. In Proceedings of the 7th Panafrican Congress of Prehistory and Quaternary Studies. R. E. Leakey and B. A. Ogot, eds. Pp. 189-193. Nairobi: TILLMIAP.
62. Clark, J. D., ed. 1982. From the earliest times to c. 5600 BC, vol. 1 of The Cambridge history of Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
63. Clark, J. D. 1992. African and Asian perspectives on the origins of modern humans. In The origin of modern humans and the impact of chronometric dating. M. J. Aitken, C. B. Stringer, and P. A. Mellars, eds. Pp. 148-178. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
64. Clark, J. D., Y. Beyenne, G. WoldeGabriel, W. K. Hart, P. Renne, H. Gilbert, A. Defleur, et al. 2003. Stratigraphic, chronological and behavioural contexts of Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature 423:747-752.
65. Clark, J. G. D. 1969. World Prehistory: a new outline. London: Cambridge University Press.
66. Clark, J. G. D., and S. Piggott. 1968. Prehistoric societies. London: Hutchinson.
67. Clark, K. 1969. Civilisation. London: J. Murray.
68. Currie, T. E., S. J. Greenhill, R. D. Gray, T. Hasegawa, and R. A. Mace. 2010. Rise and fall of political complexity in island South-East Asia and the Pacific. Nature 467:801-804.
69. Damasio, A. 2000. The feeling of what happens: body, emotion and the making of consciousness. London: Vintage.
70. Damasio, A. 2004. Looking for Spinoza: joy, sorrow and the feeling brain. London: Vintage.
71. rd edition. London: J. Murray.
72. Deaner, R. O., K. Isler, J. Burkhart, and C. P. van Schaik. 2007. Overall brain size, and not encephalization quotient, best predicts cognitive ability across non-human primates. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 70:115-124.
73. De Beaune, S., F. L. Coolidge, and T. Wynn. 2009. Cognitive archaeology and human evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
74. Deeley, Q., E. Daly, R. Asuma, S. Surguladze, V. Giampietro, M. Brammer, B. Hallahan, R. I. M. Dunbar, M. Phillips, and D. Murphy. 2008. Changes in male brain responses to emotional faces from adolescence to middle age. NeuroImage 40:389-397.
75. De Laet, S. J. 1994. Prehistory and the beginnings of civilization, vol. 1 of History of humanity. Paris: UNESCO; London: Routledge.
76. Delagnes, A., and H. Roche. 2005. Late Pliocene hominid knapping skills: the case of Lokalalei 2C, West Turkana, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 48: 435-472.
77. de la Torre, I. 2004. Omo revisited: evaluating the technological skills of Pliocene hominids. Current Anthropology 45:439-465.
78. Delson, E. 1980. Fossil macaques, phyletic relationships and a scenario of deployment. In The macaques: studies in ecology, behavior and evolution. D. G. Lindburg, ed. Pp. 10-30. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
79. de Lumley, H. 2006. Il y a 400,000 ans: la domestication du feu, un formidable moteur d'hominisation. In Climats, cultures et sociétés aux temps préhistoriques, de l'apparition des Hominidés jusqu'au Néolithique. H. de Lumley, ed. Comptes Rendus Palevol 5(1/2):149-154.
80. de Lumley, H., A. Echassoux, S. Bailon, D. Cauche, M.-P. de Marchi, E. Desclaux, K. el Guennouni, et al. 2004. Le sol d'occupation Acheuléen de l'unité archéostratigraphique UA 25 de la Grotte du Lazaret, Nice, Alpes-Maritimes. Aix-en-Provence: Edisud.
81. Dennell, R. W. 1998. Grasslands, tool making and the hominid colonization of southern Asia: a reconsideration. In Early human behaviour in global context. M. D. Petraglia and R. Korisettar, eds. Pp. 280-303. London: Routledge.
82. Dennell, R. W. 2008. The Palaeolithic settlement of Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
83. Dennell, R., and W. Roebroeks. 2005. An Asian perspective on early human dispersal from Africa. Nature 438:1099-1104.
84. d'Errico, F. 1998. Palaeolithic origins of artificial memory systems: an evolutionary perspective. In Cognition and material culture: the archaeology of symbolic storage. C. Renfrew and C. Scarre, eds. Pp. 19-50. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
85. d'Errico, F. 2003. The invisible frontier: a multiple species model for the origin of behavioural modernity. Evolutionary Anthropology 12:188-202.
86. d'Errico, F., H. Salomon, C. Vignaud, and C. Stringer. 2010. Pigments from the Middle Palaeolithic levels of Es-Skhul (Mount Carmel, Israel). Journal of Archaeological Science 37:3099-3110. [LW]
87. d'Errico, F., J. Zilhão, M. Julien, D. Baffier, and J. Pelegrin. 1998. Neanderthal acculturation in western Europe? a critical review of the evidence and its interpretation. Current Anthropology 39(suppl.):S1-S44.
88. de Ruiter, J., G. Weston, and S. M. Lyon. 2011. Dunbar's number: group size and brain physiology in humans reexamined. American Anthropologist 113: 557-568.
89. Dominguez-Rodrigo, M. 2002. Hunting and scavenging by early humans: the state of the debate. Journal of World Prehistory 16:1-54. [TW]
90. Dominguez-Rodrigo, M., T. Pickering, and H. Bunn. 2011. Configurational approach to identifying the earliest hominin butchers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 107:20929-20934. [TW]
91. Donald, M. 1991. Origins of the modern mind. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
92. Dunbar, R. I. M. 1988. Primate social systems. London: Chapman & Hall.
93. Dunbar, R. I. M. 1991. Functional significance of social grooming in primates. Folia Primatologica 57:121-131.
94. Dunbar, R. I. M. 1992. Neocortex size as a constraint on group size in primates. Journal of Human Evolution 22:469-493.
95. Dunbar, R. I. M. 1993. The co-evolution of neocortical size, group size and language in humans. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16:681-735.
96. Dunbar, R. I. M. 1996. Determinants of group size in primates: a general model. In Evolution of culture and language in primates and humans. J. Maynard Smith, G. Runciman, and R. Dunbar, eds. Pp. 33-57. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
97. Dunbar, R. I. M. 1998. The social brain hypothesis. Evolutionary Anthropology 6:178-190.
98. Dunbar, R. I. M. 2003a. The social brain: mind, language, and society in evolutionary perspective. Annual Review of Anthropology 32:163-181.
99. Dunbar, R. I. M. 2003b. Why are apes so smart? In Primate life histories and socioecology. P. Kappeler and M. Pereira, eds. Pp. 285-298. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
100. Dunbar, R. I. M. 2004. The human story. London: Faber & Faber.
101. Dunbar, R. I. M. 2008. Mind the gap: or why humans aren't just great apes. Proceedings of the British Academy 154:403-423.
102. Dunbar, R. I. M. 2009a. Mind the bonding gap: constraints on the evolution of hominin societies. In Pattern and process in cultural evolution. S. Shennan, ed. Pp. 223-234. Berkeley: University of California Press.
103. Dunbar, R. I. M. 2009b. Why only humans have language. In The prehistory of language. R. Botha and C. Knight, eds. Pp. 12-35. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
104. Dunbar, R. I. M. 2010. The social role of touch in humans and primates: behavioural function and neurobiological mechanisms. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 34:260-270.
105. Dunbar, R. I. M. 2011. Evolutionary basis of the social brain. In Oxford handbook of social neuroscience. J. Decety and J. Cacioppo, eds. P. 28. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
106. Dunbar, R. I. M., C. Gamble, and J. Gowlett, eds. 2010. Social brain, distributed mind. Proceedings of the British Academy 158. London: British Academy.
107. Dunbar, R. I. M., A. H. Korstjens, and J. Lehmann. 2009. Time as an ecological constraint. Biological Reviews 84:413-429.
108. Dunbar, R. I. M., and S. Shultz. 2007. Evolution in the social brain. Science 317:1344-1347.
109. Edwards, I. E. S., C. J. Gadd, and N. G. L. Hammond. 1970. Prolegomena and prehistory, vol. 1, pt. 1 of The Cambridge ancient history. 3rd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
110. Enquist, M., and O. Leimar. 1993. The evolution of cooperation in mobile organisms. Animal Behaviour 45:747-757.
111. Evans, D., and P. Cruse, eds. 2004. Emotion, evolution and rationality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
112. Fagan, B., ed. 2004. The seventy great inventions of the ancient world. London: Thames & Hudson.
113. Feblot-Augustins, J. 1999. Raw material transport patterns and settlement systems in the European Lower and Middle Palaeolithic: continuity, change and variability. In The Middle Palaeolithic occupation of Europe. W. Roebroeks and C. Gamble, eds. Pp. 193-214. Leiden: University of Leiden.
114. Ferring, R., O. Oms, J. Agustíc, F. Bernad, M. Nioradzee, T. Sheliae, M. Tappen, A. D. Vekuae, D. Zhvaniae, and D. Lordkipanidzee. 2011. Earliest human occupations at Dmanisi (Georgian Caucasus) dated to 1.85-1.78 Ma. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108:10432-10436. [OB-Y]
115. Flood, J. M. 1990. The riches of ancient Australia: a journey into prehistory. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press and Australian Heritage Commission.
116. Floss, H. 1994. Rohmaterialversorgung im Paläolithikum desMittelrheingebietes. Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Forschungsinstitut für Vor- und Frühgeschichte Vol. 21. Bonn: Habelt.
117. Foley, R. 2001a. Evolutionary perspectives on the origins of human social institutions. Proceedings of the British Academy 110:171-195.
118. Foley, R. 2001b. In the shadow of the modern synthesis? alternative perspectives on the last fifty years of palaeoanthropology. Evolutionary Anthropology 10: 5-15.
119. Foley, R. 2002. Adaptive radiations and dispersals in hominin evolutionary ecology. Evolutionary Anthropology 11:32-37.
120. Foley, R., and P. C. Lee. 1996. Finite social space and the evolution of human social behaviour. In The archaeology of human ancestry: power, sex and tradition. J. Steele and S. Shennan, eds. Pp. 47-66. London: Routledge.
121. Fonagy, P., G. Gergely, and M. Target. 2007. The parent-infant dyad and the construction of the subjective self. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 48:288-328.
122. Galanidou, N. 1997. "Home is where the hearth is": the spatial organisation of the Upper Palaeolithic rockshelter occupations at Klithi and Kastritsa in northwest Greece. International Series 687. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
123. Gallese, V., and G. Lakoff. 2005. The brain's concepts: the role of the sensorymotor system in conceptual knowledge. Cognitive Neuropsychology 22:455-479.
124. Gamble, C. S. 1993. Timewalkers: the prehistory of global colonization. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
125. Gamble, C. S. 1999. The Palaeolithic societies of Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
126. Gamble, C. S. 2004. Social archaeology and the unfinished business of the Palaeolithic. In Explaining social change: studies in honour of Colin Renfrew. J. F. Cherry, C. Scarre, and S. Shennan, eds. Pp. 17-26. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
127. Gamble, C. S. 2007. Origins and revolutions: human identity in earliest prehistory. New York: Cambridge University Press.
128. Gamble, C. S., and W. A. Boismier, eds. 1991. Ethnoarchaeological approaches to mobile campsites: hunter-gatherer and pastoralist case studies, vol. 1 of Ethnoarchaeological series. Ann Arbor, MI: International Monographs in Prehistory.
129. Gamble, C., J. A. J. Gowlett, and R. I. M. Dunbar. 2011. The social brain and the shape of the Palaeolithic. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 21:115-135.
130. Gerhardt, S. 2004. Why love matters: how affection shapes a baby's brain. London: Routledge.
131. Gibbons, A. 2007. Food for thought. Science 316:1558-1560.
132. Gibson, K. R. 1986. Cognition, brain size and the extraction of embedded food resources. In Primate ontogeny, cognition and social behaviour. J. Else and P. C. Lee, eds. Pp. 93-105. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
133. Gibson, K. R. 1993. Tool use, language and social behaviour in relationship to information processing capacities. In Tools, language and cognition in human evolution. K. R. Gibson and T. Ingold, eds. Pp. 251-269. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
134. Giddens, A. 1984. The constitution of society. Berkeley: University of California Press.
135. Gilman, A. 1984. Explaining the Upper Palaeolithic revolution. In Marxist perspectives in archaeology. M. Spriggs, ed. Pp. 115-126. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
136. Godfrey-Smith, D. I., and S. Ilani. 2004. Past thermal history of goethite and hematite fragments from Qafzeh Cave deduced from thermal activation characteristics of the 110°C TL peak of enclosed quartz grains. Revue d'Archéométrie 28:185-190. [LW]
137. Golovanova, L. V., and V. B. Doronichev. 2003. The Middle Paleolithic of the Caucasus. Journal of World Prehistory 17:71-140.
138. Goren-Inbar, N., N. Alperson, M. E. Kislev, O. Simchoni, Y. Melamed, A. Ben-Nun, and E. Werker. 2004. Evidence of hominin control of fire at Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel. Science 304:725-727.
139. Goren-Inbar, N., and G. Sharon, eds. 2006. Axe Age: Acheulian tool-making from quarry to discard. London: Equinox.
140. Gowlett, J. A. J. 1979. Complexities of cultural evidence in the Lower and Middle Pleistocene: news and views. Nature 278:14-17.
141. Gowlett, J. A. J. 1984. Mental abilities of early man: a look at some hard evidence. In Hominid evolution and community ecology. R. A. Foley, ed. Pp. 167-192. London: Academic Press.
142. Gowlett, J. A. J. 1996. The frameworks of early hominid social systems: how many useful parameters of archaeological evidence can we isolate? In The archaeology of human ancestry: power, sex and tradition. J. Steele and S. Shennan, eds. Pp. 135-183. London: Routledge.
143. Gowlett, J. A. J. 2006. The elements of design form in Acheulian bifaces: modes, modalities, rules and language. In Axe Age: Acheulian tool-making from quarry to discard. N. Goren-Inbar and G. Sharon, eds. Pp. 203-221. London: Equinox.
144. Gowlett, J. A. J. 2010. Firing up the social brain. In Social brain, distributed mind. Proceedings of the British Academy 158. R. I. M. Dunbar, C. Gamble, and J. Gowlett, eds. Pp. 345-370. London: British Academy.
145. Gowlett, J. A. J., J. Hallos, S. Hounsell, V. Brant, and N. C. Debenham. 2005. Beeches Pit-archaeology, assemblage dynamics and early fire history of a Middle Pleistocene site in East Anglia, UK. Eurasian Prehistory 3(2):3-38.
146. Gowlett, J. A. J., J. W. K. Harris, D. Walton, and B. A. Wood. 1981. Early archaeological sites, hominid remains and traces of fire from Chesowanja, Kenya. Nature 294:125-129.
147. Hallos, J. 2005. "Fifteen minutes of fame": exploring the temporal dimension of Middle Pleistocene lithic technology. Journal of Human Evolution 49: 155-179.
148. Hallowell, A. Z. 1969. Self society and culture in phylogenetic perspective. In Evolution after Darwin, vol. 2. S. Tax, ed. Pp. 209-372. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
149. Hamilton, M. J., B. T. Milne, R. S. Walker, and J. H. Brown. 2007. Nonlinear scaling of space use in human hunter-gatherers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 104:4765-4769.
150. Harcourt, A. H. 1988. Alliances in contests and social intelligence. In Machiavellian intelligence: social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys. R. H. Byrne and A. Whiten, eds. Pp. 132-152. Oxford: Clarendon.
151. Harris, J. W. K., and G. L. Isaac. 1997. Sites in the Upper KBS, Okote, and Chari Members: reports. In Plio-Pleistocene archaeology, vol. 5 of Koobi For a research project. G. L. Isaac and B. Isaac, eds. Pp. 115-223. Oxford: Clarendon.
152. Haslam, M., A. Hernandez-Aguílar, V. Ling, S. Carvalho, I. de la Torre, A. De Stefano, A. Du, et al. 2009. Primate archaeology. Nature 460:339-444.
153. Hawkes, K., and R. Bliege Bird. 2002. Showing off, handicap signaling, and the evolution of men's work. Evolutionary Anthropology 11:58-67. [LW]
154. Hay, R. L. 1976. Geology of the Olduvai Gorge. Berkeley: University of California Press.
155. Helwig, K. 1997. A note on burnt yellow earth pigments: documentary sources and scientific analysis. Studies in Conservation 42:181-188. [LW]
156. Henderson, Z. 1992. The context of some Middle Stone Age hearths at Klasies River shelter 1B: implications for understanding human behaviour. South African Field Archaeology 1:14-26.
157. Henderson, Z. 1995. Florisbad, South Africa: over 120,000 years of human activity. Nyame Akuma 44:53-56.
158. Henderson, Z. 2001. The integrity of the Middle Stone Age horizon at Florisbad, South Africa. Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum Bloemfontein 17(2):26-52.
159. Henshilwood, C. S., F. d'Errico, M. Vanhaeren, K. van Niekerk, and Z. Jacobs. 2004. Middle Stone Age shell beads from South Africa. Science 304:404.
160. Henshilwood, C. S., and C. W. Marean. 2003. The origin of modern human behavior: critique of the models and their test implications. Current Anthropology 44:627-651.
161. Heyes, C. M. 1998. Theory of mind in nonhuman primates. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21:101-114.
162. Hill, R. A., A. Bentley, and R. I. M. Dunbar. 2007. Network scaling reveals consistent fractal pattern in hierarchical mammalian societies. Biology Letters 4:748-751.
163. Hill, R. A., and R. I. M. Dunbar. 2003. Social network size in humans. Human Nature 14:53-72.
164. Hodder, I. 1977a. The distribution of material culture items in the Baringo District, western Kenya. Man, n.s., 12:239-269.
165. Hodder, I. 1977b. Some new directions in the spatial analysis of archaeological data at the regional scale (macro). In Spatial archaeology. D. L. Clarke, ed. Pp. 223-351. London: Academic Press.
166. Hodder, I. 2001. Symbolism and the origins of agriculture in the Near East. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 11:107-112.
167. Holloway, R. L. 1969. Culture: a human domain. Current Anthropology 10: 395-412.
168. Holloway, R. L., ed. 1974. Primate aggression, territoriality, and xenophobia: a comparative perspective. New York: Academic Press.
169. Humphrey, N. 1976. The social function of intellect. In Growing points in ethology. P. P. G. Bateson and R. A. Hinde, eds. Pp. 303-317. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
170. Humphrey, N. 1983. Consciousness regained. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
171. Huxley, J. 1955. Evolution, cultural and biological. Guest editorial in Yearbook of Anthropology (1955), pp. 2-25.
172. Isaac, G. L. 1971. Whither archaeology? Antiquity 45:123-129.
173. Isaac, G. L. 1972. Chronology and the tempo of cultural change during the Pleistocene. In The calibration of hominoid evolution. W. W. Bishop and J. A. Miller, eds. Pp. 381-430. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press.
174. Isaac, G. L. 1978. The food-sharing behavior of protohuman hominids. Scientific American 238:90-108.
175. James, W. 2003. The ceremonial animal: a new portrait of anthropology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
176. Kelly, R. 1983. Hunter-gatherer mobility strategies. Journal of Anthropological Research 39:277-306.
177. Kent, S. 1984. Analyzing activity areas: an ethnoarchaeological study of the use of space. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
178. Kinderman, P., R. I. M. Dunbar, and R. P. Bentall. 1998. Theory-of-mind deficits and causal attributions. British Journal of Psychology 89:191-204.
179. Kleindienst, M. R. 1961. Variability within the late Acheulean assemblage in eastern Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin 16(62):35-52.
180. Kleindienst, M. R. 1962. Components of the East African Acheulian assemblage: an analytic approach. In Actes du IVe Congres Panafricain de Préhistoire et de l'Étude du Quaternaire. C. Mortelmans and J. Nenquin, eds. Pp. 81-105. Tervuren: Musée Royale de l'Afrique Centrale.
181. Kroll, E. M., and T. D. Price, eds. 1991. The interpretation of archaeological spatial patterning. New York: Plenum.
182. Kudo, H., and R. I. M. Dunbar. 2001. Neocortex size and social network size in primates. Animal Behaviour 62:711-722.
183. Kuhn, S., M. C. Stiner, D. Reese, and E. Güleç. 2001. Ornaments of the earliest Upper Palaeolithic: new insights from the Levant. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 98:7641-7646.
184. Landau, M. 1991. Narratives of human evolution. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
185. Latour, B., and S. C. Strum. 1986. Human social origins: oh please, tell us another story. Journal of Biological and Social Structure 9:169-187.
186. Layton, R., and S. O'Hara. 2010. Human social evolution: a comparison of hunter-gatherer and chimpanzee social organization. In Social brain, distributed mind. R. I. M. Dunbar, C. Gamble, and J. Gowlett, eds. Pp. 85-116. London: British Academy.
187. Leakey, M. D. 1971. Olduvai Gorge: excavations in beds I and II, 1960-1963. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
188. LeDoux, J. 1998. The emotional brain. London: Orion.
189. Lehmann, J., and R. I. M. Dunbar. 2009. Network cohesion, group size and neocortex size in female-bonded Old World primates. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 276:4417-4422.
190. Lehmann, J., A. H. Korstjens, and R. I. M. Dunbar. 2007a. Fission-fusion social systems as a strategy for coping with ecological constraints: a primate case. Evolutionary Ecology 21:613-634.
191. Lehmann, J., A. H. Korstjens, and R. I. M. Dunbar. 2007b. Group size, grooming and social cohesion in primates. Animal Behaviour 74:1617-1629.
192. Leroi-Gourhan, A. 1993. Gesture and speech. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
193. Leslie, A. M. 1987. Pretence and representation in infancy: the origins of theory of mind. Psychological Review 94:84-106.
194. Lewis, P. A., R. Rezaie, R. Browne, N. Roberts, and R. I. M. Dunbar. 2011. Ventromedial prefrontal volume predicts understanding of others and social network size. NeuroImage 57:1624-1629.
195. Lindly, J., and G. A. Clark. 1990. Symbolism and modern human origins. Current Anthropology 31:233-240.
196. Lombard, M. 2011. Quartz-tipped arrows older than 60 ka: further use-trace evidence from Sibudu, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 38:1918-1930. [LW]
197. Lovejoy, C. O. 1981. The origin of man. Science 211:341-350.
198. Lutz, C., and G. M. White. 1986. The anthropology of emotions. Annual Review of Anthropology 15:405-436.
199. Lycett, S. J., and J. A. J. Gowlett. 2008. On questions surrounding the Acheulean "tradition." World Archaeology 40:295-315.
200. Marean, C. W., M. Bar-Matthews, J. Bernatchez, E. Fisher, P. Goldberg, A. I. R. Herries, Z. Jacobs, et al. 2007. Early human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene. Nature 449:905-908.
201. Marlowe, F. G. 2005. Hunter-gatherers and human evolution. Evolutionary Anthropology 14:54-67.
202. Maryanski, A., and J. H. Turner. 1992. The social cage: human nature and the evolution of society. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
203. McBrearty, S., and A. S. Brooks. 2000. The revolution that wasn't: a new interpretation of the origin of modern humans. Journal of Human Evolution 39:453-563.
204. McPherron, S. P. 2000. Handaxes as a measure of the mental capabilities of early hominids. Journal of Archaeological Science 27:655-663.
205. McPherron, S. P. 2006. What typology can tell us about Acheulian handaxe production. In Axe Age: Acheulian tool-making from quarry to discard. N. Goren-Inbar and G. Sharon, eds. Pp. 267-285. London: Equinox.
206. Mellars, P. 1989. Major issues in the emergence of modern humans. Current Anthropology 30:349-385.
207. Mellars, P. 2006. Why did modern human populations disperse from Africa ca. 60,000 years ago? a new model. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 103:9381-9386.
208. Mellars, P., and C. Stringer, eds. 1989. The human revolution: behavioural and biological perspectives on the origins of modern humans. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
209. Milardo, R. M. 1992. Comparative methods for delineating social networks. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 9:447-461.
210. Miller, G. A., E. Galanter, and K. H. Pribram. 1960. Plans and the structure of behaviour. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
211. Mithen, S. 1996. The prehistory of the mind. London: Thames & Hudson.
212. Mithen, S. 2005. The singing Neanderthals: the origins of music, language, mind and body. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
213. Moore, A. M. T., G. Hillman, and A. J. Legge, eds. 2000. Village on the Euphrates: from foraging to farming at Abu Hureyra. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
214. Morales, J. C., and D. J. Melnick. 1998. Phylogenetic relationships of the macaques (Cercopithecidae: Macaca), as revealed by high resolution restriction site mapping of mitochondrial ribosomal genes. Journal of Human Evolution 34:1-23.
215. Moss, C. J., and J. H. Poole. 1983. Relationships and social structure of African elephants. In Primate social relationships. R. A. Hinde, ed. Pp. 314-325. Oxford: Blackwell.
216. Movius, H. L. 1966. The hearths of the Upper Périgordian and Aurignacian horizons at the Abri Pataud, Les Eyzies (Dordogne), and their possible significance. American Anthropologist 68:296-325.
217. Nelson, E., C. Rolian, L. Cashmore, and S. Shultz. 2011. Digit ratios predict polygyny in early apes, Ardipithecus, Neanderthals and early modern humans but not in Australopithecus. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 278: 1556-1563.
218. Nettle, D., and R. I. M. Dunbar. 1997. Social markers and the evolution of reciprocal exchange. Current Anthropology 38:93-98.
219. Otte, M. 1990. From the Middle to the Upper Palaeolithic: the nature of the transition. In The emergence of modern humans: an archaeological perspective. P. Mellars, ed. Pp. 438-456. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
220. Perner, J. 1991. Understanding the representational mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
221. Pinker, S. 1997. How the mind works. New York: Norton.
222. Platt, J. R. 1964. Strong inference. Science 146:347-353.
223. Plummer, T. 2004. Flaked stones and old bones: biological and cultural evolution at the dawn of technology. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 47:118-164.
224. Povinelli, D. J., and J. Vonk. 2003. Chimpanzee minds: suspiciously human? Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7:157-160.
225. Powell, J., P. Lewis, R. I. M. Dunbar, M. García-Fiñana, and N. Roberts. 2010. Orbital prefrontal cortex volume correlates with social cognitive competence. Neuropsychologia 48:3554-3562.
226. Powell, J., P. Lewis, N. Roberts, M. García-Fiñana, and R. I. M. Dunbar. 2012. Orbital prefrontal cortex volume predicts social network size: an imaging study of individual differences in humans. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 279:2157-2162.
227. Preece, R. C., J. A. J. Gowlett, S. A. Parfitt, D. R. Bridgland, and S. G. Lewis. 2006. Humans in the Hoxnian: habitat, context and fire use at Beeches Pit, West Stow, Suffolk, UK. Journal of Quaternary Science 21:485-496.
228. Price, T. D., and J. A. Brown, eds. 1985. Prehistoric hunters and gatherers: the emergence of cultural complexity. New York: Academic Press.
229. Purdy, B. A., and H. K. Brooks. 1971. Thermal alteration of silica minerals: an archaeological approach. Science 173:322-325. [LW]
230. Reddy, W. M. 1997. Against constructionism: the historical ethnography of emotions. Current Anthropology 38:327-351.
231. Regert, M. 2004. Investigating the history of prehistoric glues by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Separation Science 27:244-254. [LW]
232. Renfrew, C. 2001. Symbol before concept: material engagement and the early development of society. In Archaeological theory today. I. Hodder, ed. Pp. 122-140. London: Polity.
233. Renfrew, C., and E. Zubrow, eds. 1994. The ancient mind: elements of cognitive archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
234. Révillion, S., and A. Tuffreau, eds. 1994. Les industries laminaires au Paléolithique moyen. Paris: CNRS.
235. Rightmire, P. 2004. Brain size and encephalization in Early to Mid-Pleistocene Homo. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 124:109-123.
236. Roche, H., A. Delagnes, J.-P. Brugal, C. Feibel, M. Kibunjia, V. Mourre, and J.-P. Texier. 1999. Early hominid stone tool production and technical skill 2.34 Myr ago in West Turkana, Kenya. Nature 399:57-60.
237. Rodseth, L., R.W. Wrangham, A. Harrigan, and B. B. Smuts. 1991. The human community as a primate society. Current Anthropology 32:221-254.
238. Roebroeks, W., and P. Villa. 2011. On the earliest evidence for habitual use of fire in Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108:5209-5214.
239. Rolland, N. 2004. Was the emergence of home bases and domestic fire a punctuated event? a review of the Middle Pleistocene record in Eurasia. Asian Perspectives 43:248-280.
240. Rots, V., P. Van Peer, and P. M. Vermeersch. 2011. Aspects of tool production, use, and hafting in Palaeolithic assemblages from northeast Africa. Journal of Human Evolution 60:637-664. [LW]
241. Roux, V., and B. Bril, eds. 2005. Stone knapping: the necessary conditions for a uniquely hominin behaviour. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
242. Roux, V., B. Bril, and G. Dietrich. 1995. Skills and learning difficulties involved in stone knapping: the case of stone bead knapping in Khambhat, India. World Archaeology 27:63-87.
243. Ruff, C. B., E. Trinkaus, and T. W. Holliday. 1997. Body mass and encephalization in Pleistocene Homo. Nature 387:173-176.
244. Runciman, W. G. 2005. Stone age sociology. Journal of the Royal Anthropolgical Institute 11:129-142.
245. Šajnerova-Duškova, A., J. Fridrich, and I. Fridrichová-Sýkorová. 2009. Pitted and grinding stones from Middle Palaeolithic settlements in Bohemia: a functional study. In Non-flint raw material use in prehistory: old prejudices and new directions. Proceedings of the XV Congress of the U.I.S.P.P. F. Sternke, L. Eigeland, and C. Laurent-Jacques, eds. Pp. 145-151. Oxford: Archaeopress. [LW]
246. Schick, K. D. 1987. Modelling the formation of stone artifact concentrations. Journal of Human Evolution 16:789-807.
247. Schick, K. D., and N. Toth. 1993. Making silent stones speak: human evolution and the dawn of technology. New York: Simon & Schuster.
248. Semaw, S. 2000. The world's oldest stone artifacts from Gona, Ethiopia: their implications for understanding stone technology and patterns of human evolution between 2.6-2.5 million years ago. Journal of Archaeological Science 27:1197-1214.
249. Semaw, S., M. J. Rogers, J. Quade, P. R. Renne, R. F. Butler, D. Stout, M. Dominguez-Rodrigo, W. Hart, T. Pickering, and S. W. Simpson. 2003. 2.6-million-year-old stone tools and associated bones from OGS-6 and OGS-7, Gona, Afar, Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution 45:169-177.
250. Shea, J. 1989. A functional study of the lithic industries associated with hominid fossils in the Kebara and Qafzeh caves, Israel. In The human revolution. P. Mellars and C. Stringer, eds. Pp. 611-625. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
251. Shea, J. 2003. Neandertals, competition, and the origin of modern human behavior in the Levant. Evolutionary Anthropology 12:173-187.
252. Shennan, S. 2001. Demographic and cultural innovation: a model and its implications for the emergence of modern human culture. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 11:5-16. [LW]
253. Sherratt, A. 1997. Economy and society in prehistoric Europe: changing perspectives. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
254. Shultz, S., and R. I. M. Dunbar. 2007. The evolution of the social brain: anthropoid primates contrast with other vertebrates. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274:2429-2436.
255. Shultz, S., and R. I. M. Dunbar. 2010a. Encephalization is not a universal macroevolutionary phenomenon in mammals but is associated with sociality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 107:21582-21586.
256. Shultz, S., and R. I. M. Dunbar. 2010b. Species differences in executive function correlate with hippocampus volume and neocortex ratio across non-human primates. Journal of Comparative Psychology 124:252-260.
257. Shultz, S., C. Opie, and Q. D. Atkinson. 2011. Stepwise evolution of stable sociality in primates. Nature 479:219-222.
258. Simek, J. 1987. Spatial order and behavioural change in the French Palaeolithic. Antiquity 61:25-40.
259. Smirnov, Y. A. 1989. Intentional human burial: Middle Palaeolithic (last glaciation) beginning. Journal of World Prehistory 3:199-233.
260. Soffer, O., P. Vandiver, B. Klima, and J. Svoboda. 1993. The pyrotechnology of performance art: Moravian venuses and wolverines. In Before Lascaux. H. Knecht, A. Pike-Tay, and R. White, eds. Pp. 259-275. Boca Raton, FL: CRC.
261. Stiller, J., and R. I. M. Dunbar. 2007. Perspective-taking and social network size in humans. Social Networks 29:93-104.
262. Stout, D., N. Toth, K. Schick, and T. Chaminade. 2008. Neural correlates of Early Stone Age toolmaking: technology, language, and cognition in human cognition. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 363:1939-1949. [TW]
263. Stout, D., N. Toth, K. Schick, J. Stout, and G. Hutchins. 2000. Stone toolmaking and brain activation: positron emission tomography (PET) studies. Journal of Archaeological Science 27:1215-1223. [TW]
264. Sutcliffe, A., R. I. M. Dunbar, J. Binder, and H. Arrow. 2012. Relationships and the social brain: integrating psychological and evolutionary perspectives. British Journal of Psychology 103:149-168.
265. Svoboda, J., V. Lozek, and E. Vleck. 1996. Hunters between east and west: the Palaeolithic of Moravia. New York: Plenum.
266. Szabó, K., A. Brumm, and P. Bellwood. 2007. Shell artefact production at 32,000-28,000 BP in Island Southeast Asia: thinking across media? Current Anthropology 48:701-723.
267. Tarlow, S. 2000. Emotion in archaeology. Current Anthropology 41:713-746.
268. Thieme, H. 2005. The Lower Palaeolithic art of hunting: the case of Schöningen 13 II-4, Lower Saxony, Germany. In The individual hominid in context: archaeological investigations of Lower and Middle Palaeolithic landscapes, locales and artefacts. C. Gamble and M. Porr, eds. Pp. 115-132. London: Routledge.
269. Tinbergen, N. 1963. On aims and methods of ethology. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 20:410-433.
270. Tooby, J., and I. DeVore. 1987. The reconstruction of hominid behavioral evolution through strategic modelling. In The evolution of human behavior: primate models. W. G. Kinzey, ed. Pp. 183-237. New York: SUNY Press.
271. Toth, N. 1987. Behavioral inferences from Early Stone Age assemblages: an experimental model. Journal of Human Evolution 16:763-787.
272. Toth, N., and K. Schick, eds. 2004. The Oldowan: case studies into the earliest Stone Age. Bloomington, IN: Stone Age Institute.
273. Troeng, J. 1993. Worldwide chronology of fifty-three prehistoric innovations. Acta Archaeologica Lundensia, no. 21. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.
274. Tryon, C. A., and S. McBrearty. 2002. Tephrostratigraphy and the Acheulian to Middle Stone Age transition in the Kapthurin Formation, Baringo, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 42:211-235.
275. Tryon, C. A., and S. McBrearty. 2006. Tephrostratigraphy of the Bedded Tuff Member (Kapthurin Formation, Kenya) and the nature of archaeological change in the later Middle Pleistocene. Quaternary Research 65:492-507. [LW]
276. Tuffreau, A., A. Lamotte, and J.-L. Marcy. 1997. Land-use and site function in Acheulean complexes of the Somme Valley. World Archaeology 29:225-241.
277. Turk, I., B. A. B. Blackwell, J. Turk, and M. Pflaum. 2006. Results of computer tomography of the oldest suspected flute from Divje babé I (Slovenia) and its chronological position within global palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental change during last glacial. L'Anthropologie 110:293-317.
278. Turner, A. 1984. Hominids and fellow-travellers: human migration into high latitudes as part of a large mammal community. In Hominid evolution and community ecology. R. A. Foley, ed. Pp. 193-217. London: Academic Press.
279. Turner, J. H. 2000. On the origins of human emotions: a sociological inquiry into the evolution of human affect. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
280. Turner, J. H., and A. Maryanski. 1991. Network analysis. In The structure of sociological theory. J. H. Turner, ed. Pp. 540-572. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
281. Vanhaeren, M., F. d'Errico, C. Stringer, S. L. James, J. A. Todd, and H. K. Mienis. 2006. Middle Palaeolithic shell beads in Israel and Algeria. Science 312:1785-1788.
282. Van Peer, P., V. Rots, and P. M. Vermeersch. 2008. A wasted effort at the quarry: analysis and interpretation of an MSA lanceolate point from Taramsa-8, Egypt. Paleoanthropology 2008:234-250. [LW]
283. Vaquero, M., and I. Pastó. 2001. The definition of spatial units in Middle Palaeolithic sites: the hearth-related assemblages. Journal of Archaeological Science 28:1209-1220.
284. Vrba, E. S. 1984. Patterns in the fossil record and evolutionary processes. In Beyond neo-Darwinism. M. W. Ho and P. S. Saunders, eds. Pp. 115-142. London: Academic Press.
285. Wadley, L. 2001. What is cultural modernity? a general view and a South African perspective from Rose Cottage Cave. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 11:201-221.
286. Wadley, L. 2010. Compound-adhesive manufacture as a behavioural proxy for complex cognition in the Middle Stone Age. Current Anthropology 51(suppl.):S111-S119. [LW]
287. Wadley, L., T. Hodgskiss, and M. Grant. 2009. Implications for complex cognition from the hafting of tools with compound adhesives in the Middle Stone Age, South Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106:9590-9594. [LW]
288. Wadley, L., B. S. Williamson, and M. Lombard. 2004. Ochre in hafting in Middle Stone Age southern Africa: a practical role. Antiquity 78:661-675. [LW]
289. Watkins, T. 2004. Building houses, framing concepts, constructing worlds. Paléorient 30:5-24.
290. Webb, S. G. 1989. The Willandra Lakes hominids. Occasional Papers in Prehistory, vol. 16. Canberra: Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University.
291. White, L. A. 1959. The evolution of culture: the development of civilization to the fall of Rome. New York: McGraw-Hill.
292. White, R. 1982. Rethinking the Middle/Upper Palaeolithic transition. Current Anthropology 23:169-192.
293. White, T. D., B. Asfaw, D. Degusta, H. Gilbert, G. D. Richards, G. Suwa, and F. C. Howell. 2003. Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature 423:742-747.
294. Whiten, A., K. Schick, and N. Toth. 2009. The evolution and cultural transmission of percussive technology: integrating evidence from palaeoanthropology and primatology. Journal of Human Evolution 57:420-435.
295. Wrangham, R. W. 2009. Catching fire: how cooking made us human. New York: Basic.
296. Wrangham, R. W., and N. Conklin-Brittain. 2003. Cooking as a biological trait. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 136:35-46.
297. Wrangham, R. W., J. H. Jones, G. Laden, D. Pilbeam, and N. Conklin-Brittain. 1999. The raw and the stolen: cooking and the ecology of human origins. Current Anthropology 40:567-594.
298. Wynn, T. 1979. The intelligence of later Acheulian hominids. Man, n.s., 14: 371-391.
299. Wynn, T. 1988. Tools and the evolution of human intelligence. In Machiavellian intelligence: social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys. R. Byrne and A. Whiten, eds. Pp. 271-284. Oxford: Clarendon.
300. Wynn, T. 1989. The evolution of spatial competence. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
301. Wynn, T. 1993. Layers of thinking in tool behavior. In Tools, language and cognition in human evolution. K. R. Gibson and T. Ingold, eds. Pp. 389-406. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
302. Wynn, T. 1999. The role of archaeology in cognitive science. In: In the mind's eye: multidisciplinary approaches to the evolution of human cognition. A. Nowell, ed. Pp. 9-19. Archaeological Series 13. Ann Arbor, MI: International Monographs in Prehistory.
303. Wynn, T. 2002. Archaeology and cognitive evolution. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25:389-438.
304. Wynn, T. 2009. Hafted spears and the archaeology of mind. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106:9544-9545. [LW]
305. Wynn, T., and F. L. Coolidge. 2003. The role of working memory in the evolution of managed foraging. Before Farming 2003/2(1):1-16. [LW]
306. Wynn, T., and F. L. Coolidge. 2004. The skilled Neanderthal mind. Journal of Human Evolution 46: 467-487.
307. Wynn, T., and F. L. Coolidge. 2009. Implications of a strict standard for recognizing modern cognition in prehistory. In Cognitive archaeology and human evolution. S. A. de Beaune, F. L. Coolidge, and T. Wynn, eds. Pp. 117-127. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [LW]
308. Wynn, T., and W. C. McGrew. 1989. An ape's view of the Oldowan. Man, n.s., 24:383-398.
309. Ybarra, O., E. Burnstein, P. Winkielman, M. C. Keller, M. Manis, E. Chan, and J. Rodriguez. 2008. Mental exercising through simple socializing: social interaction promotes general cognitive functioning. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34:248-259. [LW]
310. Zhou, W.-X., D. Sornette, R. A. Hill, and R. I. M. Dunbar. 2005. Discrete hierarchical organization of social group sizes. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 272:439-444.
311. Zilhão, J. 2007. The emergence of ornaments and art: an archaeological perspective on the origins of "behavioral modernity." Journal of Archaeological Research 15:1-54.
312. Zilhão, J., D. E. Angelucci, E. Badal-García, F. d'Errico, F. Daniel, L. Dayet, K. Douka, et al. 2010. Symbolic use of marine shells and mineral pigments by Iberian Neandertals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 107:1023-1028.