Fission-fusion social systems as a strategy for coping with ecological constraints: A primate case

Evolutionary Ecology

Volumn 21, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 613-634

  Lehmann, Julia ^a   Korstjens, Amanda H ^b   Dunbar, R I M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

^b BOURNEMOUTH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Biogeography; Chimpanzees; Fission fusion; Group size; Time budget model

Indexed keywords

BIOGEOGRAPHY; CLIMATE VARIATION; COMPARATIVE STUDY; HABITAT TYPE; LINEAR PROGRAMING; PRIMATE;

AFRICA; SAHARA;

MAMMALIA; PAN; PRIMATES;

EID: 34547757082     PISSN: 02697653     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10682-006-9141-9     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Alexander RD (1974) The evolution of social behavior. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 5:325-383
2. Altmann J (1980) Baboon mothers and infants. Harvard University Press, Princeton
3. Anderson DP, Nordheim EV, Boesch C et al (2002) Factors influencing fission-fusion grouping in chimpanzees in the Tai National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. In: Boesch C, Hohmann G, Marchant L (eds) Behavioral diversity in chimpanzees and bonobos. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 90-101
4. Boesch C (1991) The effects of leopard predation on grouping patterns in forest chimpanzees. Behaviour 117:221-242
5. Boesch C (1996) Social grouping in Taï chimpanzees. In: McGrew WC (ed) Great ape societies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 101-113
6. Boesch C, Boesch-Achermann H (2000) The chimpanzees of the Taï forest: behavioural ecology and evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford
7. Butynski TM (2001) Africas great apes. In: Beck B, Stoinski TS, Hutchins M, Maple TL, Norton B, Rowan A, Stevens EF, Arluke A (eds) Great apes and humans; ethics of coexistence. Smithonian Institution Press, Washington, pp 3-56
8. Caldecott J, Miles L (eds) (2005) World atlas of great apes and their conservation. Prepared at the UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre. University of California Press, Berkeley, USA
9. Caraco T (1979) Time budgeting and group size - theory. Ecology 60:611-617
10. Chapman CA, White FJ, Wrangham RW (1994) Party size in chimpanzees and bonobos. In: Wrangham RW, McGrew WC, de Waal FDM, Heltne PG (eds) Chimpanzee cultures. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
11. Chapman CA, Wrangham RW, Chapman LJ (1995) Ecological constraints on group-size - an analysis of spider monkey and chimpanzee subgroups. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 36:59-70
12. DeFries R, Hansen M, Townshend JRG et al (2000) Continuous fields 1 km tree cover. The Global Land Cover Facility, College Park, Maryland
13. Doran D (1997) Influence of seasonality on activity patterns, feeding behavior, ranging, and grouping patterns in Tai chimpanzees. Int J Primatol 18:183-206
14. Dunbar RIM (1991) Functional significance of social grooming in primates. Folia Primatol 57:121-131
15. Dunbar RIM (1992a) Behavioral ecology of the extinct papionines. J Hum Evol 22:407-421
16. Dunbar RIM (1992b) A model of the gelada socioecological system. Primates 33:69-83
17. Dunbar RIM (1992c) Time: a hidden constraint on the behavioural ecology of baboons. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 31:35-49
18. Dunbar RIM (1996) Determinants of group size in primates: a general model. Proc Br Acad 88:33-57
19. Dunbar RIM, Dunbar P (1988) Maternal time budgets of gelada baboons. Anim Behav 36:970-980
20. Dunbar RIM, Sharman M (1984) Is social grooming altruistic? Z Tierpsychol 64:163-173
21. Eggert MKH (1992) The central African rain forest - historical speculation and archaeological facts. World Archaeol 24:1-24
22. Eriksson J, Hohmann G, Boesch C et al (2004) Rivers influence the population genetic structure of bonobos (Pan paniscus). Mol Ecol 13:3425-3435
23. Fawcett KA (2000) Female relationships and food availability in a forest community of chimpanzees. Dissertation, University of Edinburgh
24. Ghiglieri MP (1984) Feeding ecology and sociality of chimpanzees in Kibale Forest, Uganda. In: Rodman PS, Cant JGH (eds) Adaptations for foraging in nonhuman primates. Columbian University Press, New York, pp 161-194
25. Goodall J (1968) The behaviour of free-living chimpanzees in the Gombe Stream area. Anim Behav Monogr 1:161-311
26. Goodall J (1983) Population dynamics during a 15 year period in one community of free-living chimpanzees in the Gombe-National-Park, Tanzania. Z Tierpsychol 61:1-60
27. Goodall J (1986) The chimpanzees of Gombe: patterns of behavior. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge
28. Greengrass E (2000) The sudden decline of a community of chimpanzees in Gombe National Park. Pan Afr News 7. http://mahale.web.infoseek.co.jp/PAN/7_1/ 7(1)-0.5.html
29. Hashimoto C, Furuichi T, Tashiro Y (2001) What factors affect the size of chimpanzee parties in the Kalinzu Forest, Uganda? Examination of fruit abundance and number of estrous females. Int J Primatol 22:947-959
30. Hashimoto C, Suzuki S, Takenoshita Y et al (2003) How fruit abundance affects the chimpanzee party size: a comparison between four study sites. Primates 44:77-81
31. Hill RA, Dunbar RIM (2002) Climatic determinants of diet and foraging behaviour in baboons. Evol Ecol 16:579-593
32. Hunt KD, McGrew WC (2002) Chimpanzees in the dry habitats of Assirik, Senegal and Semliki Wildlife Reserve, Uganda. In: Boesch C, Hohmann G, Marchant L (eds) Behavioural diversity in chimpanzees and bonobos. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 35-51
33. Itani J, Suzuki A (1967) The social unit of chimpanzees. Primates 8:355-381
34. Jones C, Sabater Pi J (1971) Comparative ecology of Gorilla gorilla (Savage and Wyman) and Pan troglodytes (Blumenbach) in Rio Muni, West Africa. S. Karger, Basel
35. Kano T, Mulavwa M (1984) Feeding ecology of the pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) of Wamba. In: Susman RL (ed) The pygmy chimpanzee. Plenum, New York, pp 233-274
36. Klein LL, Klein DB (1977) Feeding behaviour of the Colombian spider monkey. In: Clutton-Brock TH (ed) Primate ecology: studies of feeding and ranging behaviour in lemurs, monkeys and apes. Academic, London, pp 153-181
37. Kormos R, Boesch C, Bakarr MI et al (2003) West African chimpanzees. Status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge
38. Korstjens AH, Dunbar RIM (2007) Time constraints limit group sizes and distribution in red and black-and-white colobus monkeys. Int J Primatol (in press)
39. Korstjens AH, Verhoeckx IL, Dunbar RIM (2006) Time as a constraint on group size in spider monkeys. Behav Ecol Sociobiol. DOI 10.1007/s00265-006-0212- 2
40. Kummer H (1971) Primate societies: group techniques of ecological adaptation. Aldine-Atherton, Chicago
41. Le Houérou HN (1984) Rain use efficiency - a unifying concept in arid land ecology. J Arid Environ 7:213-247
42. Legates DR, Willmott CJ (1990a) Mean seasonal and spatial variability in gauge-corrected, global precipitation. Int J Climatol 10:111-127
43. Legates DR, Willmott CJ (1990b) Mean seasonal and spatial variability in global surface air-temperature. Theor Appl Climatol 41:11-21
44. Lehmann J, Boesch C (2003) Social influences on ranging patterns among chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in the Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. Behav Ecol 14:642-649
45. Lehmann J, Boesch C (2004) To fission or to fusion: effects of community size on wild chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) social organisation. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 56:207-216
46. Lehman J, Korstjens AH, Dunbar RIM (in press) Group size, grooming and social cohesion in primates. Anim Behav
47. Matsumoto-Oda A (2002) Behavioral seasonality in Mahale chimpanzees. Primates 43:103-117
48. Matsumoto-Oda A, Hosaka K, Huffman MA et al (1998) Factors affecting party size in chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains. Int J Primatol 19:999-1011
49. McBrearty S, Jablonski NG (2005) First fossil chimpanzee. Nature 437:105-108
50. McGrew WC, Baldwin PJ, Tutin CEG (1988) Diet of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Mt. Assirik, Senegal: I. Composition. Am J Primat 16:213-226
51. Mitani JC, Watts DP, Lwanga JS (2002a) Ecological and social correlates of chimpanzee party size and composition. In: Boesch C, Hohmann G, Marchant L (eds) Behavioural diversity in chimpanzees and bonobos. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 102-111
52. Mitani JC, Watts DP, Pepper JW et al (2002b) Demographic and social constraints on male chimpanzee behaviour. Anim Behav 64:727-737
53. Myer-Thompson JA (2002) Bonobos at the Lukuru Wildlife Research Project. In: Boesch C, Hohmann G, Marchant L (eds) Behavioural diversity in chimpanzees and bonobos. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 61-70
54. Myer-Thompson JA (2003) A model of the bio-geographical journey from Proto-Pan to Pan Paniscus. Primates 44:191-197
55. Newton-Fisher NE (1999a) Association by male chimpanzees: a social tactic? Behaviour 136:705-730
56. Newton-Fisher NE (1999b) The diet of chimpanzees in the Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda. Afr J Ecol 37:344-354
57. Newton-Fisher NE, Reynolds V, Plumptre AJ (2000) Food supply and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) party size in the Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda. Int J Primatol 21:613-628
58. Nishida T (1968) The social group of wild chimpanzees in the Mahali mountains. Primates 9:167-224
59. Nishida T (1990) The chimpanzees of the Mahale mountains. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo
60. Nishida T, Uehara S (1983) Natural diet of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinsfurthii): long-term record from the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania. Afr Study Monogr 3:109-130
61. Nishida T, Corp N, Hamai M et al (2003) Demography, female life history, and reproductive profiles among the chimpanzees of Mahale. Am J Primatol 59:99-121
62. Owens MJ, Owens DD (1978) Feeding ecology and its influence on social organization in brown hyenas (Hyena brunnea, Thunberg) of the central Kalahari desert. East Afr Wildl J 16:113-135
63. Reynolds V, Reynolds F (1965) Chimpanzees of the Budongo Forest. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York
64. Rodseth L, Wrangham RW, Harrigan AM et al (1991) The human community as a primate society. Curr Anthropol 32:221-254
65. Sakura O (1994) Factors affecting party size and composition of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Bossou, Guinea. Int J Primatol 15:167-183
66. Smolker RA, Richards AF, Connor RC et al (1992) Sex-differences in patterns of association among Indian Ocean bottle-nosed dolphins. Behaviour 123:38-69
67. Sugiyama Y, Koman J (1987) A preliminary list of chimpanzee alimentation at Bossou, Guinea. Primates 28:133-147
68. Takemoto H (2004) Seasonal change in terrestriality of chimpanzees in relation to microclimate in the tropical forest. Am J Phys Anthropol 124:81-92
69. Thompson JAM (1997) The history, taxonomy and ecology of the Pan paniscus (Pan paniscus, Schwarz, 1992) with a first description of a wild population living in a forest/savanna mosaic habitat. Dissertation, University of Oxford
70. Tutin CEG, Fernandez M (1993) Composition of the diet of chimpanzees and comparisons with that of sympatric lowland gorillas in the Lope Reserve, Gabon. Am J Primatol 30:195-211
71. Tutin CEG, McGrew WC, Baldwin PJ (1983) Social organization of savanna-dwelling chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus, at Mt. Assirik, Senegal. Primates 24:154-173
72. Tutin CEG, Ham RM, White LJT et al (1997) The primate community of the Lope Reserve, Gabon: diets, responses to fruit scarcity, and effects on biomass. Am J Primatol 42:1-24
73. Tweheyo M, Lye KA, Weladji RB (2004) Chimpanzee diet and habitat selection in the Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda. For Ecol Manag 188:267-278
74. Van Schaik CP, Van Hooff J (1983) On the ultimate causes of primate social-systems. Behaviour 85:91-117
75. Watts DP (2000) Grooming between male chimpanzees at Ngogo, Kibale National Park. I. Partner number and diversity and grooming reciprocity. Int J Primatol 21:189-210
76. White FJ (1992) Activity budgets, feeding behavior, and habitat use of pygmy chimpanzees at Lomako, Zaire. Am J Primatol 26:215-223
77. White FJ (1996) Comparative socio-ecology of Pan paniscus. In: McGrew WC, Marchant L, Nichida T (eds) Great ape societies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 29-44
78. Williams JM, Oehlert GW, Carlis JV, Pusey AE (2004) Why do male chimpanzees defend a group range? Anim Behav 68:523-532
79. Williamson D, Dunbar RIM (1999) Energetics, time budgets and group size. In: Lee PC (ed) Comparative primate socioecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
80. Willmott CJ, Matsuura K (2001) Terrestrial air temperature and precipitation: monthly and annual climatologies (version 3.02). http://climategeogudeledu/∼climate/
81. Wittig RM, Boesch C (2003) Food competition and linear dominance hierarchy among female chimpanzees of the Tai National Park. Int J Primatol 24:847-867
82. Wrangham RW (1974) Artificial feeding of chimpanzees and baboon in their natural habitat. Anim Behav 22:83-93
83. Wrangham RW (1975) The behavioral ecology of chimpanzees in Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Dissertation, Cambridge University
84. Wrangham RW (1977) Feeding behaviour of chimpanzees in Gombe National Park, Tanzania. In: Clutton-Brock TH (ed) Primate ecology. Academic, London, pp 503-538
85. Wrangham RW (1986a) Ecology and social relationships in two species of chimpanzees. In: Rubenstein DI, Wrangham RW (eds) Ecology and social evolution: birds and mammals. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp 352-378
86. Wrangham RW (1986b) Social relationships in chimpanzees. In: Rubenstein DI, Wrangham RW (eds) Ecological aspects of social evolution: birds and mammals. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp 352-378
87. Wrangham RW (2000) Why are male chimpanzees more gregarious than mothers? A scramble competition hypothesis. In: Kappeler P (ed) Primate males. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
88. Wrangham RW, Smuts BB (1980) Sex differences in the behavioural ecology of chimpanzees in the Gombe National Park, Tanzania. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 28:13-31
89. Wrangham RW, Clark AP, Isabirye-Basuta G (1992) Female social relationships and social organisation of the Kibale Forest chimpanzees. In: Nishida T, McGrew WC, Marler P, Pickford M, de Waal FDM (eds) Topics in primatology. Human origins, vol 1. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, pp 81-98
90. Yamagiwa J, Maruhashi T, Yumoto T et al (1996) Dietary and ranging overlap in sympatric gorillas and chimpanzees in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Zaire. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
91. Yamakoshi G (1998) Dietary responses to fruit scarcity of wild chimpanzees in Bossou, Guinea: possible implications for ecological importance of tool use. Am J Phys Anthropol 106:283-295
92. Yamakoshi G (2004) Food seasonality and socio-ecology in Pan: are West African chimpanzees another bonobo? Afr Study Monogr 25:45-60