The sources of authoritarian control after the cold war: East Africa and the former Soviet Union

Post-Soviet Affairs

Volumn 28, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 424-448

  Way, Lucan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTHORITARIANISM; COLD WAR; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DEMOCRACY; NATIONAL IDENTITY;

BELARUS; EAST AFRICA; KENYA; TANZANIA; UKRAINE; USSR;

EID: 84870224989     PISSN: 1060586X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2747/1060-586X.28.4.424     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. ARD, Inc., Democracy and Governance Assessment of Tanzania: Transitions from the Single-Party State, report submitted to the United States Agency for International Development, USAID/Tanzania, Washington, DC, November 2003.
2. Abdulaziz, Mohamed, The Ecology of Tanzanian Language Policy, in Edgar C. Polomé and C. P. Hill, eds., Language in Tanzania. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980.
3. Ahmed, Syed, Civilian Supremacy in Democracies with 'Fault Lines': The Role of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Defence in Bangladesh, Democratization, 13, 2:283-302, April 2006.
4. Ajulu, Rok, Kenya: A Reflection on the 2002 Elections: Third Time Lucky or More of the Same?, Institute for Global Dialogue Occasional Paper No. 39, Institute for Global Dialogue, Braamfontein, South Africa, 2003.
5. Aminzade, Ron and Doug McAdam, Emotions and Contentious Politics, in Ron Aminzade, Jack Goldstone, Doug McAdam, Elizabeth Perry, William Sewell, Sydney Tarrow, and Charles Tilly, eds., Silence and Voice in the Study of Contentious Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
6. Aves, Jonathan, The Rise and Fall of the Georgian Nationalist Movement, 1987-1991, in Geoffrey A. Hosking, Jonathan Aves, and Peter J. S. Duncan, eds., The Road to Post-Communism: Independent Political Movements in the Soviet Union 1985-1991. London: Pinter Publishers, 1992.
7. Barkan, Joel, Kenya: Lessons from a Flawed Election, Journal of Democracy, 4, 3:85-99, July 1993.
8. Bates, Robert, Modernization, Ethnic Competition, and the Rationality of Politics in Contemporary Africa, in Donald Rothchild and Victor A. Olorunsola, eds., State Versus Ethnic Claims: African Policy Dilemmas. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1983.
9. Beissinger, Mark, Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
10. Bienen, Henry, Tanzania: Party Transformation and Economic Development. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1967.
11. Blommaert, Jan, State Ideology and Language in Tanzania. Cologne: Köppe, 1999.
12. Brown, Stephen, Theorising Kenya's Protracted Transition to Democracy, Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 22, 3:325-342, September 2004.
13. Burger, Ethan S. and Viktar Minchuk, Alyaksandr Lukashenka's Consolidation of Power, in Joerg Forbrig, David R. Maples, and Pavol Demeš, eds., Prospects for Democracy in Belarus. Washington, DC: German Marshall Fund of the United States, 2006.
14. Chege, Michael, Kenya: Back from the Brink?, Journal of Democracy, 19, 4:125-139, October 2008.
15. Cornwell, Richard, Africa Watch: Kenya: Enlarging the Rift?, African Security Review, 7, 1:66-70, February 1998, available at http://www.iss.co.za/ pubs/asr/7No1/Cornwell.html 〈http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/asr/7No1/Cornwell. html'>http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/asr/7No1/Cornwell.html</a>
16. Dahl, Robert A., Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1971.
17. Daneiko, Pavel (member of the Belarusian Parliament, 1995-1997), interview with the author, Minsk, July 6, 2004.
18. Darden, Keith, The Durability of National Loyalties. New York: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming.
19. Drakakhurst, Yuri, Warmer Relations between Minsk and Brussels-Dilemmas of the Opposition, Heinrich Böll Stiftung, Warsaw, January 31, 2010, available at http://www.pl.boell.org/web/104-695.html 〈http://www.pl.boell. org/web/104-695.html'>http://www.pl.boell.org/web/104-695.html</ a>
20. Fish, M. Steven, Democracy Derailed in Russia: The Failure of Open Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
21. George, Julie, Robert G. Moser, and Marko Papic, The Impact of Minority-Majority Districts: Evidence from Ukraine, Post-Soviet Affairs, 26, 1:58-76, January-March 2010.
22. Guthier, Steven L., The Belorussians: National Identification and Assimilation, 1897-1970, part 1: 1897-1930, Soviet Studies, 29, 1:37-61, January 1977a.
23. Guthier, Steven L., The Belorussians: National Identification and Assimilation, 1897-1970, part 2: 1939-1970, Soviet Studies, 29, 2:270-283, April 1977b.
24. Haerpfer, Christian, Electoral Politics of Belarus Compared, in Elena A. Korosteleva, Colin W. Lawson, and Rosalind J. Marsh, eds., Contemporary Belarus. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003.
25. Haran', Oleksiy, Ubiti Drakona: Z istorii Rukhu ta novykh partiy Ukrainy (Kill the Dragon: Toward a History of Rukh and Ukraine's New Parties). Kyiv: Lybid, 1993.
26. Howard, Marc Morjé, The Weakness of Civil Society in Post-Communist Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
27. Huskey, Eugene and Gulnara Iskakova, The Barriers to Intra-Opposition Cooperation in the Post-Communist World: Evidence from Kyrgyzstan, Post-Soviet Affairs, 26, 3:228-262, July-September 2010.
28. Hyden, Goran, Top-Down Democratization in Tanzania, Journal of Democracy, 10, 4:142-155, October 1999.
29. Ioffe, Grigory and Viachaslau Yarashevich, Debating Belarus: An Economy in Comparative Perspective, Eurasian Geography and Economics, 52, 6:750-779, November-December 2011.
30. Kanyinga, Karuti, Limits of Political Liberalization: Parties and Electoral Politics in Kenya, 1992-2002, in Walter O. Oyugi, Peter Wanyande, and C. Odhiambo-Mbai, eds., The Politics of Transition in Kenya: From KANU to NARC. Nairobi: Heinrich Böll Foundation, 2003.
31. Karol, Siarhej, The Belarusian Economic Model: A 21st-Century Socialism?, RFE/RL Reports, March 13, 2006.
32. Katchanovski, Ivan, Cleft Countries: Regional Political Divisions and Cultures in Post-Soviet Ukraine and Moldova. Stuttgart: Ibidem-Verlag, 2005.
33. Khmelko, Valeri and Andrew Wilson, Regionalism and Ethnic and Linguistic Cleavages in Ukraine, in Taras Kuzio, ed., Contemporary Ukraine: Dynamics of Post-Soviet Transformation. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1998.
34. Kubicek, Paul, Unbroken Ties: The State, Interest Associations and Corporatism in Post-Soviet Ukraine. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2000.
35. Kuzio, Taras, Nationalism, Identity and Civil Society in Ukraine: Understanding the Orange Revolution, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 43, 3:285-296, September 2010.
36. LeBas, Adrienne, From Protest to Parties: Party-Building and Democratization in Africa. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
37. Leshchenko, Natalia, A Fine Instrument: Two Nation-Building Strategies in Post-Soviet Belarus, Nations and Nationalism, 10, 3:333-352, July 2004.
38. Levitsky, Steven and Lucan Way, Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
39. Lijphart, Arend, Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1977.
40. Litvin, Vladimir, Ukraina: politika, politiki, vlast' na fone politicheskogo portreta L. Kravchuka (Ukraine: politics, policies, power in the background of a political portrait of L. Kravchuk). Kiev: Izdatel'skiy dom Al'ternativy, 1997.
41. Marples, David, Year in Review: Ukraine, Report on the USSR, 1, 52:20-21, December 29, 1989.
42. Marples, David, The First Session of the Ukrainian Parliament, Report on the USSR, 2, 39:21-22, September 28, 1990.
43. Marples, David R., Belarus: A Denationalized Nation. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1999a.
44. Marples, David R., National Awakening and National Consciousness in Belarus, Nationalities Papers, 27, 4:565-578, 1999b.
45. Masih, Joseph R. and Robert Krikorian, Armenia at the Crossroads. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1999.
46. Mueller, Susanne D., The Political Economy of Kenya's Crisis, Journal of Eastern African Studies, 2, 2:185-210, July 2008.
47. Muigai, Githu, Jomo Kenyatta & the Rise of the Ethno-Nationalist State in Kenya, in Bruce Berman, Eyoh Dickson, and Will Kymlicka, eds., Ethnicity & Democracy in Africa. Oxford: James Currey, 2004.
48. Mushi, Stevfan (Professor of Political Science, University of Dar Es Salaam), interview with the author, November 23, 2007, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
49. Mutua, Makua, Kenya's Quest for Democracy: Taming Leviathan. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2008.
50. Mwase, Ngila and Mary Raphael, The 1995 Presidential Elections in Tanzania, The Round Table, 359, 1:245-269, April 2001.
51. Ndegwa, Stephen N., Kenya: Third Time Lucky?, Journal of Democracy, 14, 3:145-158, July 2003.
52. Novosiad, Vladimir (parliamentary deputy, 1995-1996), interview with the author, Minsk, July 8, 2004.
53. Odhiambo, E. S. Atieno, Hegemonic Enterprises & Instrumentalities of Survival: Ethnicity & Democracy in Kenya, in Bruce Berman, Eyoh Dickson, and Will Kymlicka, eds., Ethnicity & Democracy in Africa. Oxford: James Currey, 2004.
54. Odhiambo-Mbai, C., The Rise and Fall of the Autocratic State in Kenya,in Walter O. Oyugi, Peter Wanyande, and C. Odhiambo-Mbai, eds., The Politics of Transition in Kenya: From KANU to NARC. Nairobi: Heinrich Böll Foundation, 2003.
55. Pogorelova, Irina, Protsedura (The procedure), Zerkalo nedeli, March 23, 1996a.
56. Pogorelova, Irina, Konstitutsiya prinyata? Zabud'te ... (The constitution was adopted? Remember ...), Zerkalo nedeli, June 8-14, 1996b.
57. Polomé, Edgar C. and C. P. Hill, Language in Tanzania. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980.
58. Pratt, Cranford, The Critical Phase in Tanzania. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.
59. Puglisi, Rosaria, Clashing Agendas? Economic Interests, Elite Coalitions and Prospects for Co-operation between Russia and Ukraine, Europe-Asia Studies, 55, 6:827-845, 2003.
60. Richey, Lisa and Stefano Ponte, The 1995 Tanzania Union Elections, Review of African Political Economy, 23, 67:80-87, March 1996.
61. Riker, William H., Liberalism against Populism. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland, 1982.
62. Rothschild, Joseph, Ethnopolitics: A Conceptual Framework. New York: Columbia University Press, 1981.
63. Sannikov, Andrey (former official in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs), interview with the author, Minsk, July 3, 2004.
64. Shulman, Stephen, National Identity and Public Support for Political and Economic Reform in Ukraine, Slavic Review, 64, 1:59-87, Spring 2005.
65. Silitski, Vitali, Post-Communist Authoritarianism in Eastern Europe: Serbia and Belarus Compared, unpublished manuscript, 2004.
66. Silitski, Vitali, Preempting Democracy: The Case of Belarus, Journal of Democracy, 16, 4:83-97, October 2005.
67. Silitski, Vitali, Belarus: Learning from Defeat, Journal of Democracy, 17, 4:139-151, October 2006.
68. Slaa, Wilbrod, interview with the author, Arusha, November 29, 2007.
69. Slater, Dan, Revolutions, Crackdowns, and Quiescence: Communal Elites and Democratic Mobilization in Southeast Asia, American Journal of Sociology, 115, 1:203-254, July 2009.
70. Solchanyk, Roman, Ferment in Western Ukraine: An Interview with Rostyslav Bratun, Report on the USSR, 2, 18:12-16, May 4, 1990.
71. Suny, Ronald, Provisional Stabilities: The Politics of Identities in Post-Soviet Eurasia, International Security, 24, 3:139-178, Winter 1999/2000.
72. Szporluk, Roman, West Ukraine and West Belorussia: Historical Tradition, Social Communication, and Linguistic Assimilation, Soviet Studies, 31, 1:76-98, January 1979.
73. Szporluk, Roman, The Soviet West-or Far Eastern Europe?, East European Politics and Societies, 5, 3:466-482, September 1991.
74. Tanzania, Tanzania, in Shari Bryan and Denise Baer, eds., Money in Politics: A Study of Party Financing Practices in 22 Countries. Washington, DC: National Democratic Institute, 2005.
75. Tarrow, Sidney, Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
76. von Doepp, Peter, Political Transition and Civil Society: The Cases of Kenya and Zambia, Studies in Comparative International Development, 31, 1:24-47, Spring 1996.
77. Way, Lucan, Ukraine's Orange Revolution: Kuchma's Failed Authoritarianism, Journal of Democracy, 16, 2:131-145, April 2005.
78. Way, Lucan, National Identity and Authoritarianism: Belarus and Ukraine Compared, in Paul D'Anieri, ed., Social Mobilization in Ukraine. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2011.
79. Way, Lucan, Deer in the Headlights: Incompetence and Weak Authoritarianism after the Cold War, Slavic Review, 71, 3:619-646, Fall 2012.
80. Whitehead, Richard L., Single-Party Rule in a Multiparty Age: Tanzania in Comparative Perspective, unpublished doctoral dissertation, Temple University, 2009.
81. Widner, Jennifer A., The Rise of a Party-State in Kenya: From 'Harambee!' to 'Nyayo!' Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1992.
82. Wilson, Andrew, The Ukrainian Left: In Transition to Social Democracy or Still in Thrall to the USSR?, Europe-Asia Studies, 49, 7:1293-1316, November 1997.
83. Wilson, Andrew, The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000.
84. Wolczuk, Kataryna, The Moulding of Ukraine: The Constitutional Politics of State Formation. Budapest: Central European University Press, 1998.