Revolutions, crackdowns, and quiescence: communal elites and democratic mobilization in southeast Asia

American Journal of Sociology

Volumn 115, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 203-254

  Slater, Dan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 70349348971     PISSN: 00029602     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/597796     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. Abrami, Regina M. 2003. "Vietnam in 2002: On the Road to Recovery." Asian Survey 43, no.1 (January-February): 91-100.
2. Abuza, Zachary. 2001. Renovating Politics in Contemporary Vietnam. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner.
3. Acemoglu, Daron, and James A. Robinson. 2006. Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
4. Alamgir, Jalal. 1997. "Against the Current: The Survival of Authoritarianism in Burma." Pacific Affairs 70, no.3 (Fall): 333-350
5. Aminzade, Ron, Jack A. Goldstone, and Elizabeth J. Perry. 2001. "Leadership Dynamics and Dynamics of Contention." Pp. 126-54 in Silence and Voice in the Study of Contentious Politics, edited by Ron Aminzade et al. New York: Cambridge University Press.
6. Aminzade, Ron, and Doug McAdam. 2001. "Emotions and Contentious Politics." Pp. 14-50 in Silence and Voice in the Study of Contentious Politics, edited by Ron Aminzade et al. New York: Cambridge University Press.
7. Anderson, Benedict R.O'G. 1972. Java in a Time of Revolution: Occupation and Resistance, 1944-1946. Ithaca, N.Y. Cornell University Press.
8. --------. (1977) 1998. "Withdrawal Symptoms." Pp. 139-73 in The Spectre of Comparisons: Nationalism, Southeast Asia, and the World, edited by Benedict R.O'G. Anderson. New York: Verso.
9. Aspinall, Edward. 2005. Opposing Suharto: Compromise, Resistance, and Regime Change in Indonesia. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
10. Aung San Suu Kyi. 1995. Freedom from Fear. London: Penguin.
11. Barry, Coeli M. 2006. "The Limits of Conservative Church Reformism in the Democratic Philippines." Pp. 157-79 in Religious Organizations and Democratization: Case Studies from Contemporary Asia, edited by Tun-jen Cheng and Deborah A. Brown. Armonk, N.Y. M. E. Sharpe.
12. Bartolini, Stefano. 2000. The Political Mobilization of the European Left, 1860-1980: The Class Cleavage. New York: Cambridge University Press.
13. Barton, Greg. 2006. "Islam and Democratic Transition in Indonesia." Pp. 221-41 in Religious Organizations and Democratization: Case Studies from Contemporary Asia, edited by Tun-jen Cheng and Deborah A. Brown. Armonk, N.Y. M. E. Sharpe.
14. Beissinger, Mark R 2002. Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State. New York: Cambridge University Press.
15. --------. 2007. "Structure and Example in Modular Political Phenomena: The Diffusion of Bulldozer/Rose/Orange/Tulip Revolutions." Perspectives on Politics 4, no.2 (June): 259-276
16. Bellin, Eva. 2002. Stalled Democracy: Capital, Labor, and the Paradox of State-Sponsored Development. Ithaca, N.Y. Cornell University Press.
17. Bermeo, Nancy. 1997. "Myths of Moderation: Confrontation and Conflict during Democratic Transitions." Comparative Politics 29, no.3 (April): 305-322
18. Boix, Carles. 2003. Democracy and Redistribution. New York: Cambridge University Press.
19. Boudreau, Vincent. 2004. Resisting Dictatorship: Repression and Protest in Southeast Asia. New York: Cambridge University Press.
20. Boudreau, Vincent G. 2002. "State Building and Repression in Authoritarian Onset." Southeast Asian Studies 39, no.4 (March): 537-557
21. Bourdieu, Pierre. 2005. "Principles of an Economic Anthropology." Pp. 75-89 in The Handbook of Economic Sociology, edited by Neil Smelser and Richard Swedberg. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
22. Bratton, Michael, and Nicolas van de Walle. 1997. Democratic Experiments in Africa-Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.
23. Brownlee, Jason. 2002. ". . . And Yet They Persist: Explaining Survival and Transition in Neopatrimonial Regimes." Studies in Comparative International Development 37 (3): 35-63.
24. --------. 2007. Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization. New York: Cambridge University Press.
25. Calhoun, Craig. 1994. Neither Gods nor Emperors: Students and the Struggle for Democracy in China. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
26. Callahan, Mary P. 2000. "Cracks in the Edifice? Changes in Military-Society Relations in Burma since 1988." Pp. 22-51 in Burma-Myanmar: Strong Regime, Weak State? edited by Morten B. Pedersen, Emily Rudland, and R J. May. Adelaide: Crawford House.
27. --------. 2004. Making Enemies: War and State Building in Burma. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
28. Case, William. 2006. "Manipulative Skills: How Do Rulers Control the Electoral Arena?" Pp. 95-112 in Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition, edited by Andreas Schedler. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner.
29. Chandra Muzaffar. 1979. Protector? An Analysis of the Concept and Practice in LeaderLed Relationships within Malay Society. Penang: ALIRAN.
30. Chirot, Daniel. 1994. Modern Tyrants: The Power and Prevalence of Evil in Our Age. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
31. Chua Beng-Huat. 1995. Communitarian Ideology and Democracy in Singapore. New York: Routledge.
32. Collier, Ruth Berins. 1999. Paths toward Democracy: The Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America. New York: Cambridge University Press.
33. Collier, Ruth Berins, and James Mahoney. 1997. "Adding Collective Actors to Collective Outcomes: Labor and Recent Democratization in South America and Southern Europe." Comparative Politics 29, no.3 (April): 285-303.
34. Dahl, Robert A. 1971. Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
35. Durkheim, Emile. (1912) 1995. Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. New York: Free Press.
36. Earl, Jennifer. 2003. "Tanks, Tear Gas, and Taxes: Toward a Theory of Movement Repression." Sociological Theory 21, no.1 (March): 44-68.
37. Eley, Geoff. 2002. Forging Democracy: The History of the Left in Europe, 1850-2000. New York: Oxford University Press.
38. Etzioni, Amitai. 1961. A Comparative Analysis of Complex Organizations: On Power, Involvement, and Their Correlates. Glencoe, 111.: Free Press of Glencoe.
39. Fforde, Adam. 1999. "From Plan to Market: The Economic Transition in Vietnam and China Compared." Pp. 43-72 in Transforming Asian Socialism: China and Vietnam Compared, edited by Anita Chan, Benedict J. Tria Kerkvliet, and Jonathan Unger. Canberra: Allen & Unwin.
40. Fink, Christina. 2001. Living Silence: Burma under Military Rule. New York: Zed Books.
41. Foran, John. 2005. Taking Power: On the Origins of Third World Revolutions. New York: Cambridge University Press.
42. Franco, Jennifer Conroy. 2000. Campaigning for Democracy: Grassroots Citizenship Movements, Less-than-Democratic Elections, and Regime Transition in the Philippines. Quezon City: Institute for Popular Democracy.
43. Friedland, Roger. 2001. "Religious Nationalism and the Problem of Collective Representation." Annual Review of Sociology 27:125-153
44. Gainsborough, Martin. 2003. "Political Change in Vietnam: In Search of the MiddleClass Challenge to the State." Asian Survey 42, no.5 (May): 694-707.
45. Gaventa, John. 1980. Power and Powerlessness: Quiescence and Rebellion in an Appalachian Valley. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
46. Geddes, Barbara. 1999. "What Do We Know about Democratization after Twenty Years?" Annual Review of Political Science 2:115-144
47. Goldstone, Jack. 2003. "Comparative Historical Analysis and Knowledge Accumulation in the Study of Revolutions." Pp. 41-90 in Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences, edited by James Mahoney and Dietrich Rueschemeyer. New York: Cambridge University Press.
48. Goodwin, Jeff. 2001. No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945-1991. New York: Cambridge University Press.
49. Haggard, Stephan, and Robert Kaufman. 1995. The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
50. Hamayotsu, Kikue. 2002. "Islam and Nation Building in Southeast Asia: Malaysia and Indonesia in Comparative Perspective." Pacific Affairs 75, no.3 (Fall): 353-375
51. Handley, Paul M. 2006. The King Never Smiles: A Biography of Thailand's Bhumipol Adulyadej. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
52. Hardin, Russell. 1995. One for All: The Logic of Group Conflict. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
53. Hedman, Eva-Lotta E. 2006. In the Name of Civil Society: From Free Election Movements to People Power in the Philippines. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
54. Hefner, Robert W. 2000. Civil Islam: Muslims and Democratization in Indonesia. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
55. Human Rights Watch. 2007. Crackdown: Repression of the 2007 Popular Protests in Burma. New York: Human Rights Watch.
56. Huntington, Samuel P. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
57. Huxley, Tim. 2002. "Singapore in 2001: Political Continuity despite Deepening Recession." Asian Survey 42 (1): 156-164
58. Ileto, Reynaldo C. 1979. Pasyon and Revolution: Popular Movements in the Philippines, 1840-1910. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
59. --------. 1985. "The Past in the Present Crisis." Pp. 7-16 in The Phillipines after Marcos, edited by R. J. May and Francisco Nemenzo. London: Croom Helm.
60. Janowitz, Morris. 1977. Military Institutions and Coercion in the Developing Nations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
61. Jasper, James M. 1999. The Art of Moral Protest: Culture, Biography, and Creativity in Social Movements. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
62. Joiner, Charles A. 1990. "The Vietnam Communist Party Strives to Remain the 'Only Force.'" Asian Survey 30, no.11 (November): 1053-1065
63. Karklins, Rasma, and Roger D. Petersen. 1993. "Decision Calculus of Protesters and Regimes: Eastern Europe, 1989." Journal of Politics 55, no.3 (August): 588-614.
64. Katznelson, Ira, and Aristide R. Zolberg, eds. 1986. Working-Class Formation: Nineteenth-Century Patterns in Western Europe and the United States. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
65. Kerkvliet, Benedict J. Tria. 2005. The Power of Everyday Politics: How Vietnamese Peasants Transformed National Policy. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
66. Khoo Boo Teik. 1995. Paradoxes of Mahathirism: An Intellectual Biography of Mahathir Mohamad. New York: Oxford University Press.
67. Kubik, Jan. 1994. The Power of Symbols against the Symbols of Power: The Rise of Solidarity and the Fall of State Socialism in Poland. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
68. Kurzman, Charles. 2008. Democracy Denied, 1905-1915: Intellectuals and the Fate of Democracy. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
69. Laitin, David D. 1998. Identity in Formation: The Russian-Speaking Populations in the Near-Abroad. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
70. Levitsky, Steven, and Lucan A. Way. 2002. "The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism." Journal of Democracy 13, no.2 (April): 51-64.
71. Loveman, Mara. 1998. "High-Risk Collective Action: Defending Human Rights in Chile, Uruguay, and Argentina." American Journal of Sociology 104, no.2 (September): 477-525.
72. Loveman M. The modern state and the primitive accumulation of symbolic power American Journal of Sociology 2005 110 6 1651-1683 DOI 10.1086/428688 --------. 2005. "The Modern State and the Primitive Accumulation of Symbolic Power." American Journal of Sociology 110, no.6 (May): 1651-1683 (Pubitemid 41180108)
73. Madrid, Robin. 1999. "Islamic Students in the Indonesian Student Movement, 1998-1999: Forces for Moderation." Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 31, no.3 (July-September): 17-32.
74. Mahoney, James. 2003. "Knowledge Accumulation in Comparative Historical Analysis: The Case of Democracy and Authoritarianism." Pp. 131-74 in Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences, edited by James Mahoney and Dietrich Rueschemeyer. New York: Cambridge University Press.
75. Matthews, Bruce. 1993. "Buddhism under a Military Regime: The Iron Heel in Burma." Asian Survey 33, no.4 (April): 408-423
76. McCargo, Duncan. 1997. Chamlong Srimuang and the New Thai Politics. London: Hurst & Co.
77. McCormick, Barrett. 1999. "Political Change in China and Vietnam: Coping with the Consequences of Economic Reform." Pp. 153-75 in Transforming Asian Socialism: China and Vietnam Compared, edited by Anita Chan, Benedict J. Tria Kerkvliet, and Jonathan Unger. Canberra: Allen & Unwin.
78. McCoy, Alfred W. 1999. Closer than Brothers: Manhood at the Philippine Military Academy. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
79. McHaIe, Shawn Frederick. 2004. Print and Power: Confucianism, Communism, and Buddhism in the Making of Modern Vietnam. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
80. Moore, Barrington. 1966. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston: Beacon.
81. Mydans, Seth. 1988. "The Students behind Burma's Revolt." New York Times, August 21.
82. Ockey, James. 2004. Making Democracy: Leadership, Gender, and Political Participation in Thailand. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
83. O'Donnell, Guillermo, and Philippe C. Schmitter. 1986. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press.
84. Olson, Mancur. 1965. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
85. Owen, Norman, et al., eds. 2005. The Emergence of Southeast Asia: A New History. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
86. Pape, Robert A. 2003. "The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism." American Political Science Review 97, no.3 (August): 343-361
87. Petersen, Roger D. 2001. Resistance and Rebellion: Lessons from Eastern Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press.
88. Pinches, Michael. 1991. "The Working Class Experience of Shame, Inequality, and People Power in Tatalon, Manila." Pp. 166-86 in From Marcos to Aquino: Local Perspectives on Political Transition in the Philippines, edited by Benedict J. Kerkvliet and Resil B. Mojares. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila Press.
89. Polanyi, Karl. (1944) 2001. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Boston: Beacon.
90. Polletta, Francesca. 2003. "Culture Is Not Just in Your Head." Pp. 97-110 in Rethinking Social Movements: Structure, Meaning, and Emotion, edited by Jeff Goodwin and James M. Jasper. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield.
91. Polletta, Francesca, and James M. Jasper. 2001. "Collective Identity and Social Movements." Annual Review of Sociology 27:283-305.
92. Przeworski, Adam, and Fernando Limongi. 1997. "Modernization: Theories and Facts." World Politics 49, no.2 (January): 155-183
93. Ramage, Douglas. 1997. Politics in Indonesia- Democracy, Islam, and the Ideology of Tolerance. New York: Routledge.
94. Reynolds, Frank E. 1978. "Legitimation and Rebellion: Thailand's Civic Religion and the Student Uprising of October, 1973." Pp. 134-46 in Religion and Legitimation of Power in Thailand, Laos, and Burma, edited by Bardwell L. Smith. Chambersburg, Pa.: ANIMA.
95. Rivera, Temario. 2001. "The Middle Classes and Democratization in the Philippines: From the Asian Crisis to the Ouster of Estrada." Pp. 230-61 in Southeast Asian Middle Classes: Prospects for Social Change and Democratization, edited by Abdul Rahman Embong. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
96. Rodan, Garry. 1996. "State-Society Relations and Political Opposition in Singapore." Pp. 95-124 in Political Oppositions in Industrializing Asia, edited by Garry Rodan. New York: Routledge.
97. Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John D. Stephens. 1992. Copitalist Development and Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
98. Schedler, Andreas. 2006. "The Logic of Electoral Authoritarianism." Pp. 1-23 in Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition, edited by Andreas Schedler. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner.
99. Schock, Kurt. 2005. Unarmed Insurrections: People Power Movements in Nondemocracies. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
100. Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1942) 1976. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. New York: Harper & Row.
101. Scott, James C. 1985. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
102. Sewell, William H. 1980. Work and Revolution in France: The Language of Labor from the Old Regime to 1848. New York: Cambridge University Press.
103. Sewell W.H. Jr. Historical events as transformations of structures: Inventing revolution at the Bastille Theory and Society 1996 25 6 841-881 --------. 1996. "Historical Events as Transformations of Structures: Inventing Revolution at the Bastille." Theory and Society 25, no.6 (December): 841-881 (Pubitemid 126352990)
104. Sidel, John T 1998. "Macet Total: Logics of Circulation and Accumulation in the Demise of Indonesia's New Order." Indonesia 66 (October): 159-194
105. --------. 2008. "Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy Revisited: Colonial State and Chinese Immigrant in the Making of Modern Southeast Asia." Comparative Politics 40, no.2 (January): 127-147
106. Skocpol, Theda. 1979. States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China. New York: Cambridge University Press.
107. Slater, Dan. 2003. "Iron Cage in an Iron Fist: Authoritarian Institutions and the Personalization of Power in Malaysia." Comparative Politics 36, no.1 (October): 81-101.
108. --------. In press. Ordering Power: Contentious Politics and Authoritarian Leviathans in Southeast Asia. New York: Cambridge University Press.
109. Snow, David A., E. Burke Rochford Jr., Steven K. Worden, and Robert D. Benford. 1986. "Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation." American Sociological Review 51:464-481
110. Suryadinata, Leo. 1989. Military Ascendancy and Political Culture: A Study of Indonesia's Golkar. Athens: Ohio University Center for International Studies.
111. Tambiah, S. J. 1978. "Sangha and Polity in Modern Thailand: An Overview." Pp. 111-33 in Religion and Legitimation of Power in Thailand, Laos, and Burma, edited by Bardwell L. Smith. Chambersburg, Pa.: ANIMA.
112. Thak Chaloemtiarana. 1979. Thailand: The Politics of Despotic Paternalism. Bangkok: Thammasat University.
113. Thaveeporn Vasavakul. 1995. "Vietnam: The Changing Models of Legitimation." Pp. 257-89 in Political Legitimacy in Southeast Asia: The Quest for Moral Authority, edited by Muthiah Alagappa. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
114. Thompson, E. P. 1963. The Making of the English Working Class. London: Gallancz.
115. Thompson, Mark R. 1995. The Anti-Marcos Struggle: Personalistic Rule and Democratic Transition in the Philippines. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
116. --------. 2004. Democratic Revolutions: Asia and Eastern Europe. New York: Routledge.
117. Thompson, Mark R., and Philipp Kuntz. 2005. "More than Just the Final Straw: Stolen Elections as Revolutionary Triggers." Paper presented at the "Authoritarian Regimes: Conditions of Stability and Change" conference, Swedish Institute, Istanbul, May.
118. Tilly, Charles. 2002. Stories, Identities, and Political Change. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield.
119. --------. 2005. Contention and Democracy in Europe, 1650-2000. New York: Cambridge University Press.
120. Tiryakian, Edward A. 1995. "Collective Effervescence, Social Change and Charisma: Durkheim, Weber and 1989." International Sociology 10, no.3 (September): 269-281
121. Traugott, Mark, ed. 1995. Repertoires and Cycles of Collective Action. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.
122. Tsai K.S. Capitalists without a class: Political diversity among private entrepreneurs in China Comparative Political Studies 2005 38 9 1130-1158 DOI 10.1177/0010414005277021 Tsai, Kellee S. 2005. "Capitalists without a Class: Political Diversity among Private Entrepreneurs in China." Comparative Political Studies 38, no.9 (November): 1130-1158 (Pubitemid 41596217)
123. Tucker, Joshua. 2007. "Enough! Electoral Fraud, Collective Action Problems, and PostCommunist Colored Revolutions." Perspectives on Politics 5, no.3 (September): 535-552
124. Varshney, Ashutosh. 2003. "Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and Rationality." Perspectives on Politics 1, no.1 (March): 85-99.
125. Waldner, David. 2008. "Democracy and Dictatorship in the Postcolonial World." Manuscript. University of Virginia.
126. Wang, Zhengxu. 2008. Democratization in Confucian East Asia: Citizen Politics in China, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Youngstown, N.Y.: Cambria.
127. Way, Lucan A. 2005. "Authoritarian State Building and the Sources of Regime Competitiveness in the Fourth Wave: The Cases of Belarus, Moldova, Russia, and Ukraine." World Politics 57, no.2 (January): 231-261
128. Wedeen, Lisa. 1999. Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric, and Symbols in Contemporary Syria. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
129. Weiss, Meredith L. 2006. Protest and Possibilities: Civil Society and Coalitions for Political Change in Malaysia. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
130. Wood, Elisabeth Jean. 2000. Forging Democracy from Below: Insurgent Transitions in South Africa and El Salvador. New York: Cambridge University Press.
131. Woodside, Alexander. 1999. "Exalting the Latecomer State: Intellectuals and the State during the Chinese and Vietnamese Reforms." Pp. 15-42 in Transforming Asian Socialism: China and Vietnam Compared, edited by Anita Chan, Benedict J. Tria Kerkvliet, and Jonathan Unger. Canberra: Allen & Unwin.
132. Yang, David D. 2007. "Classing Ethnicity: Class, Ethnicity, and the Mass Politics of Taiwan's Democratic Transition." World Politics 59 (July): 503-538
133. Yawnghwe, Chao-Tzang. 1995. "Burma: The Depoliticization of the Political." Pp. 170-92 in Political Legitimacy in Southeast Asia: The Quest for Moral Authority, edited by Muthiah Alagappa. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
134. Youngblood, Robert L. 1990. Marcos against the Church: Economic Development and Political Repression in the Philippines. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
135. Zhao, Dingxin. 2001. The Power of Tiananmen: State-Society Relations and the 1989 Beijing Student Movement. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
136. Ziblatt, Daniel. 2006. "How Did Europe Democratize?" World Politics 58, no.2 (January): 311-338