Kuchma's failed authoritarianism

Journal of Democracy

Volumn 16, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 131-145

  Way, Lucan A ^a  

^a TEMPLE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 18444409951     PISSN: 10455736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jod.2005.0037     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Steven Levitsky and Lucan A. Way, "The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism," Journal of Democracy 13 (April 2002): 51-65.
2. Since 1989, competitive authoritarian regimes have existed in at least 37 countries in East Asia (Cambodia, Malaysia, Taiwan), the Americas (Dominican Republic, Guyana, Haiti, Nicaragua, Mexico, Peru), Central Europe (Albania, Croatia, Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia), the former Soviet Union (Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Russia, Ukraine), and sub-Saharan Africa (Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Senegal, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe).
3. Andrew Wilson, "Ukraine's 2002 Elections: Less Fraud, More Virtually," East European Constitutional Review 11 (Summer 2002): 91-98;
4. Erik Herron and Paul E. Johnson, "It Doesn't Matter Who Votes, But Who Counts the Votes: Assessing Election Fraud in Ukraine's 2002 Parliamentary Elections," unpubl. ms., available at www.ku.edu/herron/elections/papers/ fraud.pdf.
5. Human Rights Watch Report, "Negotiating the News: Informal State Censorship of Ukrainian Television," March 2003, 21-22.
6. This point has also been made by Keith Darden in "Blackmail as a Tool of State Domination: Ukraine Under Kuchma," East European Constitutional Review 10 (Spring-Summer 2001): 67-71.
7. For a particularly sophisticated treatment of informal institutions in Ukraine, see also Jessica Alina-Pisano's forthcoming article in World Politics.
8. Quoted in the Razumkov Centre Analytical Report, "The System of Democratic Civilian Control over Law-Enforcement Bodies: Its Effectiveness and Shortcomings," National Security and Defence (Kyiv) 52 (April 2004): 21.
9. See, for. example, Podrobnosti (Kyiv), 9 June 2004;
10. Zerkalo Nedeli (Kyiv), 14-20 August 2004.
11. Keith Darden, "Blackmail as a Tool of State Domination."
12. Ukrayinska Pravda, 12 November 2004.
13. Pochta Zaporizhzhia (Zaporizhzhia), 14 December 2004;
14. Ukrayinska Pravda, 16 November 2004.
15. Zerkalo Nedeli (Kyiv), 25 December 2004.
16. Ukrayinska Pravda, 12 November 2004.
17. Mykola Melnychenko, Kto est Kto na divane Prezidenta Kuchmy (Who is who on President Kuchma's sofa) (Kyiv: publisher unknown, 2002), 86.
18. Ukrayinska Pravda, 1 March 2004.
19. Mykola Melnychenko, Kto est Kto na divane Prezidenta Kuchmy, 116.
20. At least two-thirds of the Committee of National Salvation that led the pro-Yushchenko movement were former Kuchma allies.
21. Jamestown Foundation Eurasia Daily Monitor 1, 24 September 2002.
22. Jonathan Steele "Ukraine's Untold Story," Nation, 2 December 2004.
23. Zerkalo Nedeli, 20 November 2004. There were some reports that some residents had been allowed to vote on behalf of their relatives residing abroad.
24. Ukrayinska Pravda, 26 November 2004.
25. Pochta Zaporizhzhia, 14 December 2004.
26. In most regions, support for Yushchenko was only 2 to 5 percent higher in the December 26 repeat election than in the November 21 second round.
27. For a detailed and dramatic account of how Serbian protestors marched into Belgrade after Slobodan Milošević stole the presidential election in late 2000, see Dragan Bujošević and Ivan Radovanović, The Fall of Milošević: The October 5 Revolution (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2003), 44-52.
28. Pochta Zaporizhzhia, 11-17 December 2004.
29. Taras Kuzio, "Security Forces Begin to Defect to Viktor Yushchenko," Jamestown Foundation Eurasian Daily Monitor, 1 December 2004.
30. Ivan Lozowy reports that Kuchma may have in fact issued an order on November 27 "to use force against the opposition's demonstrators, but the militia delayed and then disobeyed." Ukraine Insider, December 2004.
31. Ukrayinska Pravda, 1 December and 15 December 2004.