PET/CT in prostate cancer: Non-choline radiopharmaceuticals

Quarterly Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging

Volumn 56, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 367-374

  Castellucci, P ^a   Jadvar, H ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Diagnostic imaging; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Prostatic neoplasms

Indexed keywords

2' FLUORO 5 METHYL 1 BETA DEXTRO ARABINOFURANOSYLURACIL F 18; 3' FLUOROTHYMIDINE F 18; ACETIC ACID C 11; ANDROGEN; ANDROGEN RECEPTOR; BICALUTAMIDE; CAPROMAB PENDETIDE IN 111; DOCETAXEL; FLUCICLOVINE F 18; FLUORO 5ALPHA DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE F 18; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL AGENT; THYMIDINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

BONE METASTASIS; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER HORMONE THERAPY; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER STAGING; CASTRATION RESISTANT PROSTATE CANCER; CELL PROLIFERATION; COMPUTER ASSISTED EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC TEST ACCURACY STUDY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DNA SYNTHESIS; GLEASON SCORE; HUMAN; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; NONHUMAN; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; URINARY EXCRETION;

CHOLINE; HUMANS; MALE; NEOPLASM STAGING; POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; RADIOISOTOPES; RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS; TREATMENT FAILURE;

EID: 84869826267     PISSN: 18244785     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (88)

1. Gillies RJ, Robey I, Gatenby RA. Causes and consequences of increased glucose metabolism of cancers. J Nucl Med 2008;49(6 Suppl):24S-42S. (Pubitemid 351948035)
2. Jadvar H, Pinski J, Quinn D et al. PET/CT with FDG in metastatic prostate cancer: castrate-sensitive vs. castrate-resistant disease. J Nucl Med 2009;50(Suppl):120P.
3. Jadvar H, Desai B, Ji L et al. Comparison of Imaging- and PSA-Based Treatment Response Criteria in Metastatic Prostate Cancer: A Preliminary Analysis. RSNA 97th Scientific Assembly & Ann Meeting, Chicago, IL, 2011.
4. Macheda ML, Rogers S, Bets JD. Molecular and cellular regulation of glucose transport (GLUT) proteins in cancer. J Cell Physiol 2005; 202:654-62. (Pubitemid 40175840)
5. Smith TA. Mammalian hexokinases and their abnormal expression in cancer. Br J Biomed Sci 2000; 57:170-8. (Pubitemid 30417071)
6. Effert P, Beniers AJ, Tamimi Y, Handt S, Jakse G. Expression of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1) in cell lines and clinical specimen from human prostate adenocarcinoma. Anticancer Res 2004;24:3057-3.
7. Stewart GD, Gray K, Pennington CJ, Edwards DR, Riddick AC, Ross JA et al. Analysis of hypoxia-associated gene expression in prostate cancer: lysyl oxidase and glucose transporter 1 expression correlate with Gleason score. Oncol Rep 2008;20:1561-7.
8. Kukuk D, Reischl G, Raguin O, Wiehr S, Judenhofer MS, Calaminus C et al. Assessment of PET tracer uptake in hormone-independent and hormone-dependent xenograft prostate cancer mouse models. J Nucl Med 2011;52:1654-63.
9. Jadvar H, Xiankui L, Shahinian A, Park R, Tohme M, Pinski J et al. Glucose metabolism of human prostate cancern mouse xenografts. Mol Imaging 2005;4:91-7. (Pubitemid 43143795)
10. Emonds KM, Swinnen JV, van Weerden WM, Vanderhoydonc F, Nuyts J, Mortelmans L et al. Do androgens control the uptake of 18F-FDG, 11C-choline, and 11C-acetate in human prostate cancer cell lines? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011;38:1842-53.
11. Jadvar H, Ye W, Groshen S, Conti PS. [F-18]-fluorodeoxyglucose PET-CT of the normal prostate gland. Ann Nucl Med 2008;22:787-93.
12. Salminen E, Hogg A, Binns D, Frydenberg M, Hicks R. Investigations with FDG PET scanning in prostate cancer show limited value for clinical practice. Acta Oncol 2002;41:425-9. (Pubitemid 35222040)
13. Shiiba M, Ishihara K, Kimura G, Kuwako T, Yoshihara H, Sato H et al. Evaluation of primary prostate cancer using 11C-methionine-PET/CT and 18F-FDG-PET/CT. Ann Nucl Med 2012;26:138-45.
14. Minamimoto R, Uemura H, Sano F, Terao H, Nagashima Y, Yamanaka S et al. The potential of FDG PET/CT for detecting prostate cancer in patients with an elevated serum PSA level. Ann Nucl Med 2011;25:21-7.
15. Oyama N, Akino H, Suzuki Y, Kanamaru H, Sadato N, Yonekura Y et al. The increased accumulation of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose in untreated prostate cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 1999;29:623-9.
16. Schoder H, Hermann K, Gonen M, Hricak H, Eberhard S, Larson SM et al. 2-18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for detection of disease in patients with prostate-specific antigen relapse after radical prostatectomy. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:4761-9. (Pubitemid 41557196)
17. Apolo AB, Pandit-Taskar N, Morris MJ. Novel tracers and their development for the imaging of metastaic prostate cancer. J Nucl Med 2008;49:2031-41.
18. Chang CH, Wu HU, Tsai JJ, Shen YY, Changlai SP, Kao A et al. Detecting metastatic pelvic lymph nodes by 18F-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography in patients with prostate specific antigen relapse after treatment for localized prostate cancer. Urol Int 2003;70:311-5. (Pubitemid 36566263)
19. 18F-FDG PET/CT in detection of occult metastatic disease in biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer. Clin Nucl Med 2012 [In press].
20. Fox JJ, Morris MJ, Larson SM, Schoder H, Scher HI Developing imaging strategies for castration resistant prostate cancer. Acta Oncol 2011;50(Suppl 1):39-48.
21. Morris MJ, Akhurst T, Osman I, Nunez R, Macapinlac H, Siedlecki K et al. Fluoridated deoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging in progressive metasatic prostate cancer. Urology 2002;59:913-8. (Pubitemid 34522186)
22. Jadvar H. Molecular imaging of prostate cancer with 18F- fluorodeoxyglucose PET. Nat Rev Urol 2009;6:317-23.
23. Oyama N, Akino H, Suzuki Y, Kanamaru H, Ishida H, Tanase K et al. FDG PET for evaluating the change of glucose metabolism in prostate cancer after androgen ablation. Nucl Med Commun 2001;22:963-9. (Pubitemid 32783446)
24. Jadvar H. Prostate cancer: PET with 18F-FDG, 18F- or 11C-acetate, and 18F- or 11C-choline. J Nucl Med 2011;52:81-9.
25. Jadvar H, Desai B, Quinn D. Treatment Response Assessment of Metastatic Prostate Cancer with FDG PET/CT. J Nucl Med 2011;52(Suppl. 1):431P.
26. Hillner BE, Siegel BA, Shields AF, Liu D, Gareen IF, Hunt E et al. Relationship between cancer type and impact of PET and PET/CT on intended management: findings of the National Oncologic PET Registry. J Nucl Med 2008;49:1926-1935.
27. Oyama N, Akino H, Suzuki Y, Kanamaru H, Miwa Y, Tsuka H et al. Prognostic value of 2-deoxy-2-[F-18]fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography imaging for patients with prostate cancer. Mol Imaging Biol 2002;4:99-104. (Pubitemid 34272714)
28. Meirelles GS, Schoder H, Ravizzini GC, Gonen M, Fox JJ, Humm J et al. Prognostic value of baseline [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and 99mTc-MDP bone scan in progressing metastatic prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2010;16:6093-9.
29. Liu Y. Fatty acid oxidation is a dominant bioenergetic pathway in prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2006;9:230-4. (Pubitemid 44317255)
30. Schiepers C, Hoh CK, Nuyts J, Seltzer M, Wu C, Huang SC. 1-11C-acetate kinetics of prostate cancer, J Nucl Med 2008;49:206-15.
31. Seltzer MA, Jahan SA, Sparks R, Stout DB, Satyamurthy N, Dahlbom M et al. Radiation dose estimates in humans for (11)C-acetate whole-body PET. J Nucl Med 2004;45:1233-6. (Pubitemid 47611670)
32. Song Won S, Nielson Brett R, Banks Kevin P, Bradley Yong C. Normal organ standard uptake values in carbon-11 acetate PET imaging Nuclear Medicine Communications 2009;30:462-5.
33. Kato T, Tsukamoto E, Kuge Y, Takei T, Shiga T, Shinohara et al. Accumulation of [11C]acetate in normal prostate and benign prostatic hyperplasia: comparison with prostate cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2002;29:1492-5. (Pubitemid 35232052)
34. Oyama N, Akino H, Kanamaru H, Suzuki Y, Muramoto S, Yonekura Y et al. 11C-acetate PET Imaging of Prostate Cancer, J Nucl Med 2002;43):181-6.
35. Fricke E, Machtens S, Hofmann M, van den Hoff J, Bergh S, Brunkhorst T et al. Positron emission tomography with 11C-acetate and 18F-FDG in prostate cancer patients, Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2003;30:607-11. (Pubitemid 36559841)
36. Kotzerke J, Volkmer BG, Neumaier B, Gschwend JE, Hautmann RE, Reske SN. Carbon-11 acetate positron emission tomography can detect local recurrence of prostate cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2002;29:1380-4. (Pubitemid 44392221)
37. Vees H, Buchegger F, Albrecht S, Khan H, Husarik D, Zaidi H et al. 18F-choline and/or 11C-acetate positron emission tomography: detection of residual or progressive subclinical disease at very low prostate-specific antigen values (<1 ng/mL) after radical prostatectomy. BJU Int 2007;99:1415-20. (Pubitemid 47164795)
38. Wachter S, Tomek S, Kurtaran A, Wachter-Gerstner N, Djavan B, Becherer A et al. 11C-acetate positron emission tomography imaging and image fusion with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in patients with recurrent prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:2513-9. (Pubitemid 46630628)
39. Sandblom G, Sörensen J, Lundin N, Häggman M, Malmström PU. Positron emission tomography with C11-acetate for tumor detection and localization in patients with prostate-specific antigen relapse after radical prostatectomy, Urology 2006;67:996-1000. (Pubitemid 43956436)
40. Stanbrough M, Bubley GJ, Ross K, Golub TR, Rubin MA, Penning TM et al. Increased expression of genes converting adrenal androgens to testosterone in androgen-independent prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2006;66:2815-25.
41. Chen CD, Welsbie DS, Tran C, Baek SH, Chen R, Vessella R et al. Molecular determinants of resistance to antiandrogen therapy. Nat Med 2004;10:33-9. (Pubitemid 38524696)
42. Larson SM, Morris M, Gunther I, Beattie B, Humm JL, Akhurst TA et al. Tumor localization of 16beta-18F-fluoro-5alpha-dihydrotestosterone versus 18F-FDG in patients with progressive, metastatic prostate cancer. J Nucl Med 2004;45:366-73. (Pubitemid 47618608)
43. Dehdashti F, Picus J, Michalski JM, Dence CS, Siegel BA, Katzenellenbogen JA et al. Positron tomographic assessment of androgen receptors in prostatic carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2005;32:344-50. (Pubitemid 40562127)
44. Beattie BJ, Smith-Jones PM, Jhanwar YS, Schoder H, Schmidtlein CR, Morris MJ et al. Pharmacokinetic assessment of the uptake of 16beta-18F-fluoro-5alpha- dihydrotestosterone (FDHT) in prostate tumors as measured by PET. J Nucl Med 2010;51:183-92.
45. Fox J, Blanc E, Schoder H, Morris M, Scher H, Larson S et al. Diversity of biology in castrate resistant prostate cancer. J Nucl Med 2009;50(Suppl 2):523.
46. Scher I, Beer TM, Higano CS, Anand A, Taplin ME, Efstathiou E et al. Antitumour activity of MDV3100 in castration-resistant prostate cancer: a phase 1-2 study. Lancet 2010;375:1437-46.
47. Mankoff DA, Shields AF, Krohn KA. PET imaging of cellular proliferation. Radiol Clin North Am 2005;43:153-67. (Pubitemid 40326566)
48. Couturier O, Leost F, Campone M, Carlier T, Chantal JF, Hustinx R. Is 3′-deoxy-3′-[18F]fluorothymidine ([18F]-FLT) the next tracer for routine clinical PET after [18F]-FDG? Bull Cancer 2005;92:789-98. (Pubitemid 41462888)
49. Nimmagadda S, Shields AF. The role of DNA synthesis imaging in cancer in the era of targeted therapeutics. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2008;27:575-87.
50. Bading JR, Shields AF. Imaging of cell proliferation: status and prospects. J Nucl Med 2008;49(Suppl 2):64S-80S. (Pubitemid 351948037)
51. Shields AF, Mankoff DA, Graham MM, Zheng M, Kozawa SM, Link JM et al. Analysis if 2-carbon-11-thymidine blood metabolites in PET imaging. J Nucl Med 1996;37:290-6. (Pubitemid 26150906)
52. Shields AF, Mankoff DA, Link JM, Graham MM, Eary JF, Kozawa SM et al. [11C]Thymidine and FDG to measure therapy response. J Nucl Med 1998;39:1757-62. (Pubitemid 28473526)
53. Mankoff D, Shields AF, Link JM, Graham MM, Muzi M, Peterson LM et al. Kinetic analysis of 2-[11C]thymidine PET imaging studies: validation studies. J Nucl Med 1999;40:614-24. (Pubitemid 29171803)
54. Mankoff D, Shield AF, Graham MM, Link JM, Eary JF, Krohn KA et al. Kinetic analysis of 2-[carbon-11]thymidine PET imaging studies: compartmental model and mathematical analysis. J Nucl Med 1998;39:1043-55. (Pubitemid 28270124)
55. Shields A, Grierson J, Dohmen B, Machulla HJ, Stayanoff JC, Lawhorn-Crews JM et al. Imaging proliferation in vivo with [F-18]FLT and positron emission tomography. Nat Med 1998;4:1334-6. (Pubitemid 28512118)
56. Grierson JR, Shields AF. Radiosynthesis of 3′-deoxy-3′-[(18F] fluorothymidine: [(18F)F]FLT for imaging of cellular proliferation in vivo. Nucl Med Biol 2000;27:143-56. (Pubitemid 30204569)
57. Shields AF, Grierson JR, Muzik O, Stayanoff JC, Lawhorn-Crews JM, Obradovich JE et al. Kinetics of 3′-deoxy-3′-[F-18]fluorothymidine uptake and retention in dogs. Mol Imaging Biol 2002;4:83-9.
58. Kukuk D, Reischl G, Raguin O, Wiehr S, Judenhofer MS, Calaminus C et al. Assessment of PET tracer uptake in hormone-independent and hormone-dependent xenograft prostate cancer mouse models. J Nucl Med 2011;52:1654-63.
59. Oyama N, Ponde D, Dence C, Kim J, Tai YC, Welch MJ et al. Monitoring of therapy in androgen-dependent prostate tumor model by measuring tumor proliferation. J Nucl Med 2004;45:519-25. (Pubitemid 47618630)
60. Oyama N, Hasegawa Y, Kiyono Y, Kobayashi M, Fujibayashi Y, Ponde DE et al. early response assessment in prostate carcinoma by 18F-fluorothymidine following anticancer therapy with docetaxel using preclinical tumor models. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011;38:81-9.
61. Tehrani OS, Douglas KA, Lawhorn-Crews JM, Shields AF. Tracking cellular stress with labeled FMAU reflects changes in mitochondrial TK2. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2008;35:1480-8.
62. Fanucchi MP, Leyland-Jones R, Young CW, Burchenal JH, Watanabe KA, Fox JJ. Phase I trial of 1-(2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro-1-beta-D- arabinofuranosyl)-5-methyluracil (FMAU). Cancer Treat Rep 1985;69:55-9.
63. Conti PS, Alauddin MM, Fissekis JR, Schmall B, Watanabe KA. Synthesis of 2′-fluoro-5-[11C]-methyl-1-beta-D-arabinofurasyluracil ([11C]-FMAU): a potential nucleoside analog for in vivo study of cellular proliferation with PET. Nucl Med Biol 1995;22:783-9.
64. Bading JR, Shahinian AH, Bathija P, Conti PS. Pharmacokinetics of the thymidine analog 2′-fluoro-5-[(14)C]-methyl-1-beat-D- arabinofuranosyluracil ([(14)C]FMAU in rat prostate tumor cell. Nucl Med Biol 2000;27:361-8. (Pubitemid 30628696)
65. Wang H, Oliver P, Nan L, Wang S, Wang Z, Rhie JK et al. radiolabeled 2′-fluorodeoxyuracil-beat-D-arabinofuranoside (FAU) and 2′-fluoro-5-methyldeoxyuracil-beta-D-arabinofuranoside (FMAU) as tumor imaging agents in mice. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2002;49:419-24.
66. Lu L, Samuelsson L, Bergstrom M, Sato K, Fasth KJ, Langstrom B. Rat studies comparing 11C-FMAU, 18F-FLT, and 76Br-BFU as proliferation markers. J Nucl Med 2002;43:1688-98. (Pubitemid 35424996)
67. Mangner TJ, Klecker RW, Anderson L, Shields AF. Synthesis of 2′-deoxy-2′-[18F]fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl nucleosides, [18F]FAU, [18F]FMAU, [18F]FBAU and [18F]FIAU, as potential PET agents for imaging cellular proliferation. Synthesis of [18F] labeled FAU, FMAU, FBAU, FIAU. Nucl Med Biol 2003;30:215-24.
68. de Vries EF, van Waarde A, Harmsen MC, Mulder NH, Vaalburg W, Hospers GA. [(11)C]FMAU and [(18)F]FHPG as PET tracers for herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase activity and human cytomegalovirus infections. Nucl Med Biol 2000;27:113-9. (Pubitemid 30205631)
69. Alauddin MM, Shahinian A, Gordon EM, Conti PS. Evaluation of 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro-5-methyl-1-beta-D-arabinofurasyluracil as a potential gene imaging agent for HSV-tk expression in vivo. Mol Imaging 2002;1:74-81.
70. Alauddin MM, Shahinian A, Gordon EM, Conti PS. Direct comparison of radiolabeled probes FMAU, FHBG, and FHPG as PET imaging agents for HSV1-tk expression in a human breast cancer model. Mol Imaging 2004;3:76-84.
71. Kang KW, Min JJ, Chen X, Gambhir SS. Comparison of [14C] FMAU, [3H]FEAU, [14C]FIAU, and [3H]PCV for monitoring reporter gene expression of wild type and mutant herpes simplex virus type I thymidine kinase in cell culture. Mol Imaging Biol 2005;7:296-303.
72. Li Z, Cai H, Conti PS. Automated synthesis of 2′-deoxy-2′- [18F]fluoro-5-methyl-1-b-D-arabinofuranosyluracil ([18F]-FMAU) using a one reactor radiosynthesis module. Nucl Med Biol 2011;38:201-6.
73. Bading JR, Shahinian AH, Vail A, Bathija P, Koszalka GW, Koda RT et al. Pharmacokinetics of the thymidine analog 2′-fluoro-5-methyl-1-beta-D- arabinofuranosyluracil (FMAU) in tumor-bearing rats. Nucl Med Biol 2004;31:407-18. (Pubitemid 38490740)
74. Conti PS, Bading JR, Mouton PP, Links JM, Alauddin MM, Fissekis JD et al. In vivo measurement of cell proliferation in canine brain tumor using C-11-labeled FMAU and PET. Nucl Med Biol 2008;35:131-41. (Pubitemid 350298247)
75. Tehrani OS, Muzik O, Heilbrun LK, Douglas KA, Lawhorn-Crews JM, Sun H et al. Tumor imaging using 1-(2′-deoxy-18F-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl) thymine and PET. J Nucl Med 2007;48:1436-41.
76. Nishii R, Volgia AY, Mawlawi O, Mukhopadahyay U, Pal A, Bornmann W et al. Evaluation of 2′-deoxy-2′-[(18)F]fluoro-5-methyl-1-beta-L:- arabinofuranosyluracil ([(18)F]-L:-FMAU) as a PET imaging agent for cellular proliferation: comparison with [(18)F]-D:-FMAU and [(18)F]FLT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2008;35:990-8.
77. Sun H, Mangner TJ, Collins JM, Muzik O, Douglas K, Shields AF. Imaging DNA synthesis in vivo with 18F-FMAU and PET. J Nucl Med 2005;46:292-6. (Pubitemid 43073439)
78. Shields AF. Positron emission tomography measurement of tumor metabolism and growth: its expanding role in oncology. Mol Imaging Biol 2006;8:141-50. (Pubitemid 44193390)
79. 18F-FMAU) in prostate cancer: initial preclinical observations. Mol Imaging 2012 [Epub ahead of print].
80. Doeg KA, Polomski LL, Doeg LH. Androgen control of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA synthesis in male sex accessory tissue of castrate rats. Endocrinology 1972;90:1633-8.
81. Sun H, Sloan A, Mangner TJ, Vaishampayan U, Muzik O, Collins JM et al. Imaging DNA synthesis with [18F]FMAU and positron emission tomography in patients with cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2005;32:15-22. (Pubitemid 40142774)
82. Alauddin MM, Shahinian A, Park R, Thome M, Fissekis JD, Conti PS. Synthesis and evaluation of 2′-deoxy-2′-18F-fluoro-5-fluoro-1-beta- D-arabinofuranosyluracil as a potential PET imaging agent for suicide gene expression. J Nucl Med 2004;45:2063-9. (Pubitemid 47611637)
83. Cai H, Li Z, Conti PS. The improved syntheses of 5-substituited 2′-[18F]fluoro-2′-deoxy-arabinofuranosyluracil derivatives ([18F]FAU, [18F]FEAU, [18F]FFAU, [18F]FCAU, [18F]FBAU and [18F]FIAU) using a multistep one-pot strategy. Nucl Med Biol 2011;38:659-66.
84. Oka S, Hattori R, Kurosaki F, Toyama M, Williams LA, Yu W et al. A preliminary study of anti-1-amino-3-18F-fluorocyclobutyl-1-carboxylic acid for the detection of prostate cancer. J Nucl Med 2007;48:46-55. (Pubitemid 47555375)
85. Oka S, Okudaira H, Yoshida Y, Schuster DM, Goodman MM, Shirakami Y. Transport mechanisms of trans-1-amino-3-fluoro [1-(14C)cyclobutanecarboxylic acid in prostate cancer. Nucl Med Biol 2012;39:109-19.
86. Schuster DM, Votaw JR, Nieh PT, Yu W, Nye JA, Master V et al. Initial experience with the radiotracer anti-1-amino-3-18F-fluorocyclobutane-1- carboxylic acid with PET/CT in prostate carcinoma. J Nucl Med 2007;48:56-63. (Pubitemid 47555376)
87. Schuster DM, Savir-Baruch B, Nieh PT, Master VA, Halkar RK, Rossi PJ et al. Detection of recurrent prostate carcinoma with anti-1-amino-3-18F- fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid PET/CT and 111In-capromab pendetide SPECT/CT. Radiology 2011;259:852-61.
88. 18F]FACBC. Ann Nucl Med 2011;25:414-8.