Aldosterone and angiotensin: Role in diabetes and cardiovascular diseases

European Journal of Pharmacology

Volumn 697, Issue 1-3, 2012, Pages 1-12

  Patel, Bhoomika M ^a,b   Mehta, Anita A ^a  

^a L M COLLEGE OF PHARMACY   (India)

^b NIRMA UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular diseases; Diabetes; Renin angiotensin aldosterone system

Indexed keywords

ALDOSTERONE; AMLODIPINE; ANGIOTENSIN 1 RECEPTOR; ANGIOTENSIN 2 RECEPTOR; ANGIOTENSIN I; ANGIOTENSIN II; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ATENOLOL; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM ANTAGONIST; CAPTOPRIL; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; EPROSARTAN; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; LOSARTAN; PLACEBO; RAMIPRIL; RENIN; VALSARTAN; VASCULAR CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1;

ATHEROGENESIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; AUTOCRINE EFFECT; BIOSYNTHESIS; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; BLOOD VESSEL HYPERTROPHY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECT; CELL FUNCTION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETOGENESIS; ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; FLUID BALANCE; HEART DISEASE; HEART FAILURE; HEART HYPERTROPHY; HEART MUSCLE FIBROSIS; HORMONE ACTION; HORMONE RELEASE; HORMONE SYNTHESIS; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERINSULINEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTROPHY; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; PARACRINE SIGNALING; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FAMILY; PROTEIN FUNCTION; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; VASCULAR DISEASE; VASCULITIS;

ALDOSTERONE; ANGIOTENSIN II; ANIMALS; AUTOCRINE COMMUNICATION; BLOOD PRESSURE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIABETES MELLITUS; HUMANS; PARACRINE COMMUNICATION; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE;

EID: 84869497084     PISSN: 00142999     EISSN: 18790712     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.09.034     Document Type: Review

References (207)

1. S. AbdAlla, H. Lother, A.M. Abdel-tawab, and U. Quitterer The angiotensin II AT2 receptor is an AT1 receptor antagonist J. Biol. Chem. 276 2001 39721 39726
2. H. Abuissa, P.G. Jones, S.P. Marso, and J.H. O'Keefe Jr. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers for prevention of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 46 2005 821 826
3. P.J. Admiraal, F.H. Derkx, A.H. Danser, H. Pieterman, and M.A. Schalekamp Metabolism and production of angiotensin I in different vascular beds in subjects with hypertension Hypertension 15 1990 44 55
4. ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic, The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) JAMAI 288 2002 2981 2997
5. I.A. Arenas, Y. Xu, P. Lopez-Jaramillo, and S.T. Davidge Angiotensin II-induced MMP-2 release from endothelial cells is mediated by TNF-alpha Am. J. Physiol.: Cell. Physiol. 286 2004 C779 C784
6. K.M. Baker, G.W. Booz, and D.E. Dostal Cardiac actions of angiotensin II: role of an intracardiac renin-angiotensin system Annu. Rev. Physiol. 54 1992 227 241
7. O.C. Baltatu, L.A. Campos, and M. Bader Local renin-angiotensin system and the brain - a continuous quest for knowledge Peptides 32 2011 1083 1086
8. C.S. Barr, C.C. Lang, J. Hanson, M. Arnott, N. Kennedy, and A.D. Struthers Effects of adding spironolactone to an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in chronic congestive heart failure secondary to coronary artery disease Am. J. Cardiol. 76 1995 1259 1265
9. M.H. Bassett, P.C. White, and W.E. Rainey The regulation of aldosterone synthase expression Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 217 2004 67 74
10. K. Bedecs, N. Elbaz, M. Sutren, M. Masson, C. Susini, A.D. Strosberg, and C. Nahmias Angiotensin II type 2 receptors mediate inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade and functional activation of SHP-1 tyrosine phosphatase Biochem. J. 325 1997 449 454
11. A.T. Beggah, B. Escoubet, S. Puttini, S. Cailmail, V. Delage, A. Ouvrard-Pascaud, B. Bocchi, M. Peuchmaur, C. Delcayre, N. Farman, and F. Jaisser Reversible cardiac fibrosis and heart failure induced by conditional expression of an antisense mRNA of the mineralocorticoid receptor in cardiomyocytes Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 2002 7160 7165
12. J.P. Benitah, E. Perrier, A.M. Gomez, and G. Vassort Effects of aldosterone on transient outward K+ current density in rat ventricular myocytes J. Physiol. (Lond.) 537 2001 151 160
13. J.P. Benitah, and G. Vassort Aldosterone upregulates Ca (2+) current in adult rat cardiomyocytes Circ. Res. 85 1999 1139 1145
14. S.C. Benson, H.A. Pershadsingh, C. Ho, A. Chittiboyina, P. Desai, M. Pravenec, N. Qi, J. Wang, M.A. Avery, and T.W. Kurtz Identification of Telmisartan as a unique angiotensin II receptor antagonist with selective PPARγ-modulating activity Hypertension 43 2004 993 1002
15. B.C. Berk, and G.N. Rao Angiotensin II-induced vascular smooth muscle cell hypertrophy: PDGF A-chain mediates the increase in cell size J. Cell. Physiol. 154 1993 368 380
16. G.J. Bhat, T.J. Thekkumkara, W.G. Thomas, K.M. Conrad, and K.M. Baker Angiotensin II stimulates sis-inducing factor-like DNA binding activity: evidence that the AT1A receptor activates transcription factor-Stat91 and/or a related protein J. Biol. Chem. 269 1994 31443 31449
17. A. Bonnardeaux, E. Davies, X. Jeunemaitre, I. Fery, A. Charru, E. Clauser, L. Tiret, F. Cambien, P. Corvol, and F. Soubrier Angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polymorphisms in human essential hypertension Hypertension 24 1994 63 69
18. R.C. Braun-Dullaeus, M.J. Mann, A. Ziegler, H.E. von der Leyen, and V.J. Dzau A novel role for the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1) in angiotensin II-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cell hypertrophy J. Clin. Invest. 104 1999 815 823
19. C.G. Brilla, L.S. Matsubara, and K.T. Weber Anti-aldosterone treatment and the prevention of myocardial fibrosis in primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 25 1993 563 575
20. C.G. Brilla, L.S. Matsubara, and K.T. Weber Antifibrotic effects of spironolactone in preventing myocardial fibrosis in systemic arterial hypertension Am. J. Cardiol. 71 1993 12A 16A
21. C.G. Brilla, and K.T. Weber Mineralocorticoid excess, dietary sodium, and myocardial fibrosis J. Lab. Clin. Med. 120 1992 893 901
22. C.E. Brown, N.F. Gant, K. Cox, B. Spitz, C.R. Rosenfeld, and R.R. Magness Low-dose aspirin. II. Relationship of angiotensin II pressor responses, circulating eicosanoids, and pregnancy outcome Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 163 1990 1853 1861
23. B. Buisson, L. Laflamme, S.P. Bottari, M. de Gasparo, N. Gallo-Payet, and M.D. Payet A G protein is involved in the angiotensin AT2 receptor inhibition of the T-type calcium current in non-differentiated NG108-15 cells J. Biol. Chem. 270 1995 1670 1674
24. F.M. Bumpus, K.J. Catt, A.T. Chiu, M. DeGasparo, T. Goodfriend, A. Husain, M.J. Peach, D.G. Taylor Jr., and P.B. Timmermans Nomenclature for angiotensin receptors. A report of the Nomenclature Committee of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research Hypertension 17 1991 720 721
25. D.J. Carini, J.V. Duncia, P.E. Aldrich, A.T. Chiu, A.L. Johnson, M.E. Pierce, W.A. Price, B. Joseph, Santella I.I.I., and G.J. Wells Nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists: the discovery of a series of N-(biphenylmethyl) imidazoles as potent, orally active antihypertensives J. Med. Chem. 34 1991 2525 2547
26. P.O. Carlsson, C. Berne, and L. Jansson Angiotensin II and the endocrine pancreas: effects on islet blood flow and insulin secretion in rats Diabetologia 41 1998 127 133
27. K.M. Caron, S.C. Soo, W.C. Wetsel, D.M. Stocco, B.J. Clark, and K.L. Parker Targeted disruption of the mouse gene encoding steroidogenic acute regulatory protein provides insights into congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94 1997 11540 11545
28. M.L. Casey, and P.C. MacDonald Extraadrenal formation of a mineralocorticosteroid: deoxycorticosterone and deoxycorticosterone sulfate biosynthesis and metabolism Endocr. Rev. 3 1982 396 403
29. K.J. Catt, K. Sandberg, and T. Balla Angiotensin II receptor and signal transduction mechanisms M.K. Raizada, M.I. Phillips, C. Sumners, Cellular and Molecular Biology of the Renin-Angiotensin System 1993 CRC Press Boca Raton, FL 307 356
30. M.C. Chappell, D.I. Diz, and D.W. Jacobsen Pharmacological characterization of angiotensin II binding sites in the canine pancreas Peptides 13 1992 311 318
31. M.C. Chappell, D.W. Jacobsen, and E.A. Tallant Characterization of angiotensin II receptor subtypes in pancreatic acinar AR42J cells Peptides 16 1995 741 747
32. M.C. Chappell, A. Milsted, D.I. Diz, K.B. Brosnihan, and C.M. Ferrario Evidence for an intrinsic angiotensin system in the canine pancreas J. Hypertens. 9 1991 751 759
33. L. Chen, J.R. McNeill, T.W. Wilson, and V. Gopalakrishnan Heterogeneity in vascular smooth muscle responsiveness to angiotensin II, role of endothelin Hypertension 26 1995 83 88
34. X. Chen, W. Li, H. Yoshida, S. Tsuchida, H. Nishimura, F. Takemoto, S. Okubo, A. Fogo, T. Matsusaka, and I. Ichikawa Targeting deletion of angiotensin type 1B receptor gene in the mouse Am. J. Physiol.: Renal Physiol. 272 1997 F299 F304
35. X.L. Chen, P.E. Tummala, M.T. Olbrych, R.W. Alexander, and R.M. Medford Angiotensin II induces monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene expression in rat vascular smooth muscle cells Circ. Res. 83 1998 952 959
36. J.G.F. Cleland, H.J. Dargie, and G.P. Hodsman Captopril in heart failure. A double blind controlled trial Br. Heart J. 52 1984 530 535
37. J. Connell Aldosterone - the future challenge in cardiovascular disease? Br. J. Diabetes Vasc. Dis. 4 2004 370 376
38. J.M.C. Connell, and E. Davies The new biology of aldosterone J. Endocrinol. 186 2005 1 20
39. J.M.C. Connell, R. Fraser, S. MacKenzie, and E. Davies Is altered adrenal steroid biosynthesis a key intermediate phenotype in hypertension? Hypertension 41 2003 993 999
40. W.S. Coppage Jr., D.P. Island, A.E. Cooner, and G.W. Liddle The metabolism of aldosterone in normal subjects and in patients with hepatic cirrhosis J. Clin. Invest. 41 1962 1672 1680
41. W.S. Coppage Jr., and G.W. Liddle Mode of action and clinical usefulness of aldosterone antagonists Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 88 1960 815 821
42. T. Cui, H. Nakagami, M. Iwai, Y. Takeda, T. Shiuchi, L. Daviet, C. Nahmias, and M. Horiuchi Pivotal role of tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 in AT2 receptor-mediated apoptosis in rat fetal vascular smooth muscle cell Cardiovasc. Res. 49 2001 863 871
43. A. D'Amore, M.J. Black, and W.G. Thomas The angiotensin II type 2 receptor causes constitutive growth of cardiomyocytes and does not antagonize angiotensin II type 1 receptor-mediated hypertrophy Hypertension 46 2005 1347 1354
44. U. Danilczyk, and J.M. Penninger Angiotensin-converting enzyme II in the heart and the kidney Circ. Res. 98 2006 463 471
45. M. de Gasparo, K.J. Catt, T. Inagami, J.W. Wright, and T. Unger International union of pharmacology, XXIII. The angiotensin II receptors Pharmacol. Rev. 52 2000 415 472
46. D.I. Diz, A.C. Arnold, M. Nautiyal, K. Isa, H.A. Shaltout, and E.A. Tallant Angiotensin peptides and central autonomic regulation Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 11 2011 131 137
47. G.W. Dorn 2nd, and T. Force Protein kinase cascades in the regulation of cardiac hypertrophy J. Clin. Invest. 115 2005 527 537
48. DREAM Trial Investigators Effect of ramipril on the incidence of diabetes N. Engl. J. Med. 355 2006 1608 1610
49. R. Durst, K. Goldstein, Y. Horowitz, A. Baggish, M. Gare, Y. Hasin, C. Lotan, and M. Horowitz Hypothyroid dependent myocardial angiotensin receptor trafficking is involved in improved cardiac performance after heat acclimation Life Sci. 86 2010 331 336
50. V.J. Dzau Tissue angiotensin and pathobiology of vascular disease, a unifying hypothesis Hypertension 37 2001 1047 1052
51. V.J. Dzau, G.H. Gibbons, and R.E. Pratt Molecular mechanisms of vascular renin-angiotensin system in myointimal hyperplasia Hypertension 18 1991 100 105
52. M. Epstein, V. Buckalew, F.M. Martinez, J. Altamirano, B. Roniker, J. Kleiman, and S. Krause Anti-proteinuric efficacy of eplerenone, enalapril, and eplerenone/enalapril combination therapy in diabetic hypertensives with microalbuminuria Am. J. Hypertens. 15 2002 (24A. Abstract OR-54)
53. S.P. Evanko, E.W. Raines, R. Ross, L.I. Gold, and T.N. Wight Proteoglycan distribution in lesions of atherosclerosis depends on lesion severity, structural characteristics, and the proximity of platelet-derived growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta Am. J. Pathol. 152 1998 533 546
54. C.A. Farquharson, and A.D. Struthers Spironolactone increases nitric oxide bioactivity, improves endothelial vasodilator dysfunction, and suppresses vascular angiotensin I/angiotensin II conversion in patients with chronic heart failure Circulation 101 2000 594 597
55. E.P. Feener, J.M. Northrup, L.P. Aiello, and G.L. King Angiotensin II induces plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and -2 expression in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells J. Clin. Invest. 95 1995 1353 1362
56. F. Fiordaliso, A. Leri, D. Cesselli, F. Limana, B. Safai, B. Nadal-Ginard, P. Anversa, and J. Kajstura Hyperglycemia activates p53 and p53-regulated genes leading to myocyte cell death Diabetes 50 2001 2363 2375
57. D. Firsov, and O.G. Muller Aldosterone action in the heart Eur. J. Physiol. 446 2003 328 333
58. J.M. Gasc, S. Shanmugam, M. Sibony, and P. Corvol Tissue-specific expression of type 1 angiotensin II receptor subtypes. An in situ hybridization study Hypertension 24 1994 531 537
59. A.A. Geisterfer, M.J. Peach, and G.K. Owens Angiotensin II induces hypertrophy, not hyperplasia, of cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells Circ. Res. 62 1988 749 756
60. N. Gerdes, G.K. Sukhova, P. Libby, R.S. Reynolds, J.L. Young, and U. Schonbeck Expression of interleukin (IL)-18 and functional IL-18 receptor on human vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages, implications for atherogenesis J. Exp. Med. 195 2002 245 257
61. B.U. Ghiani, and M.A. Masini Angiotensin II binding sites in the rat pancreas and their modulation after sodium loading and depletion Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A: Physiol. 111 1995 439 444
62. E.L. Gillespie, C.M. White, M. Kardas, M. Lindberg, and C.I. Coleman The impact of ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers on the development of new-onset type 2 diabetes Diabetes Care 28 2005 2261 2266
63. P. Gohlke, C. Pees, and T. Unger AT2 receptor stimulation increases aortic cyclic GMP in SHRSP by a kinin-dependent mechanism Hypertension 31 1998 349 355
64. T. Goodfriend, E. Knych, S.-Y. Lin, and R. Henry Direct measurement of receptor binding-a screening procedure for angiotensin inhibitors Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 12 1971 292
65. T.L. Goodfriend, D.L. Ball, M.E. Elliott, A.R. Morrison, and M.A. Evenson Fatty acids are potential endogenous regulators of aldosterone secretion Endocrinology 128 1991 2511 2519
66. T.L. Goodfriend, D.E. Kelley, B.H. Goodpaster, and S.J. Winters Visceral obesity and insulin resistance are associated with plasma aldosterone levels in women Obes. Res. 7 1999 355 362
67. K.K. Griendling, B. Lassegue, and R.W. Alexander Angiotensin receptors and their therapeutic implications Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 36 1996 281 306
68. L. Hansson, L.H. Lindholm, L. Niskanen, J. Lanke, T. Hedner, A. Niklason, K. Luomanmäki, B. Dahlöf, U. de Faire, C. Mörlin, B.E. Karlberg, P.O. Wester, and J.E. Björck Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) randomised trial Lancet 353 1999 611 616
69. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) Study Investigators Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus Lancet 355 2000 253 259
70. K. Hiramatsu, T. Yamada, Y. Yukimur, I. Komiya, K. Ichikawa, M. Ishihara, H. Nagata, and T. Izumiyama A screening test to identify aldosterone-producing adenoma by measuring plasma renin activity. Results in hypertensive patients Arch. Intern. Med. 141 1981 1589 1593
71. M. Horiuchi, M. Akishita, and V.J. Dzau Recent progress in angiotensin II type 2 receptor research in the cardiovascular system Hypertension 33 1999 613 621
72. M. Horiuchi, W. Hayashida, T. Kambe, T. Yamada, and V.J. Dzau Angiotensin type 2 receptor dephosphorylates Bcl-2 by activating mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 and induces apoptosis J. Biol. Chem. 272 1997 19022 19026
73. L. Hunyady, M. Bor, T. Balla, and K.J. Catt Identification of a cytoplasmic Ser-Thr-Leu motif that determines agonist-induced internalization of the AT1 angiotensin receptor J. Biol. Chem. 269 1994 31378 31382
74. U. Ikeda, R. Hyman, T.W. Smith, and R.M. Medford Aldosterone- mediated regulation of Na+, K(+)-ATPase gene expression in adult and neonatal rat cardiocytes J. Biol. Chem. 266 1991 12058 12066
75. R.V. Iozzo Matrix proteoglycans: from molecular design to cellular function Annu. Rev. Biochem. 67 1998 609 652
76. K.A. Jandeleit-Dahm, C. Tikellis, C.M. Reid, C. Johnston, and M.E. Cooper Why blockade of the renin-angiotensin system reduces the incidence of new-onset diabetes J. Hypertens. 23 2005 463 473
77. A. Jazayeri, and W.J. Meyer 3rd Mineralocorticoid-induced increase in beta-adrenergic receptors of cultured rat arterial smooth muscle cells J. Steroid Biochem. 33 1989 987 991
78. C.I. Johnston Renin-angiotensin system: a dual tissue and hormonal system for cardiovascular control J. Hypertens. 10 1992 S13 S26
79. H. Ju, and I.M. Dixon Extracellular matrix and cardiovascular diseases Can. J. Cardiol. 12 1996 1259 1267
80. C.M. Kagawa, J.A. Cella, and C.G. Van Arman Action of new steroids in blocking effects of aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone on salt Science 126 1957 1015 1016
81. H. Kai, K.K. Griendling, B. Lassegue, J.D. Ollerenshaw, M.S. Runge, and R.W. Alexander Agonist-induced phosphorylation of the vascular type 1 angiotensin II receptor Hypertension 24 1994 523 527
82. D. Kalra, N. Sivasubramanian, and D.L. Mann Angiotensin II induces tumor necrosis factor biosynthesis in the adult mammalian heart through a protein kinase C-dependent pathway Circulation 105 2002 2198 2205
83. C. Kampf, T. Lau, R. Olsson, P.S. Leung, and P.O. Carlsson Angiotensin II type 1 receptor inhibition markedly improves the blood perfusion, oxygen tension and first phase of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in revascularised syngeneic mouse islet grafts Diabetologia 48 2005 1159 1167
84. H. Kato, H. Suzuki, S. Tajima, Y. Ogata, T. Tominaga, A. Sato, and T. Saruta Angiotensin II stimulates collagen synthesis in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells J. Hypertens. 9 1991 17 22
85. K.M. Kayes-Wandover, and P.C. White Steroidogenic enzyme gene expression in the human heart J. Clin. Endocrin. Metab. 85 2000 2519 2525
86. S. Kim, Y. Izumi, M. Yano, A. Hamaguchi, K. Miura, S. Yamanaka, H. Miyazaki, and H. Iwao Angiotensin blockade inhibits activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in rat balloon-injured artery Circulation 97 1998 1731 1737
87. S. Kim, K. Ohta, A. Hamaguchi, T. Yukimura, K. Miura, and H. Iwao Angiotensin II induces cardiac phenotypic modulation and remodeling in vivo in rats Hypertension 25 1995 1252 1259
88. S.E. Kjeldsen, S. Julius, G. Mancia, G.T. McInnes, T. Hua, M.A. Weber, A. Coca, S. Ekman, X. Girerd, K. Jamerson, P. Larochelle, T.M. MacDonald, R.E. Schmieder, M.A. Schork, P. Stolt, R. Viskoper, J. Widimský, A. Zanchetti, and VALUE Trial Investigators Effects of valsartan compared to amlodipine on preventing type 2 diabetes in high-risk hypertensive patients: the VALUE trial J. Hypertens. 24 2006 1405 1412
89. I. Korichneva, M. Puceat, E. Millanvoye-Van Brussel, G. Geraud, and G. Vassort Aldosterone modulates both the Na/H antiport and Cl/HCO3 exchanger in cultured neonatal rat cardiac cells J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 27 1995 2521 2528
90. R. Kranzhofer, J. Schmidt, C.A. Pfeiffer, S. Hagl, P. Libby, and W. Kubler Angiotensin induces inflammatory activation of human vascular smooth muscle cells Arterioscler Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 19 1999 1623 1629
91. K.Y. Lam, and P.S. Leung Regulation and expression of renin-angiotensin system in human pancreas and pancreatic endocrine tumours Eur. J. Endocrinol. 146 2002 567 572
92. E.J. Landon, and T. Inagami Beyond the G protein, the saga of the type 2 angiotensin II receptor Arterioscler Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 25 2005 15 16
93. J.H. Laragh Hormones and the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure: vasopressin, aldosterone, and angiotensin II: further evidence for renal-adrenal interaction from studies in hypertension and in cirrhosis Circulation 25 1962 1015 1023
94. J.B. Laursen, S. Rajagopalan, Z. Galis, M. Tarpey, B.A. Freeman, and D.G. Harrison Role of superoxide in angiotensin II-induced but not catecholamine-induced hypertension Circulation 95 1997 588 593
95. J.L. Lavoie, and C.D. Sigmund Overview of the renin-angiotensin system: an endocrine and paracrine system Endocrinology 144 2003 2179 2183
96. D. Le Menuet, R. Isnard, M. Bichara, S. Viengchareun, M. Muffat-Joly, F. Walker, M.C. Zennaro, and M. Lombes Alteration of cardiac and renal functions in transgenic mice overexpressing human mineralocorticoid receptor J. Biol. Chem. 276 2001 38911 38920
97. A. Leri, P.P. Claudio, Q. Li, X. Wang, K. Reiss, S. Wang, A. Malhotra, J. Kajstura, and P. Anversa Stretch-mediated release of angiotensin II induces myocyte apoptosis by activating p53 that enhances the local renin angiotensin system and decreases the Bel-2 to Bax protein ratio in the cell J. Clin. Invest. 101 1998 1326 1342
98. A. Leri, F. Fiordaliso, M. Setoguchi, F. Limana, N.H. Bishopric, J. Kajstura, K. Webster, and P. Anversa Inhibition of p53 function prevents renin angiotensin system activation and stretch-mediated myocyte apoptosis Am. J. Pathol. 157 2000 843 857
99. P.S. Leung The peptide hormone angiotensin II: its new functions in tissues and organs Curr. Protein Pept. Sci. 5 2004 267 273
100. P.S. Leung, H.C. Chan, L.X.M. Fu, and P.Y.D. Wong Localization of angiotensin II receptor subtypes AT1 and AT2 in the pancreas of rodents J. Endocrinol. 153 1997 269 274
101. P.S. Leung, W.P. Chan, T.P. Wong, and C. Sernia Expression and localization of the renin-angiotensin system in the rat pancreas J. Endocrinol. 160 1999 13 19
102. D.Y. Li, Y.C. Zhang, M.I. Philips, T. Sawamura, and J.L. Mehta Upregulation of endothelial receptor for oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LOX-1) in cultured human coronary artery endothelial cells by angiotensin II type 1 receptor activation Circ. Res. 84 1999 1043 1049
103. Y. Liao, and A. Husain The chymase-angiotensin system in humans: biochemistry, molecular biology and potential role in cardiovascular diseases Can. J. Cardiol. 11 1995 3F 19F
104. P. Libby, and R.T. Lee Matrix matters Circulation 102 2000 1874 1876
105. G.W. Liddle Aldosterone antagonists Arch. Intern. Med. 102 1958 998 1004
106. P.O. Lim, R.T. Jung, and T.M. MacDonald Raised aldosterone to renin ratio predicts antihypertensive efficacy of spironolactone: a prospective cohort follow-up study Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 48 1999 756 760
107. P.O. Lim, R.T. Jung, and T.M. MacDonald Is aldosterone the missing link in refractory hypertension?: aldosterone-to-renin ratio as a marker of inappropriate aldosterone activity J. Hum. Hypertens. 16 2002 153 158
108. D. Lin, T. Sugawara, J.F. Strauss, B.J. Clark, D.M. Stocco, P. Saenger, A. Rogol, and W.L. Miller Role of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein in adrenal and gonadal steroidogenesis Science 267 1995 1828 1831
109. L. Lin, and A. Nasjletti Role of endothelium-derived prostanoid in angiotensin-induced vasoconstriction Hypertension 18 1991 158 164
110. S.-Y. Lin, and T.L. Goodfriend Angiotensin receptors Am. J. Physiol. 218 1970 1319 1328
111. L.H. Lindholm, H. Ibsen, B. Dahlöf, R.B. Devereux, G. Beevers, U. de Faire, F. Fyhrquist, S. Julius, S.E. Kjeldsen, K. Kristiansson, O. Lederballe-Pedersen, M.S. Nieminen, P. Omvik, S. Oparil, H. Wedel, P. Aurup, J. Edelman, and S. Snapinn Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the Losartan Intervention for Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol Lancet 359 2002 1004 1010
112. D.J. Lips, L.J. deWindt, D.J. van Kraaij, and P.A. Doevendans Molecular determinants of myocardial hypertrophy and failure: alternative pathways for beneficial and maladaptive hypertrophy Eur. Heart J. 24 2003 883 896
113. Y.H. Liu, X.P. Yang, V.G. Sharov, O. Nass, H.N. Sabbah, E. Peterson, and O.A. Carretero Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists in rats with heart failure: role of kinins and angiotensin II type 2 receptors J. Clin. Invest. 99 1997 1926 1935
114. J. Loffing, V. Summa, M. Zecevic, and F. Verrey Mediators of aldosterone action in the renal tubule Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 10 2001 667 675
115. D. Lombardi, K.L. Gordon, P. Polinsky, S. Suga, S.M. Schwartz, and R.J. Johnson Salt-sensitive hypertension develops after short-term exposure to angiotensin II Hypertension 33 1999 1013 1019
116. J.A. Luetscher Jr., and B.B. Johnson Observations on the sodium-retaining corticoid (aldosterone) in the urine of children and adults in relation to sodium balance and edema J. Clin. Invest. 33 1954 1441 1446
117. N. Marui, M.K. Offermann, R. Swerlick, C. Kunsch, C.A. Rosen, M. Ahmad, R.W. Alexander, and R.M. Medford Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) gene transcription and expression are regulated through an antioxidant-sensitive mechanism in human vascular endothelial cells J. Clin. Invest. 92 1993 1866 1874
118. H. Matsubara, Y. Moriguchi, Y. Mori, H. Masaki, Y. Tsutsumi, Y. Shibasaki, Y. Uchiyama-Tanaka, S. Fujiyama, Y. Koyama, A. Nose-Fujiyama, S. Iba, E. Tateishi, and T. Iwasaka Transactivation of EGF receptor induced by angiotensin II regulates fibronectin and TGF-beta gene expression via transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms Mol. Cell. Biochem. 212 2000 187 201
119. T. Matsusaka, and I. Ichikawa Biological functions of angiotensin and its receptors Ann. Rev. Physiol. 59 1997 395 412
120. J.C. McGiff, K. Crowshaw, N.A. Terragno, and A.J. Lonigro Release of a prostaglandin-like substance into renal venous blood in response to angiotensin II Circ. Res. 27 1970 121 130
121. R. McKelvie, S. Usuf, D. Pericak, A. Avezum, R.J. Burns, J. Probstfield, R.T. Tsuyuki, M. White, J. Rouleau, R. Latini, A. Maggioni, J. Young., and J. Pogue Comparison of candesartan, enalapril, and their combination in congestive heart failure: randomized evaluation of strategies for left ventricular dysfunction (RESOLVD) pilot study: the RESOLVD Pilot Study Investigators Circulation 100 1999 1056 1064
122. P.K. Mehta, and K.K. Griendling Angiotensin II cell signaling, physiological and pathological effects in the cardiovascular system Am. J. Physiol.: Cell. Physiol. 292 2007 C82 C97
123. M. Mifune, H. Sasamura, R. Shimizu-Hirota, H. Miyazaki, and T. Saruta Angiotensin II type 2 receptors stimulate collagen synthesis in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells Hypertension 36 2000 845 850
124. A.S. Mihailidou, H. Bundgaard, M. Mardini, P.S. Hansen, K. Kjeldsen, and H.H. Rasmussen Hyperaldosteronemia in rabbits inhibits the cardiac sarcolemmal Na(+)-K(+) pump Circ. Res. 86 2000 37 42
125. J.A. Miller Impact of hyperglycemia on the renin angiotensin system in early human type 1 diabetes mellitus J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 10 1999 1778 1785
126. J.A. Miller, J.S. Floras, B. Zinman, K.L. Skorecki, and A.G. Logan Effect of hyperglycaemia on arterial pressure, plasma renin activity and renal function in early diabetes Clin. Sci. 90 1996 189 195
127. H. Montgomery, S.E. Humphries, and P.S. Leung Renin-angiotensin system: the new frontier Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 35 2003 758
128. Y. Moriguchi, H. Matsubara, Y. Mori, S. Murasawa, H. Masaki, K. Maruyama, Y. Tsutsumi, Y. Shibasaki, Y. Tanaka, T. Nakajima, K. Oda, and T. Iwasaka Angiotensin II-induced transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor regulates fibronectin and transforming growth factor-beta synthesis via transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms Circ. Res. 84 1999 1073 1084
129. M. Mukoyama, M. Nakajima, M. Horiuchi, H. Sasamura, R.E. Pratt, and V.J. Dzau Expression cloning of type 2 angiotensin II receptor reveals a unique class of seven-transmembrane receptors J. Biol. Chem. 268 1993 24539 24542
130. T. Munzel, and J.F. Keaney Are ACE inhibitors a magic bullet against oxidative stress? Circulation 104 2001 1571 1574
131. D.H. Munzenmaier, and A.S. Greene Opposing actions of angiotensin II on microvascular growth and arterial blood pressure Hypertension 27 1996 760 765
132. T.J. Murphy, R.W. Alexander, K.K. Griendling, M.S. Runge, and K.E. Bernstein Isolation of a cDNA encoding the vascular type-1 angiotensin II receptor Nature 351 1991 233 236
133. 2 receptor: searching for signal-transduction pathways and physiological function Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 16 1995 223 225
134. S. Nouet, and C. Nahmias Signal transduction from the angiotensin II AT2 receptor Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 11 2000 1 6
135. K. Ohyama, Y. Yamano, S. Chaki, T. Kondo, and T. Inagami Domains for G-protein coupling in angiotensin II receptor type I: studies by site-directed mutagenesis Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 189 1992 677 683
136. K. Ohyama, Y. Yamano, T. Sano, Y. Nakagomi, T. Hamakubo, I. Morishima, and T. Inagami Disulfide bridges in extracellular domains of angiotensin II receptor type IA Regul. Pept. 57 1995 141 147
137. S.Y. Osei, D.A. Price, L.M. Laffel, M.C. Lansang, and N.K. Hollenberg Effect of angiotensin II antagonist eprosartan on hyperglycemia-induced activation of intrarenal renin-angiotensin system in healthy humans Hypertension 36 2000 122 126
138. A. Ouvrard-Pascaud, and F. Jaisser Pathophysiological role of the mineralocorticoid receptor in heart: analysis of conditional transgenic models Pflugers Arch. 445 2003 477 481
139. M. Paul, A.P. Mehr, and R. Kreutz Physiology of local renin-angiotensin systems Physiol. Rev. 86 2006 747 803
140. M. Peach Renin-angiotensin system: biochemistry and mechanism of action Physiol. Rev. 57 1977 313 370
141. M.A. Pfeffer, and E. Braunwald Ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. Experimental observations and clinical implications Circulation 81 1990 1161 1172
142. M.E. Pueyo, W. Gonzalez, A. Nicoletti, F. Savoie, J.F. Arnal, and J.B. Michel Angiotensin II stimulates endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 via nuclear factor-kappaB activation induced by intracellular oxidative stress Arterioscler Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 20 2000 645 651
143. S. Rajagopalan, S. Kurz, T. Munzel, M. Tarpey, B.A. Freeman, K.K. Griendling, and D.G. Harrison Angiotensin II-mediated hypertension in the rat increases vascular superoxide production via membrane NADH/NADPH oxidase activation. Contribution to alterations of vasomotor tone J. Clin. Invest. 97 1996 1916 1923
144. J.F. Ramirez-Gil, P. Trouve, N. Mougenot, A. Carayon, P. Lechat, and D. Charlemagne Modifications of myocardial Na+,K(+)- ATPase isoforms and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger in aldosterone/salt induced hypertension in guinea pigs Cardiovasc. Res. 38 1998 451 462
145. I.A. Reid Interactions between ANG II, sympathetic nervous system, and baroreceptor reflexes in regulation of blood pressure Am. J. Physiol 262 1992 E763 E778
146. V. Robert, J.S. Silvestre, D. Charlemagne, A. Sabri, P. Trouve, M. Wassef, B. Swynghedauw, and C. Delcayre Biological determinants of aldosterone-induced cardiac fibrosis in rats Hypertension 26 1995 971 978
147. V. Robert, N. Van Thiem, S.L. Cheav, C. Mouas, B. Swynghedauw, and C. Delcayre Increased cardiac types I and III collagen mRNAs in aldosterone-salt hypertension Hypertension 24 1994 30 36
148. M. Robert-Nicoud, M. Flahaut, J.M. Elalouf, M. Nicod, M. Salinas, M. Bens, A. Doucet, P. Wincker, F. Artiguenave, J.D. Horisberger, A. Vandewalle, B.C. Rossier, and D. Firsov Transcriptome of a mouse kidney cortical collecting duct cell line: effects of aldosterone and vasopressin Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 2001 2712 2716
149. R. Rocha, P.N. Chander, A. Zuckerman, and C.T. Stier Jr. Role of aldosterone in renal vascular injury in stroke-prone hypertensive rats Hypertension 33 1999 232 237
150. G.P. Rossi, V. Di Bello, C. Ganzaroli, A. Sacchetto, M. Cesari, A. Bertini, D. Giorgi, R. Scognamiglio, M. Mariani, and A.C. Pessina Excess aldosterone is associated with alterations of myocardial texture in primary aldosteronism Hypertension 40 2002 23 27
151. G.P. Rossi, A. Sacchetto, E. Pavan, P. Palatini, G.R. Graniero, C. Canali, and A.C. Pessina Remodeling of the left ventricle in primary aldosteronism due to Conn's adenoma Circulation 95 1997 1471 1478
152. G.P. Rossi, A. Sacchetto, P. Visentin, C. Canali, G.R. Graniero, P. Palatini, and A.C. Pessina Changes in left ventricular anatomy and function in hypertension and primary aldosteronism Hypertension 27 1996 1039 1045
153. M. Ruiz-Ortega, O. Lorenzo, M. Ruperez, V. Esteban, Y. Suzuki, S. Mezzano, J.J. Plaza, and J. Egido Role of the renin-angiotensin system in vascular diseases: expanding the field Hypertension 38 2001 1382 1387
154. M. Ruiz-Ortega, O. Lorenzo, M. Ruperez, S. Konig, B. Wittig, and J. Egido Angiotensin II activates nuclear transcription factor kappaB through AT1 and AT2 in vascular smooth muscle cells: molecular mechanisms Circ. Res. 86 2000 1266 1272
155. S. Sahar, R.S. Dwarakanath, M.A. Reddy, L. Lanting, I. Todorov, and R. Natarajan Angiotensin II enhances interleukin-18 mediated inflammatory gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells: a novel cross-talk in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis Circ. Res. 96 2005 1064 1071
156. K. Sasaki, Y. Yamano, S. Bardhan, N. Iwai, J.J. Murray, M. Hasegawa, Y. Matsuda, and T. Inagami Cloning and expression of a complementary DNA encoding a bovine adrenal angiotensin II type-1 receptor Nature 351 1991 230 233
157. H. Sasamura, R. Shimizu-Hirota, H. Nakaya, and T. Saruta Effects of AT1 receptor antagonist on proteoglycan gene expression in hypertensive rats Hypertens. Res. 24 2001 165 172
158. M. Satoh, M. Nakamura, H. Saitoh, H. Satoh, T. Akatsu, J. Iwasaka, T. Masuda, and K. Hiramori Aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) expression and myocardial fibrosis in the failing human heart Clin. Sci. 102 2002 381 386
159. M. Schena, P. Mulatero, D. Schiavone, G. Mengozzi, L. Tesio, L. Chiandussi, and F. Veglio Vasoactive hormones induce nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression and nitric oxide production in human endothelial cells and monocytes Am. J. Hypertens. 12 1999 388 397
160. B. Schieffer, E. Schieffer, D. Hilfiker-Kleiner, A. Hilfiker, P.T. Kovanen, M. Kaartinen, J. Nussberger, W. Harringer, and H. Drexler Expression of angiotensin II and interleukin 6 in human coronary atherosclerotic plaques: potential implications for inflammation and plaque instability Circulation 101 2000 1372 1378
161. E.L. Schiffrin, D.J. Franks, and J. Gutkowska Effect of aldosterone on vascular angiotensin II receptors in the rat Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 63 1985 1522 1527
162. R.E. Schmieder, K.F. Hilgers, M.P. Schlaich, and B. Schmidt Renin-angiotensin system and cardiovascular risk Lancet 369 2007 1209 1291
163. M. Schupp, L.D. Lee, N. Frost, S. Umbreen, B. Schmidt, T. Unger, and U. Kintscher Regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activity by losartan metabolites Hypertension 47 2006 586 589
164. T. Senbonmatsu, T. Saito, E.J. Landon, O. Watanabe, E. Price Jr., R.L. Roberts, H. Imboden, T.G. Fitzgerald, F.A. Gaffney, and T. Inagami A novel angiotensin II type 2 receptor signaling pathway: possible role in cardiac hypertrophy EMBO J. 22 2003 6471 6482
165. N. Seyedi, X. Xu, A. Nasjletti, and T.H. Hintze Coronary kinin generation mediates nitric oxide release after angiotensin receptor stimulation Hypertension 26 1995 164 170
166. N.C. Shah, S. Pringle, and A. Struthers Aldosterone blockade over and above ACE-inhibitors in patients with coronary artery disease but without heart failure JRAAS 7 2006 20 30
167. S. Shanmugam, P. Corvol, and J.M. Gasc Angiotensin II type 2 receptor mRNA expressions in the developing cardiopulmonary system of the rat Hypertension 28 1996 91 97
168. Z. Shariat-Madar, F. Mahdi, M. Warnock, J.W. Homeister, S. Srikanth, Y. Krijanovski, L.J. Murphey, A.A. Jaffa, and A.H. Schmaier Bradykinin B2 receptor knockout mice are protected from thrombosis by increased nitric oxide and prostacyclin Blood 108 2006 192 199
169. R. Shimizu-Hirota, H. Sasamura, M. Mifune, H. Nakaya, M. Kuroda, M. Hayashi, and T. Saruta Regulation of vascular proteoglycan synthesis by angiotensin II type 1 and type 2 receptors J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 12 2001 2609 2615
170. J.-S. Silvestre, C. Heymes, V. Robert, B. Aupetit-Faisant, A. Carayon, B. Swynghedauw, and C. Delcayre Activation of cardiac aldosterone production in rat myocardial infarction Circulation 99 1999 2694 2701
171. J.S. Silvestre, V. Robert, C. Heymes, B. Aupetit-Faisant, C. Mouas, J.M. Moalic, B. Swynghedauw, and C. Delcayre Myocardial production of aldosterone and corticosterone in the rat. Physiological regulation J. Biol. Chem. 273 1998 4883 4891
172. A. Spät, P. Enyedi, G. Hajnoczky, and L. Hunyady Generation and role of calcium signal in adrenal glomerulosa cells Exp. Physiol. 76 1991 859 885
173. A. Spat, and L. Hunyady Control of aldosterone secretion: a model for convergence in cellular signaling pathways Physiol. Rev. 84 2004 489 539
174. B. Spindler, L. Mastroberardino, M. Custer, and F. Verrey Characterization of early aldosterone-induced RNAs identified in A6 kidney epithelia Pflugers Arch. 434 1997 323 331
175. J. Staessen, P. Lijnen, R. Fagard, L.J. Verschueren, and A. Amery Rise in plasma concentration of aldosterone during long term angiotensin II suppression J. Endocrinol. 91 1981 457 465
176. N. Stern, N. Yanagawa, F. Saito, M. Hori, R. Natarajan, J. Nadler, and M. Tuck Potential role of 12 hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid in angiotensin II-induced calcium signal in rat glomerulosa cells Endocrinology 133 1993 843 847
177. C.T. Stier Jr., P.N. Chander, and R. Rocha Aldosterone as a mediator in cardiovascular injury Cardiol. Rev. 10 2002 97 107
178. D.M. Stocco StAR protein and the regulation of steroid hormone biosynthesis Annual Review of Physiology 63 2001 193 213
179. D.M. Stocco Tracking the role of a star in the sky of the new millennium Mol. Endocrinol. 15 2001 1245 1254
180. C. Szpirer, M. Rivière, J. Szpirer, G. Levan, D.F. Guo, N. Iwai, and T. Inagami Chromosomal assignment of human and rat hypertension candidate genes: type 1 angiotensin II receptor genes and the SA gene J. Hypertens. 11 1993 919 925
181. S. Taddei, A. Virdis, P. Mattei, and A. Salvetti Vasodilation to acetylcholine in primary and secondary forms of human hypertension Hypertension 21 1993 929 933
182. M. Tahmasebi, J.R. Puddefoot, E.R. Inwang, and G.P. Vinsion The tissue renin-angiotensin system in human pancreas J. Endocrinol. 161 1999 317 322
183. J.F. Tait, J. Bougas, B. Little, S.A.S. Tait, and C. Flood Splanchnic extraction and clearance of aldosterone in subjects with minimal and marked cardiac dysfunction J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 25 1965 219 228
184. Y. Takeda, I. Miyamori, T. Yoneda, H. Hatakeyama, S. Inaba, K. Furukawa, H. Mabuchi, and R. Takeda Regulation of aldosterone synthase in human vascular endothelial cells by angiotensin II and adrenocorticotropin J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81 1996 2797 2800
185. Y. Takeda, I. Miyamori, T. Yoneda, K. Iki, H. Hatakeyama, I.A. Blair, F.Y. Hsieh, and R. Takeda Synthesis of corticosterone in the vascular wall Endocrinology 135 1994 2283 2286
186. R.M. Touyz, G. He, M. El Mabrouk, and E.L. Schiffrin p38 Map kinase regulates vascular smooth muscle cell collagen synthesis by angiotensin II in SHR but not in WKY Hypertension 37 2001 574 580
187. T. Tsuda, K.K. Griendling, J.D. Ollerenshaw, B. Lassegue, and R.W. Alexander Angiotensin-II- and endothelin-induced protein phosphorylation in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells J. Vasc. Res. 30 1993 241 249
188. Y. Tsutsumi, H. Matsubara, N. Ohkubo, Y. Mori, Y. Nozawa, S. Murasawa, K. Kijima, K. Maruyama, H. Masaki, Y. Moriguchi, Y. Shibasaki, H. Kamihata, M. Inada, and T. Iwasaka Angiotensin II type 2 receptor is upregulated in human heart with interstitial fibrosis, and cardiac fibroblasts are the major cell type for its expression Circ. Res. 83 1998 1035 1046
189. M. Ushio-Fukai, R.W. Alexander, M. Akers, Q. Yin, Y. Fujio, K. Walsh, and K.K. Griendling Reactive oxygen species mediate the activation of Akt/protein kinase B by angiotensin II in vascular smooth muscle cells J. Biol. Chem. 274 1999 22699 22704
190. L. Wang, Z.P. Feng, and H.J. Duff Glucocorticoid regulation of cardiac K+ currents and L-type Ca2+ current in neonatal mice Circ. Res. 85 1999 168 173
191. Q. Wang, S. Clement, G. Gabbiani, J.D. Horisberger, M. Burnier, B.C. Rossier, and E. Hummler Chronic hyperaldosteronism in a transgenic mouse model fails to induce cardiac remodeling and fibrosis under a normal-salt diet Am. J. Physiol.: Renal Physiol. 286 2004 F1178 F1184
192. W. Wang, J.M. McClain, and I.H. Zucker Aldosterone reduces baroreceptor discharge in the dog Hypertension 19 1992 270 277
193. A. Warnholtz, G. Nickenig, E. Schulz, R. Macharzina, J.H. Bräsen, M. Skatchkov, T. Heitzer, J.P. Stasch, K.K. Griendling, D.G. Harrison, M. Böhm, T. Meinertz, and T. Münzel Increased NADH oxidase-mediated superoxide production in the early stages of atherosclerosis Circulation 99 1999 2027 2033
194. K.T. Weber Aldosterone in congestive heart failure N. Engl. J. Med. 345 2001 1689 1697
195. K.T. Weber, and D. Villarreal Aldosterone and antialdosterone therapy in congestive heart failure Am. J. Cardiol. 71 1993 3A 11A
196. W.B. White, D. Duprez St, R. Hillaire, S. Krause, B. Roniker, J. Kuse-Hamilton, and M.A. Weber Effects of the selective aldosterone blocker eplerenone versus the calcium antagonist amlodipine in systolic hypertension Hypertension 41 2003 1021 1026
197. G.H. Williams Essential hypertension as an endocrine disease Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 23 1994 429 444
198. A. Wolny, J.P. Clozel, J. Rein, P. Mory, P. Vogt, M. Turino, W. Kiowski, and W. Fischli Functional and biochemical analysis of angiotensin II-forming pathways in the human heart Circ. Res. 80 1997 219 227
199. X.P. Xi, K. Graf, S. Goetze, E. Fleck, W.A. Hsueh, and R.E. Law Central role of the MAPK pathway in ang II-mediated DNA synthesis and migration in rat vascular smooth muscle cells Arterioscler Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 19 1999 73 82
200. K. Yamamoto, J.C. Burnett Jr., M. Jougasaki, R.A. Nishimura, K.R. Bailey, Y. Saito, K. Nakao, and M.M. Redfield Superiority of brain natriuretic peptide as a hormonal marker of ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction and ventricular hypertrophy Hypertension 28 1996 988 994
201. M. Young, M. Fullerton, R. Dilley, and J. Funder Mineralocorticoids, hypertension and cardiac fibrosis J.Clin. Invest. 93 1994 2578 2583
202. M. Young, G. Head, and J. Funder Determinants of cardiac fibrosis in experimental hypermineralocorticoid states Am. J. Physiol. 269 1995 E657 E662
203. M.J. Young, C.D. Clyne, T.J. Cole, and J.W. Funder Cardiac steroidogenesis in the normal and failing heart J. Clin. Endocrin. Metab. 86 2001 5121 5126
204. S. Yusuf, H. Gerstein, B. Hoogwerf, J. Pogue, J. Bosch, B.H. Wolffenbuttel, and B. Zinman Ramipril and the development of diabetes JAMA 286 2001 1882 1885
205. L. Zhu, O.A. Carretero, T.D. Liao, P. Harding, H. Li, C. Sumners, and X.P. Yang Role of prolylcarboxypeptidase in angiotensin II type 2 receptor-mediated bradykinin release in mouse coronary artery endothelial cells Hypertension 56 2010 384 390
206. M. Zhu, C.H. Gelband, J.M. Moore, P. Posner, and C. Sumners Angiotensin II type 2 receptor stimulation of neuronal delayedrectifier potassium current involves phospholipase A2 and arachidonic acid J. Neurosci. 18 1998 679 686
207. I.H. Zucker, W. Wang, M. Brandle, H.D. Schultz, and K.P. Patel Neural regulation of sympathetic nerve activity in heart failure Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 37 1995 397 414