Simulation of mineral dust aerosol with Piecewise Log-normal Approximation (PLA) in CanAM4-PAM

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 12, Issue 15, 2012, Pages 6891-6914

  Peng, Y ^a   Von Salzen, K ^b   Li, J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA   (Canada)

^b ENVIRONMENT CANADA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; AEROSOL PROPERTY; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT; CLIMATE MODELING; COMPUTER SIMULATION; DUST; LONG RANGE TRANSPORT; MIE THEORY; OPTICAL DEPTH; RADIATIVE TRANSFER;

EID: 84869036563     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-12-6891-2012     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Abdou, W. A., Diner, D. J., Martonchik, J. V., Bruegge, C. J., Kahn, R. A., Gaitley, B. J., Crean, K. A., Remer, L. A., and Holben, B.: Comparison of coincident multiangle imaging spectroradiometer and moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer aerosol optical depth over land and ocean scenes containing aerosol robotic network sites, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D10S07, doi:10.1029/2004JD004693, 2005. (Pubitemid 40919758)
2. Arimoto, R., Duce, R. A., Ray, B. J., Ellis, W. G., Cullen, J. D., and Merrill, J. T.: Trace-Elements in the Atmosphere over the North-Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 1199-1213, doi:10.1029/94JD02618, 1995.
3. Arimoto, R., Ray, B. J., Lewis, N. F., and Tomza, U.: Mass-particle size distribution of atmospheric dust and the dry deposition of dust to the remote ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 15867-15874, doi:10.1029/97JD00796, 1997.
4. Arora, V. and Boer, G.: A parameterization of leaf phenology for the terrestrial ecosystem component of climate models, Glob. Change Biol., 11, 39-59, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00890.x, 2005. (Pubitemid 40134045)
5. Balkanski, Y., Shculz, M., Claquin, T., and Guibert, S.: Reevaluation of mineral dust aerosol radiative forcings suggests a better agreement with satellite and AERONET data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 81-95, doi:10.5194/acp-7-81- 2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 46094721)
6. B̈aumer, D., Lohmann, U., Lesins, G., Li, J., and Croft, B.: Parameterizing the optical properties of carbonaceous aerosols in the Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis Atmospheric General Circulation Model with impacts on global radiation and energy fluxes, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D10207, doi:10.1029/2006JD007319, 2007. (Pubitemid 47193634)
7. Berge, E.: Coupling of wet scavenging of sulphur to clouds in a numerical weather prediction model, Tellus, 45B, 1-22, 1993. (Pubitemid 23379796)
8. Boer, G. J.: A hybrid moisture variable suitable for spectral GCMs, in: Research Activity in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling, Report No. 21, WMO/TD 665, Geneva, Switzerland, 1995.
9. Bothwell, G. W., Hansen, E. G., Vargo, R. E., and Miller, K. C.: The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer science data system, its products, tools and performance, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote Sens., 40, 1467-1476, doi:10.1109/TGRS.2002.801152, 2002. (Pubitemid 35000345)
10. Braswell, B. H., Schimel, D. S., Linder, E., and Moore, B.: The response of global terrestrial ecosystems to interannual temperature variability, Science, 278, 870-872, 1997. (Pubitemid 27467925)
11. Cakmur, R. V., Miller, R. L., Perlwitz, J., Koch, D., Geogdzhayev, I. V., Ginoux, P., Tegen, I., and Zender, C. S.: Constraining the global dust emission and load by minimizing the difference between the model and observations, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D06207, doi:10.1029/2005JD005791, 2006. (Pubitemid 43675924)
12. Cheng, T., Peng, Y., Feichter, J., and Tegen, I.: An improvement on the dust emission scheme in the global aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1105-1117, doi:10.5194/acp-8-1105-2008, 2008.
13. Croft, B., Lohmann, U., and von Salzen, K.: Black carbon aging in the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis General Circulation Model, Atmos. Chem. Phys, 5, 1383-1419, doi:10.5194/acp-5-1931-2005, 2005.
14. Diner, D. J., Beckert, J., Reilly, T., Bruegge, C., Conel, J., Kahn, R., Martonchik, J., Ackerman, T., Davies, R., Gerstl, S., Gordon, H., Muller, J.-P., Myneni, R., Sellers, P., Pinty, B., and Verstraete, M.: Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) description and experiment overview, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote Sens., 36, 1072-1087, doi:10.1109/36.700992, 1998. (Pubitemid 128748519)
15. Dobbie, S., Li, J., Harvey, R., and Ch́ylek, P.: Sea-salt optical properties and GCM forcing at solar wavelengths, Atmos. Res., 65, 211-233, 2003. (Pubitemid 36175253)
16. Dubovik, O. and King, M. D.: A flexible inversion algorithm for retrieval of aerosol optical properties from sun and sky radiance measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 20673-20696, doi:10.1029/2000JD900282, 2000.
17. F́ecan, F., Marticorena, B., and Bergametti, G.: Parametrization of the increase of the aeolian erosion threshold wind friction velocity due to soil moisture for arid and semi-arid areas, Ann. Geophys., 17, 149-157, doi:10.1007/s00585-999-0149-7, 1999.
18. Forster, P., Ramaswamy, V., Artaxo, P., Berntsen, T., Betts, R., Fahey, D., Haywood, J., Lean, J., Lowe, D., Myhre, G., Nganga, J., Prinn, R., Raga, G., Schultz, M., and Van Dorland, R.: Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing, in: Climate change 2007: The physical science basis., in: Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2007.
19. Ginoux, P. and Torres, O.: Empirical TOMS index for dust aerosol: Applications to model validation and source characterization, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4534, doi:10.1029/2003JD003470, 2003.
20. Ginoux, P., Chin, M., Tegen, I., Prospero, J., Holben, B., Dubovik, O., and Lin, S.-J.: Sources and distributions of dust aerosols simulated with the GOCART model, J. Geophys. Res., 16, 20255-20274, doi:10.1029/2000JD000053, 2001.
21. Gong, S. L., Barrie, L. A., Blanchet, J.-P., von Salzen, K., Lohmann, U., Lesins, G., Spacek, L., Zhang, L. M., Girard, E., Lin, H., Leaitch, R., Leighton, H., Chylek, P., and Huang, P.: Canadian Aerosol Module: A size-segregated simulation of atmospheric aerosol processes for climate and air quality models. 1. Module Development, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4007, doi:10.1029/2001JD002002, 2003.
22. Hess, M., Koepke, P., and Schult, I.: Optical properties of aerosols and clouds: The software package OPAC, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 79, 831-844, 1998.
23. Holben, B. N., Eck, T. F., Slutsker, I., Tanre, D., Buis, J. P., Setzer, A., Vermote, E., Reagan, J. A., Kaufman, Y. J., Nakajima, T., Lavenu, F., Jankowiak, I., and Smirnov, A.: AERONET-A Federated Instrument Network and Data Archive for Aerosol Characterization, Remote Sens. Environ., 66, 1-16, 1998. (Pubitemid 29360424)
24. Holben, B. N., Tanre, D., Smirnov, A., Eck, T. F., Slutsker, I., Abuhassan, N., Newcomb, W. W., Schafer, J. S., Chatenet, B., Lavenu, F., Kaufman, Y. J., Vande Castle, J., Setzer, A., Markham, B., Clark, D., Frouin, R., Halthore, R., Karneli, A., O'Neill, N. T., Pietras, C., Pinker, R. T., Voss, K., and Ziborbi, G.: An emerging ground-based aerosol climatology: Aerosol optical depth from AERONET, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 12067-12097, doi:10.1029/2001JD900014, 2001.
25. Huneeus, N., Schulz, M., Balkanski, Y., Griesfeller, J., Prospero, J., Kinne, S., Bauer, S., Boucher, O., Chin, M., Dentener, F., Diehl, T., Easter, R., Fillmore, D., Ghan, S., Ginoux, P., Grini, A., Horowitz, L., Koch, D., Krol, M. C., Landing, W., Liu, X., Mahowald, N., Miller, R., Morcrette, J.-J., Myhre, G., Penner, J., Perlwitz, J., Stier, P., Takemura, T., and Zender, C. S.: Global dust model intercomparison in AeroCom phase I, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 7781-7816, doi:10.5194/acp-11-7781-2011, 2011.
26. Jickells, T. D., An, Z. S., Andersen, K. K., Baker, A. R., Bergametti, G., Brooks, N., Cao, J. J., Boyd, P. W., Duce, R. A., Hunter, K. A., Kawahata, H., Kubilay, N., laRoche, J., Liss, P. S., Mahowald, N., Prospero, J. M., Ridgwe, A. J., Tegen, I., and Torres, R.: Global iron connections between desert dust, ocean biogeochemistry and climate, Science, 308, 67-71, 2005. (Pubitemid 40470998)
27. Kahn, R. A., Gaitley, B. J., Martonchik, J. V., Diner, D. J., Crean, K. A., and Holben, B.: Multiangle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer (MISR) global aerosol optical depth validation based on 2 years of coincident Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) observations, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D10S04, doi:10.1029/2004JD004706, 2005. (Pubitemid 40919755)
28. Kalashnikova, O. V., Garay, M. J., Sokolik, I. N., Diner, D. J., Kahn, R. A., Martonchik, J. V., Lee, J. N., Torres, O., Yang, W., Marshak, A., Kassabian, S., and Chodas, M.: Capabilities and limitations of MISR aerosol products in dust-laden regions, Proceedings of the SPIE, 8177, 81770O, doi:10.1117/12.897773, 2011.
29. Kaufman, Y. J., Tanre, D., Remer, L. A., Vermote, E., Chu, A., and Holben, B. N.: Opretional remote sensing of tropospgeric aerosol over land from EOS moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 17051-17067, doi:10/1029/96JD03988, 1997.
30. Kaufman, Y. J., Tanŕe, D., Dubovik, O., Karnieli, A., and Remer, L. A.: Absorption of sunlight by dust as inferred from satellite and ground-based remote sensing, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1479-1482, doi:10.1029/2000GL012647, 2001. (Pubitemid 32575962)
31. Kaufman, Y. J., Tanŕe, D., and Boucher, O.: A satellite view of aerosols in the climate system, Nature, 419, 215-223, 2002. (Pubitemid 35025453)
32. Kaufman, Y. J., Koren, I., Remer, L. A., Tanŕe, D., Ginoux, P., and Fan, S.: Dust transport and deposition observed from the Terra-Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) spacecraft over the Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D10S12, doi:10.1029/2003JD004436, 2005. (Pubitemid 40919762)
33. Kinne, S., Schulz, M., Textor, C., Guibert, S., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S. E., Berntsen, T., Berglen, T. F., Boucher, O., Chin, M., Collins, W., Dentener, F., Diehl, T., Easter, R., Feichter, J., Fillmore, D., Ghan, S., Ginoux, P., Gong, S., Grini, A., Hendricks, J., Herzog, M., Horowitz, L., Isaksen, I., Iversen, T., Kirkevag, A., Kloster, S., Koch, D., Kristjansson, J. E., Krol, M., Lauer, A., Lamarque, J. F., Lesins, G., Liu, X., Lohmann, U., Montanaro, V., Myhre, G., Penner, J. E., Pitari, G., Reddy, S., Seland, O., Stier, P., Takemura, T., and Tie, X.: An AeroCom initial assessment-optical properties in aerosol component modules of global models, Atmos. Chem. Phys, 6, 1815-1834, doi:10.5194/acp-6-1815-2006, 2006. (Pubitemid 44198644)
34. Kohfeld, K. and Harrison, S. P.: DIRTMAP: The geologic record of dust, Earth Sci., 54, 81-114, 2001.
35. Li, J. and Barker, H. W.: A radiation algorithm with correlated kdistribution. Part I: local thermal equilibrium, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 286-309, 2005. (Pubitemid 40335245)
36. Li, J., Wong, J. G. D., Dobbie, J. S., and Ch́ylek, P.: Parameterization of the optical properties of sulfate aerosols, J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 193-209, 2001. (Pubitemid 32180550)
37. Li, Z., Chen, H., Cribb, M., Dickerson, R., Holben, B., Li, C., Lu, D., Luo, Y., Maring, H., Shi, G., Tsay, S. C., Wang, P., Wang, Y., Xia, X., Zheng, Y., Yuan, T., and Zhao, F.: Preface to special section on East Asian Studies of Tropospheric Aerosols: An International Regional Experiment (EAST-AIRE), J. Geophys. Res., 112, D22S00, doi:10.1029/2007JD008853, 2007a.
38. Li, Z., Xia, X., Cribb, M., Mi, W., Holben, B., Wang, P., Chen, H., Tsay, S. C., Eck, T. F., Zhao, F., Dutton, E. G., and Dickerson, R. E.: Aerosol optical properties and their radiative effects in northern China, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D22S01, doi:10.1029/2006JD007382, 2007b.
39. Liu, D., Wang, Z., Liu, Z., Winker, D., and Trepte, C.: A height resolved global view of dust aerosols from the first year CALIPSO lidar measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D16214, doi:10.1029/2007JD009776, 2008.
40. Loeb, N. G. and Smith, N. M.: Top-of-atmosphere direct radiative effect of aerosols over global oceans from merged CERES and MODIS observations, J. Climate, 18, 3506-3526, 2005. (Pubitemid 41522813)
41. Loeb, N. G., Kato, S., Loukachine, K., and Smith, N. M.: Angular distribution models for top-of-atmosphere radiative flux estimation from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System instrument on the Terra satellite. Part 1: Methodology, J. Ocean Atmos. Tech., 22, 338-351, 2005. (Pubitemid 40815709)
42. Lohmann, U., Von Salzen, K., McFarlane, N., Leighton, H. G., and Feichter, J.: The tropospheric sulfur cycle in the Canadian general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 26833-26858, doi:10.1029/1999JD900343, 1999.
43. Ma, X., von Salzen, K., and Li, J.: Modelling sea salt aerosol and its direct and indirect effects on climate, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1311-1327, doi:10.5194/acp-8-1311-2008, 2008.
44. Mahowald, N., Kohfeld, K., Hansson, M., Balkanski, Y., Harrison, S. P., Prentice, I. C., Schulz, M., and Rodhe, H.: Dust sources and deposition during the last glacial maximum and current climate: A comparison of model results with paleodata from ice cores and marine sediments, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 15895-15916, doi:10.1029/1999JD900084, 1999.
45. Mahowald, N. M., Engelstaedter, S., Luo, C., Sealy, A., Artaxo, P., Benitez-Nelson, C., Bonnet, S., Chen, Y., Chuang, P. Y., Cohen, D. D., Dulac, F., Herut, B., Johansen, A. M., Kubilay, N., Losno, R., Maenhaut, W., Paytan, A., Prospero, J. A., Shank, L. M., and Siefert, R. L.: Atmospheric Iron Deposition: Global Distribution, Variability, and Human Perturbations, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 1, 245-278, doi:10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163727, 2009.
46. Mahowald, N. M., Kloster, S., Engelstaedter, S., Moore, J. K., Mukhopadhyay, S., McConnell, J. R., Albani, S., Doney, S. C., Bhattacharya, A., Curran, M. A. J., Flanner, M. G., Hoffman, F. M., Lawrence, D. M., Lindsay, K., Mayewski, P. A., Neff, J., Rothenberg, D., Thomas, E., Thornton, P. E., and Zender, C. S.: Observed 20th century desert dust variability: impact on climate and biogeochemistry, Atmos. Chem. Phys, 10, 10875-10893, doi:10.5194/acpd-10- 12585-2010, 2010.
47. Marticorena, B. and Bergametti, G.: Modeling the atmospheric dust cycle: 1. Design of a soil-derived dust emission scheme, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 16415-16430, doi:10.1029/95JD00690, 1995.
48. Marticorena, B., Bergametti, G., Aumont, B., Callot, Y., N'Doume, C., and Legrand, M.: Modeling the atmospheric dust cycle: 2. Simulation of Saharan dust sources, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 4387-4404, doi:10.1029/96JD02964, 1997.
49. McFarlane, S. A., Kassianov, E. I., Barnard, J., Flynn, G., and Ackerman, T. P.: Surface shortwave aerosol radiative forcing during the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Mobile Facility deployment in Niamey, Niger, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00E06, doi:10.1029/2008JD010491, 2009.
50. Merryfield, W., Denis, B., Fontecilla, J.-S., Lee, W.-S., Kharin, V., Hodgson, J., and Archambault, B.: The Canadian Seasonal to Interannual Prediction System (CanSIPS), Tech. rep., Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC), 2011.
51. Merryfield, W. J., McFarlane, N., and Lazare, M.: A generalized hybrid transformation for tracer advection, in: Research Activity in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling, CAS/JSC WGNE Blue Book, Report No. 33, 13-14, WMO/TD 1161, Geneva, Switzerland, 2003.
52. Miller, R. L., Cakmur, R. V., Perlwitz, J., Geogdzhayev, I. V., Ginoux, P., Koch, D., Kohfeld, K. E., Prigent, C., Ruedy R., Schmidt, G. A., and Tegen, I.: Mineral dust aerosols in the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Sciences ModelE atmospheric general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D06208, doi:10.1029/2005JD005796, 2006. (Pubitemid 43675925)
53. Min, Q.-L., Li, R., Lin, B., Joseph, E., Wang, S., Hu, Y., Morris, V., and Chang, F.: Evidence of mineral dust altering cloud microphysics and precipitation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3223-3231, doi:10.5194/acp-9-3223-2009, 2009.
54. Moulin, C., Howard, R. G., Banzon, V. F., and Evans, R. H.: Assessment of Saharan dust absorption in the visible from SeaWiFS imagery, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 18239-18249, doi:10.1029/2000JD900812, 2001.
55. Myhre, G., Bellouin, N., Berglen, T. F., Berntsen, T. K., Boucher, O., Grini, A., Isaksen, S. A., Johnsrud, M., Mishchenko, M. I., F., S., and Tanre, D.: Comparison of the radiative properties and direct radiative effect of aerosols from a global aerosol model and remote sensing data over ocean, Tellus, 59, 115-129, 2007. (Pubitemid 46156602)
56. Myhre, G., Berglen, T. F., Johnsrud, M., Hoyle, C. R., Berntsen, T. K., Christopher, S. A., Fahey, D. W., Isaksen, I. S. A., Jones, T. A., Kahn, R. A., Loeb, N., Quinn, P., Remer, L., Schwarz, J. P., and Yttri, K. E.: Modelled radiative forcing of the direct aerosol effect with multi-observation evaluation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1365-1392, doi:10.5194/acp-9-1365-2009, 2009.
57. Nyanganyura, D., Maenhaut, W., Mathuthua, M., Makarau, A., and Meixner, F. X.: The chemical composition of tropospheric aerosols and their contributing sources to a continental background site in northern Zimbabwe from 1994 to 2000, Atmos. Environ., 41, 2644-2659, 2007. (Pubitemid 46435783)
58. Peyridieu, S., Chedin, A., Tanre, D., Capelle, V., Pierangelo, C., Lamquin, N., and Armante, R.: Saharan dust infrared optical depth and altitude retrieved from AIRS: a focus over North Atlantic-comparison to MODIS and CALIPSO, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1953-1967, doi:10.5194/acp-10-1953-2010, 2010.
59. Prigent, C., Tegen, I., Aires, F., Marticorena, B., and Zribi, M.: Estimation of the aerodynamic roughness length in arid and semiarid regions over the globe with the ERS scatterometer, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D09205, doi:10.1029/2004JD005370, 2005. (Pubitemid 40923952)
60. Prospero, J. M.: Particle flux in the ocean, in: The atmospheric transport of particles to the ocean, edited by: Ittekott, V., Scḧafer, P., Honjo, S., and Depetris, P., John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 19-52, 1996.
61. Prospero, J. M.: Long-term measurements of the transport of African mineral dust to the southeastern United States: Implications for regional air quality, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 15917-15927, doi:10.1029/1999JD900072, 1999.
62. Reader, M. C., Fung, I., and McFarlane, N.: The Mineral dust aerosol cycle during the last glacial maximum, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 9381-9398, doi:10.1029/1999JD900033, 1999. (Pubitemid 29370742)
63. Reddy, M. S., Boucher, O., Bellouin, N., Schulz, M., Balkanski, Y., Dufresne, J.-L., and Pham, M.: Estimates of global multicomponent aerosol optical depth and direct radiative perturbation in the Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D10S16, doi:10.1029/2004JD004757, 2005. (Pubitemid 40919765)
64. Remer, L. A., Kaufman, Y. J., Mattoo, S., Chu, D. A., Martins, J. V., Li, R.-R., Ichoku, C., Levy, R. C., Kleidman, R. G., Eck, T. F., Vermote, E., and Holben, B. N.: The MODIS algorithm, products and validation, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 947-973, 2005.
65. Rosenfeld, D., Rudich, Y., and Lahav, R.: Desert dust suppressing precipitation: A possible desertification feedback loop, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 98, 5975-5980, 2001. (Pubitemid 32488178)
66. Rotstayn, L. D., Collier, M. A., Mitchell, R. M., Qin, Y., Campbell, S. K., and Dravitzki, S. M.: Simulated enhancement of ENSOrelated rainfall variability due to Australian dust, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 6575-6592, doi:10.5194/acp-11-6575-2011, 2011.
67. Sassen, K.: Indirect climate forcing over the western US from Asian dust storms, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1465, doi:10.1029/2001GL014051, 2002.
68. Schulz, M., Textor, C., Kinne, S., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S., Berntsen, T., Berglen, T., Boucher, O., Dentener, F., Guibert, S., Isaksen, I. S. A., Iversen, T., Koch, D., Kirkev̈ag, A., Liu, X., Montanaro, V., Myhre, G., Penner, J. E., Pitari, G., Reddy, S., Seland, O., Stier, P., and Takemura, T.: Radiative forcing by aerosols as derived from the AeroCom present-day and pre-industrial simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5225-5246, doi:10.5194/acp-6-5225-2006, 2006.
69. Seinfeld, J. H., Carmichael, G. R., Arimoto, R., Conant, W. C., Brechtel, F. J., Bates, T. S., Cahill, T. A., Clarke, A. D., Doherty, S. J., Flatau, P. J., Huebert, B. J., Kim, J., Markowicz, K. M., Quinn, P. K., Russell, L. M., Russell, P. B., Shimizu, A., Shinozuka, Y., Song, C. H., Tang, Y., Uno, I., Vogelmann, A. M., Weber, R. J.,Woo, J.-H., and Zhang, X. Y.: ACE-ASIA: Regional Climatic and Atmospheric Chemical Effects of Asian Dust and Pollution, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 85, 367-380, 2004.
70. Shao, Y., Yang, Y., Wang, J., Song, Z., Leslie, L. M., Dong, C., Zhang, Z., Lin, Z., Kanai, Y., Yabuki, S., and Chun, Y.: Northeast Asian dust storms: Real-time numerical predictions and validation, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4691, doi:10.1029/2003JD003667, 2003.
71. Slingo, A., Ackerman, T. P., Allan, R. P., Kassianov, E. I., McFarlane, S. A., Robinson, G. J., Barnard, J. C., Miller, M. A., Harries, J. E., Russel, J. E., and Dewitte, S.: Observations of the impact of a major Saharan dust storm on the atmospheric radiation balance, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L24817, doi:10.1029/2006GL027869, 2006. (Pubitemid 47277832)
72. Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. E.: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, USA, 996 pp., 2007.
73. Stier, P., Feichter, J., Kinne, S., Kloster, S., Vignati, E., Wilson, J., Ganzeveld, L., Tegen, I., Werner, M., Balkanski, Y., Schulz, M., Boucher, O., Minikin, A., and Petzold, A.: The aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1125-1156, doi:10.5194/acp-5-1125-2005, 2005. (Pubitemid 40578356)
74. Sullivan, R. C., Moore, M. J. K., Petters, M. D., Kreidenweis, S. M., Roberts, G. C., and Prather, K. A.: Effect of chemical mixing state on the hygroscopicity and cloud nucleation properties of calcium mineral dust particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3303-3316, doi:10.5194/acp-9-3303-2009, 2009.
75. Tanaka, T. Y. and Chiba, M.: A numerical study of the contributions of dust source regions to the global dust budget, Global Planet. Change, 52, 88-104, 2006. (Pubitemid 43868057)
76. Tegen, I. and Fung, I.: Modeling of mineral dust in the atmosphere: Sources, transport, and optical thickness, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 22897-22914, doi:10.1029/94JD01928, 1994.
77. Tegen, I., Harrison, S. P., Kohfeld, K., and Prentice, I. C.: Impact of vegetation and preferential source areas on global dust aerosol: Results from a model study, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4576, doi:10.1029/2001JD000963, 2002. (Pubitemid 44793834)
78. Textor, C., Schulz, M., Guibert, S., Kinne, S., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S., Berntsen, T., Berglen, T., Boucher, O., Chin, M., Dentener, F., Diehl, T., Easter, R., Feichter, H., Fillmore, D., Ghan, S., Ginoux, P., Gong, S., Grini, A., Hendricks, J., Horowitz, L., Huang, P., Isaksen, I., Iversen, T., Kloster, S., Koch, D., Kirkevag, A., Kristjansson, J. E., Krol, M., Lauer, A., Lamarque, J. F., Liu, X., Montanaro, V., Myhre, G., Penner, J., Pitari, G., Reddy, S., Seland, O., Stier, P., Takemura, T., and Tie, X.: Analysis and quantification of the diversities of aerosol life cycles within AeroCom, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1777-1813, doi:10.5194/acp-6-1777-2006, 2006. (Pubitemid 44198645)
79. Textor, C., Schulz, M., Guibert, S., Kinne, S., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S., Berntsen, T., Berglen, T., Boucher, O., Chin, M., Dentener, F., Diehl, T., Feichter, J., Fillmore, D., Ginoux, P., Gong, S., Grini, A., Hendricks, J., Horowitz, L., Huang, P., Isaksen, I. S. A., Iversen, T., Kloster, S., Koch, D., Kirkev°ag, A., Kristjansson, J. E., Krol, M., Lauer, A., Lamarque, J. F., Liu, X., Montanaro, V., Myhre, G., Penner, J. E., Pitari, G., Reddy, M. S., Seland, Ø., Stier, P., Takemura, T., and Tie, X.: The effect of harmonized emissions on aerosol properties in global models-an AeroCom experiment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4489-4501, doi:10.5194/acp-7-4489-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 47397845)
80. Timmreck, C. and Schulz, M.: Significant dust simulation differences in nudged and climatological operation mode of the AGCM ECHAM, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D13202, doi:10.1029/2003JD004381, 2004. (Pubitemid 39320249)
81. van Donkelaar, A., Martin, R. V., and Park, R. J.: Estimating ground-level PM2.5 using aerosol optical depth determined from satellite remote sensing, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D21201, doi:10.1029/2005JD006996, 2006. (Pubitemid 46978595)
82. van Donkelaar, A., Martin, R. V., Brauer, M., Kahn, R., Levy, R., Verduzco, C., and Villeneuve, P. J.: Global estimates of ambient fine particulate matter concentrations from satellite-based aerosol optical depth: Development and application, Environ. Health Persp., 118, 847-855, doi:10.1289/ehp.0901623, 2010.
83. Vanderzalm, J. L., Hooper, M. A., Ryan, B., Maenhaut, W., Martin, P., Rayment, P. R., and Hooper, B. M.: Impact of seasonal biomass burning on air quality in the "Top End" of regional Northern Australia, Clean Air and Environmental Quality, 37, 28-34, 2003.
84. Verseghy, D. L.: CLASS: A Canadian Land Surface Scheme for GCMs. I. Soil model, Int. J. Climatol., 11, 111-133, 1991.
85. von Salzen, K.: Piecewise log-normal approximation of size distributions for aerosol modelling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1351-1372, doi:10.5194/acp-6-1351- 2006, 2006. (Pubitemid 44198602)
86. von Salzen, K., Leighton, H. G., Ariya, P. A., Barrie, L. A., Gong, S. L., Blanchet, J. P., Spacek, L., Lohmann, U., and Kleinman, L. I.: The sensitivity of sulphate aerosol size distributions and CCN concentrations over North America to SOx emissions and H2O2 concentrations, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 9741-9766, doi:10.1029/2000JD900027, 2000.
87. von Salzen, K., McFarlane, N. A., and Lazare, M.: The role of shallow low convection in the water and energy cycles of the atmosphere, Clim. Dynam., 25, 671-699, 2005.
88. Wang, A., Price, D. T., and Arora, V.: Estimating changes in global vegetation cover (1850-2100) for use in climate models, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB3028, doi:10.1029/2005GB002514, 2006. (Pubitemid 46761047)
89. Wehner, B., Wiedensohler, A., Tuch, T. M., Wu, Z. J., Hu, M., Slanina, J., and Kiang, C. S.: Variability of the aerosol number size distribution in Beijing, China: new particle formation, dust storms, and high continental background, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L22108, doi:10.1029/2004GL021596, 2004. (Pubitemid 40280912)
90. Wehner, B., Birmili, W., Ditas, F., Wu, Z., Hu, M., Liu, X., Mao, J., Sugimoto, N., and Wiedensohler, A.: Relationships between submicronmeter particulate air pollution and air mass history in Beijing, China, 2004-2006, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6155-6168, doi:10.5194/acp-8-6155-2008, 2008.
91. Yu, H., Kaufman, Y. J., Chin, M., Feingold, G., Remer, L. A., Anderson, T. L., Balkanski, Y., Bellouin, N., Boucher, O., Christopher, S., DeCola, P., Kahn, R., Koch, D., Loeb, N., Reddy, M. S., Schulz, M., Takemura, T., and Zhou, M.: A review of measurement-based assessments of the aerosol direct radiative effect and forcing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 613-666, doi:10.5194/acp-6-613-2006, 2006.
92. Yu, H., Chin, M., Winker, D. M., Omar, A. H., Liu, Z., Kittaka, C., and Diehl, T.: Global view of aerosol vertical distributions from CALIPSO lidar measurements and GOCART simulations: Regional and seasonal variations, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00H30, doi:10.1029/2009JD013364, 2010.
93. Yue, D., Hu, M.,Wu, Z.,Wang, Z., Guo, S.,Wehner, B., Nowak, A., Achtert, P., Wiedensohler, A., Jung, J., Young, K. J., and Liu, S.: Characteristics of aerosol size distributions and new particle formation in the summer in Beijing, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00G12, doi:10.1029/2008JD010894, 2009.
94. Zender, C. S., Miller, R. L., and Tegen, I.: Quantifying mineral dust mass budgets: terminology, constraints, and current estimates, Eos Trans. AGU, 85, 509-512, doi:10.1029/2004EO480002, 2004.
95. Zhang, G. J. and McFarlane, N. A.: Sensitivity of climate simulations to the parameterization of cumulus convection in the Canadian Climate Centre General Circulation Model, Atmos. Ocean, 33, 407-446, 1995.
96. Zhang, L.-M., Gong, S.-L., Padro, J., and Barrie, L.: A sizesegregated particle dry deposition scheme for an atmospheric aerosol module, Atmos. Environ., 35, 549-560, 2001.
97. Zhao, X.-P., Loeb, N. G., Laszlo, I., and Zhou, M.: Global component aerosol direct radiative effect at the top of atmosphere, Int. J. Remote Sens., 32, 633-655, 2010.
98. Zobler, L.: A world soil file for global climate modeling, Tech. Rep. 87802, Tech. Rep. NASA, 1986.