Tropospheric sulfur cycle in the Canadian general circulation model

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 104, Issue D21, 1999, Pages 26833-26858

  Lohmann, Ulrike ^a   Von Salzen, Knut ^b   McFarlane, Norman ^c   Leighton, Henry G ^b   Feichter, Johann ^d  

^a DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c ENVIRONMENT CANADA   (Canada)

^d MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR METEOROLOGY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; ATMOSPHERIC GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL; SULFUR CYCLE; TROPOSPHERE;

EID: 0033589492     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/1999JD900343     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Abdella, K., and N. McFarlane, A new second order turbulence closure scheme for the planetary boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1850-1867, 1997.
2. Albrecht, B., Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness, Science, 245, 1227-1230, 1989.
3. Banic, C. M., W. R. Leaitch, G. Isaac, M. D. Couture, L. I. Kleinman, S. R. Springston, and J. I. MacPherson, Transport of ozone and sulfur to the North Atlantic atmosphere during the North Atlantic Regional Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 29,091-29,104, 1996.
4. Bates, T. S., J. D. Cline, R. H. Gammon, and S. R. Kelly-Hansen, Regional and seasonal variations in the flux of oceanic dimethylsulfide to the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 2930-2938, 1987.
5. Beheng, K. D., A parameterization of warm cloud microphysical conversion processes, Atmos. Res., 33, 193-206, 1994.
6. Benkovitz, C. M., C. M. Berkowitz, R. C. Easter, S. Nemesure, R. Wagener, and S. Schwartz, Sulfate over the North Atlantic and adjacent continental regions: Evaluation for October and November 1986 using a three-dimensional model driven by observation-derived meteorology, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 20,725-20,756, 1994.
7. Berge, E., Coupling of wet scavenging of sulphur to clouds in a numerical weather prediction model, Tellus, Ser. B, 45, 1-22, 1993.
8. Bermejo, R., and A. Staniforth, The conversion of semi-lagrangian advection schemes to quasi-monotone schemes, Mon. Weather Rev., 120, 2622-2632, 1992.
9. Boucher, O., and U. Lohmann, The sulfate-CCN-cloud albedo effect: A sensitivity study with two general circulation models, Tellus, Ser. B, 47, 281-300, 1995.
10. Brinkop, S., and E. Roeckner, Sensitivity of a general circulation model to parameterizations of cloud-turbulence interactions in the atmospheric boundary layer., Tellus, Ser. A, 47, 197-220, 1995.
11. Chin, M., D. J. Jacob, G. M. Gardner, M. S. Foreman-Fowler, and P. A. Spiro, A global three-dimensional model of tropospheric sulfate, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3761-3778, 1996.
12. Dentener, F., and P. J. Crutzen, A three-dimensional model of the global ammonia cycle, J. Atmos. Chem., 19, 331-369, 1994.
13. Dibb, J. E., R. W. Talbot, and G. L. Gregory, Beryllium 7 and lead 210 in the western hemisphere arctic atmosphere: Observations from three recent aircraft-based sampling programs, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 16,709, 1992.
14. European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP), Co-operative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-Range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP): Summary report from the chemical cocordinating centre for the second phase of EMEP, Tech. Rep. EMEP/CCC-Rep. 2/84, Norw. Inst. for Air Res., Lillestrom, Norway, 1984.
15. Feichter, J., E. Kjellström, H. Rodhe, F. Dentener, J. Lelieveld, and G.-J. Roelofs, Simulation of the tropospheric sulfur cycle in a global climate model, Atmos. Environ., 30, 1693-1707, 1996.
16. Ganzeveld, L., J. Lelieveld, and G.-J. Roelofs, A dry deposition parameterization for sulfur oxides in a chemistry and general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 5679-5694, 1998.
17. Gates, W. L., The atmospheric model intercomparison project, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 73, 1962-1970, 1992.
18. Giorgi, F., and W. L. Chameides, Rainout lifetimes of highly soluble aerosols and gases inferred from simulations with a general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 14,367-14,376, 1986.
19. Graf, H., J. Feichter, and B. Langmann, Volcanic sulfur emissions: Estimates of source strength and its contribution to the global sulfate distribution, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 10,727-10,738, 1997.
20. Greenwald, T. J., G. L. Stephens, T. H. Vonder Haar, and D. L. Jackson, A physical retrieval of cloud liquid water over the global oceans using special sensor microwave/imager (SSM/I) observations, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 18,471-18,488, 1993.
21. 2 and other trace gases to the atmosphere from fires in the tropics, based on the FAO statistics for the period 1975-80, in Fire in the Tropical Biota. Ecosystem Processes and Global Challenges, edited by J. G. Goldammer, pp. 440-462, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1990.
22. Houghton, J. T., L. G. M. Filho, B. A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell, (Eds.), Climate Change 1995, The Science of Climate Change: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1996.
23. Huffman, G. J., et al., The Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) combined precipitation data set, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 5-20, 1997.
24. Issac, G. A., et al., Vertical profiles and horizontal transport of atmospheric aerosols and trace gases over central Ontario, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 22,015-22,037, 1998.
25. 222Rn and other short-lived tracers, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 5953-5970, 1997.
26. Johnson, D. W., Parameterisation of the cloud topped boundary layer: Aircraft measurements, in Proceedings of a Workshop on Parameterisation of the Cloud Topped Boundary Layer, pp. 77-117, Reading, England, Eur. Cent, for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, 1993.
27. Kasibathatla, P., W. L. Chameides, and J. S. John, A three-dimensional global model investigation of seasonal variations in the atmospheric burden of anthropogenic sulfate aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 3737-3759, 1997.
28. Kettle, A. J., et al., A preliminary global data base of sea surface dimethyl sulfide measurements and a simple model to predict sea surface dimethyl sulfide as a function of latitude, longitude, and month, Eos, Trans. AGU, 77(46), Fall Meet. Suppl., 417, 1996.
29. Laj, P., et al., Experimental evidence for in-cloud production of aerosol sulphate, Atmos. Environ., 31, 2503-2514, 1997.
30. Laprise, R., and C. Girard, A spectral general circulation model using a piecewise-constant finite-element representation on a hybrid vertical coordinate system, J. Clim., 3, 32-52, 1990.
31. Leighton, H. G., M. K. Yau, A. M. Macdonald, J. S. Pitre, and A. Giles, A numerical simulation of the chemistry of a rainband, Atmos. Environ., 24, 1211-1217, 1990.
32. 2, Science, 258, 117-120, 1992.
33. Levkov, L., B. Rockel, H. Kapitza, and E. Raschke, 3D mesoscale numerical studies of cirrus and stratus clouds by their time and space evolution, Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 65, 35-58, 1992.
34. Liss, P. S., and L. Merlivat, Air-sea gas exchange rates: Introduction and synthesis, in The Role of Air-Sea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling, edited by P. Buat-Menard, pp. 113-127, D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass., 1996.
35. Lohmann, U., and J. Feichter, Impact of sulfate aerosols on albedo and lifetime of clouds: A sensitivity study with the ECHAM GCM, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 13,685-13,700, 1997.
36. Lohmann, U., and E. Roeckner, Design and performance of a new cloud microphysics scheme developed for the ECHAM general circulation model, Clim. Dyn., 12, 557-572, 1996.
37. Lohmann, U., N. McFarlane, L. Levkov, K. Abdella, and F. Albers, Comparing different cloud schemes of a single column model by using mesoscale forcing and nudging technique, J. Clim., 12, 438-461, 1999.
38. Lord, S. J., Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with large-scale environment, III; Semi-prognostic test of the Arakawa-Schubert cumulus parameterization, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 88-103, 1982.
39. 2 conversion in nonurban tropospheric clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 10,721-10,732, 1983.
40. 2 Oxidation Mechanisms: Atmospheric Considerations, edited by J. G. Calvert, Butterworth-Heinemann, Newton, Mass., 1983.
41. 2: The question of linearity, Atmos. Environ., 24, 1825-1829, 1990.
42. Morcrette, J. J., Radiation and cloud radiative properties in the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts forecasting system, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 9121-9132, 1991.
43. Pham, M., J.-F. Mueller, G. P. Brasseur, C. Granier, and G. Megie, A three-dimensional study of the tropospheric sulfur cycle, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 26,061-26,092, 1995.
44. Priestley, A., A quasi-conservative version of the semi-lagrangian advection scheme, Mon. Weather Rev., 121, 621-629, 1993.
45. Rasch, P. J., and D. L. Williamson, Computational aspects of moisture transport in global models of the atmosphere, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 116, 1071-1090, 1990.
46. Ro, C., R. Vet, D. Ord, and A. Holloway, National Atmospheric Chemistry Data Base (NAtChem) 1994 annual report, Tech. rep., Air Qual. and Inter-Environ. Res. Branch, Atmos. Environ. Serv., Downsview, Ont., Canada, 1997.
47. Rockel, B., E. Raschke, and B. Weyres, A parameterization of broad band radiative transfer properties of water, ice and mixed clouds, Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 64, 1-12, 1991.
48. 3 in the troposphere calculated with a chemistry general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 20,983-20,998, 1995.
49. Roelofs, G.-J., J. Lelieveld, and R. van Dorland, Simulation of global sulfate distribution and the influence on effective cloud drop radii with a coupled photochemistry-sulfur cycle model, Tellus, Ser. B, 50, 224-242, 1998.
50. Slingo, A., A GCM parameterization for the shortwave radiative properties of water clouds., J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 2111-2132, 1989.
51. Slingo, J. M., The development and verification of a cloud prediction scheme for the ECMWF model, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 113, 899-927, 1987.
52. Spiro, P. A., D. J. Jacob, and J. A. Logan, Global inventory of sulfur emissions with 1° x 1° resolution, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 6023, 1992.
53. Sundqvist, H., E. Berge, and J. E. Kristiansson, Condensation and cloud parameterization studies with a mesoscale numerical weather prediction model, Mon. Weather Rev., 117, 1641-1657, 1989.
54. Tremblay, A., and H. G. Leighton, A three-dimensional cloud chemistry model, J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 25, 652-671, 1986.
55. Tremmel, H. G., W. Junkermann, and F. Slemr, On the distribution of hydrogen peroxide in the lower troposphere over the northeastern United States during late summer 1988, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 1083-1099, 1993.
56. von Salzen, K., H. G. Leighton, S. L. Gong, and U. Lohmann, Simulation of the in-cloud oxidation of S(IV) with the northern aerosol regional climate model (NARCM), Paper presented at AMS Conference on Cloud Physics, Am. Meteorol. Soc., Everett, Wash., Aug. 17-21, 1998.
57. Weng, F., and N. C. Grody, Retrieval of cloud liquid water using the special sensor microwave imager (SSM/I), J. Geophys. Res., 99, 25,535-25,551, 1994.
58. Xu, K.-M., and S. K. Krueger, Evaluation of cloudiness parameterizations using a cumulus ensemble model, Mon. Weather Rev., 119, 342-367, 1991.
59. Xu, K.-M., and D. A. Randall, A semiempirical cloudiness parameterizations for use in climate models, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3084-3102, 1996.
60. Zhang, G. J., and N. A. McFarlane, Sensitivity of climate simulations to the parameterization of cumulus convection in the Canadian Climate Centre General Circulation Model, Atmos. Ocean, 33, 407-446, 1995.