Biological Flora of the British Isles: Fagus sylvatica

Journal of Ecology

Volumn 100, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 1557-1608

  Packham, John R ^a   Thomas, Peter A ^b   Atkinson, Mark D ^c   Degen, Thomas ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WOLVERHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^b KEELE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c Catholic University of Louvain ^*  (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITÉ CATHOLIQUE DE LOUVAIN   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Climatic limitation; Communities; Conservation; Ecophysiology; Geographical and altitudinal distribution; Germination; Herbivory; Mycorrhiza; Parasites and diseases; Reproductive biology; Soils

Indexed keywords

ALTITUDINAL ZONATION; ANEMOPHILY; BIOTIC FACTOR; CLIMATE CHANGE; DECIDUOUS TREE; DROUGHT; ECOPHYSIOLOGY; GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION; GERMINATION; HERBIVORY; INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION; MONOECY; MYCORRHIZA; ORNITHOPHILY; PATHOGEN; PHENOLOGY; PLANTATION FORESTRY; RANGE EXPANSION; REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY; SOIL WATER; WOODLAND;

ENGLAND; UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 84867788245     PISSN: 00220477     EISSN: 13652745     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2012.02017.x     Document Type: Article

References (469)

1. Abt, K.F. & Bock, W.F. (1998) Seasonal variation of diet composition in farmland mice Apodemus spp. and bank voles Clethrionomys glareolus. Acta Theriologica, 43, 379-389.
2. Adamčíková, K., Juhásová, G. & Kobza, M. (2011) The first report of Libertella spp. on Fagaceae in Slovakia. Mycoscience, 52, 268-270.
3. Adams, K.J. (1984) Zygodon forsteri (With.) Mitt. in Epping Forest. Bulletin of the British Bryological Society, 43, 26-27.
4. Ainsworth, A.M. (2004) Developing tools for assessing fungal interest in habitats. 1: beech woodland saprotrophs. English Nature Research Report, 597, 1-76.
5. Ainsworth, A.M. (2005) Identifying important sites for beech deadwood fungi. Field Mycology, 6, 41-61.
6. Akashi, N. (1997) Dispersion pattern and mortality of seeds and seedlings of Fagus crenata Blume in a cool temperate forest in western Japan. Ecological Research, 12, 159-165.
7. Alford, D.V. (1991) Pests of Ornamental Trees, Shrubs and Flowers. Wolfe Publishing, London, UK.
8. Allan, P.B.M. (1949) Larval Foodplants. Watkins & Doncaster, London, UK.
9. Allen, A.A. (1984) Comments on 1954 Edition of Coleopterist's Handbook: Letter and Notes. Unpublished.
10. Ammer, C. (1996) Impacts of ungulates on structure and dynamics of natural regeneration of mixed mountain forests in the Bavarian Alps. Forest Ecology and Management, 88, 43-53.
11. Ammer, C., Stimm, B. & Mosandl, R. (2008) Ontogenetic variation in the relative influence of light and belowground resources on European beech seedling growth. Tree Physiology, 28, 721-728.
12. André, F., Jonard, M. & Ponette, Q. (2010) Biomass and nutrient content of sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) stem and branches in a mixed stand in southern Belgium. Science of the Total Environment, 408, 2285-2294.
13. Atherton, M.A. (1976) The impact of late prehistoric cultures on the vegetation of the North York Moors. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 1, 184-300.
14. Augusto, L., Ranger, J., Binkley, D. & Rothe, A. (2002) Impact of several common tree species of European temperate forests on soil fertility. Annals of Forest Science, 59, 233-253.
15. Aussenac, G. & Ducrey, M. (1977) Etude bioclimatique d'une futaie feuillue (Fagus sylvatica L. et Quercus sessiliflora Salisb.) de l'Est de la France. I. Analyse des profiles microclimatiques et des caractéristiques anatomiques et morphologiques de l'appareil foliaire. Annals of Forest Science, 34, 265-284.
16. Backes, K. & Leuschner, C. (2000) Leaf water relations of competitive Fagus sylvatica and Quercus petraea trees during 4 years differing in soil drought. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 30, 335-346.
17. Baker, B.A. (1985) Sesiidae. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 2. (eds J. Heath & A.M. Emmet ), pp. 369-388. Harley Books, Colchester, UK.
18. Bakker, M.R., Turpault, M.-P., Huet, S. & Nys, C. (2008) Root distribution of Fagus sylvatica in a chronosequence in western France. Journal of Forest Research, 13, 176-184.
19. Balachowsky, A.M. (1949) Coléoptères Scolytides 50. Faune de France Coléoptères Curculionides (Troisième Partie) (ed. N. FFdS ), pp. 1-320. Lechevalier, Paris, France.
20. Barbeta, A., Peñuelas, J., Ogaya, R. & Jump, A.S. (2011) Reduced tree health and seedling production in fragmented Fagus sylvatica forest patches in the Montseny Mountains (NE Spain). Forest Ecology and Management, 261, 2029-2037.
21. Barnes, H.F. (1948) Gall Midges of Economic Importance, Volume III, Gall Midges of Fruit. Crosby Lockwood & Son, London, UK.
22. Bartlett, E.M. & Lewis, D.H. (1971) Surface phosphatase activity of mycorrhizal roots of beech. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 5, 249-257.
23. Bates, J.W., Roy, D.B. & Preston, C.D. (2004) Occurrence of epiphytic bryophytes in a 'tetrad' transect across southern Britain 2. Analysis and modelling of epiphyte-environment relationships. Journal of Bryology, 26, 181-197.
24. Bates, J.W., Proctor, M.C.F., Preston, C.D., Hodgetts, N.G. & Perry, A.R. (1997) Occurrence of epiphytic bryophytes in a 'tetrad' transect across southern Britain 1. Geographical trends in abundance and evidence of recent change. Journal of Bryology, 19, 685-714.
25. Becker, M. (1981) Taxonomie et caractères botaniques. Le Hêtre (ed. E. Teissier du Cros ), pp. 35-46. INRA, Paris, France.
26. 2 increase: a comparison of Salisbury (1927) with contemporary data. American Journal of Botany, 84, 1572-1583.
27. 2 interactions in trees: observations and mechanisms. New Phytologist, 134, 235-242.
28. Belisario, A., Maccaroni, M. & Vettorazzo, M. (2006) First report of Phytophthora cambivora causing bleeding cankers and dieback on beech (Fagus sylvatica) in Italy. Plant Disease, 90, 1362.
29. Belmonte, J., Alarcón, M., Avila, A., Scialabba, E. & Pino, D. (2008) Long-range transport of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) pollen to Catalonia (north-eastern Spain). International Journal of Biometeorology, 52, 675-687.
30. Benson, R.B. (1958) Hymenoptera Symphyta. Handbooksfor the Identification of British Insects Vol. 6, Part 2(c). Royal Entomological Society of London, London, UK.
31. Bequet, R., Campioli, M., Kint, V., Vansteenkiste, D., Muys, B. & Ceulemans, R. (2011) Leaf area index development in temperate oak and beech forests is driven by stand characteristics and weather conditions. Trees, 25, 935-946.
32. Bernicchia, A., Venturella, G., Saitta, A. & Gorjon, S.P. (2007) Aphyllophoraceous wood-inhabiting fungi on Fagus sylvatica in Italy. Mycotaxon, 101, 229-232.
33. Betsch, P., Bonal, D., Breda, N., Montpied, P., Peiffer, M., Tuzet, A. & Granier, A. (2011) Drought effects on water relations in beech: the contribution of exchangeable water reservoirs. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 151, 531-543.
34. Bevan, D. (1987) Forestry Commission Handbook 1. Forest Insects: A Guide to Insects Feeding on Trees in Britain. HMSO, London, UK.
35. Bialozyt, R., Bradley, L.R. & Bradshaw, R.H.W. (2012) Modelling the spread of Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies in southern Scandinavia during the late Holocene. Journal of Biogeography, 39, 665-675.
36. Bily, S. (1982) The Buprestidae (Coleoptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica, 10, 1-111.
37. Birkedal, M., Fischer, A., Karlsson, M., Löf, M. & Madsen, P. (2009) Rodent impact on establishment of direct-seeded Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur and Quercus petraea on forest land. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 24, 298-307.
38. Björkman, L. (1999) The establishment of Fagus sylvatica at the standscale in southern Sweden. The Holocene, 9, 237-245.
39. Bolte, A., Czajkowski, T. & Kompa, T. (2007) The north-eastern distribution range of European beech - a review. Forestry, 80, 413-429.
40. Bončina, A., Diaci, J. & Gašperšič, F. (2003) Long-term changes in tree species composition in the Dinaric mountain forests of Slovenia. Forestry Chronicle, 79, 227-232.
41. Bontemps, J.-D., Hervé, J.-C. & Dhôte, J.-F. (2009) Long-term changes in forest productivity: a consistent assessment in even-aged stands. Forest Science, 55, 549-564.
42. Bontemps, J.-D., Hervé, J.-C. & Dhôte, J.-F. (2010) Dominant radial and height growth reveal comparable historical variations for common beech in north-eastern France. Forest Ecology and Management, 259, 1455-1463.
43. Boulanger, V., Baltzinger, C., Saïd, S., Ballon, P., Picard, J.-F. & Dupouey, J.-L. (2009) Ranking temperate woody species along a gradient of browsing by deer. Forest Ecology and Management, 258, 1397-1406.
44. Bouriaud, O., Bréda, N., Le Moguedec, G. & Nepveu, G. (2004) Modelling variability of wood density in beech as affected by ring age, radial growth and climate. Trees, 18, 264-276.
45. Bourne, R. (1942) A note on beech regeneration in southern England. Quarterly Journal of Forestry, 34, 42-49.
46. Bradley, J.D., Tremewan, W.G. & Smith, A. (1973) British Tortricoid Moths: Cochylidae and Torticidae: Tortricinae. Ray Society, London, UK.
47. Bradshaw, R.H.W., Kito, N. & Giesecke, T. (2010) Factors influencing the Holocene history of Fagus. Forest Ecology and Management, 259, 2204-2212.
48. Bradshaw, R.H.W. & Lindbladh, M. (2005) Regional spread and stand-scale establishment of Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies in Scandinavia. Ecology, 86, 1679-1686.
49. Bretherton, R.F., Goater, B. & Lorimer, R.I. (1983) Noctuidae: Cuculliinae to Hypeninae. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 10 (eds J. Heath & A.M. Emmet ), pp. 36-413. J. Curwen Books, London, UK.
50. British Mycological Society (2011) Fungal Records Database of Britain and Ireland. Available at: http://www.fieldmycology.net/FRDBI/FRDBI.asp (accessed August 2011).
51. Broadmeadow, M.S.J. & Ray, D. (2005) Climate Change and British Woodland. Forestry Commission Information Note. Forestry Commission, Edinburgh, UK.
52. Brown, J.M.B. (1953) Studies on British Beechwoods. Forestry Commission Bulletin No. 20. HMSO, London, UK.
53. Brus, R. (2010) Growing evidence for the existence of glacial refugia of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in the south-eastern Alps and north-western Dinaric Alps. Periodicum Biologorum, 112, 239-246.
54. Büsgen, M., Münch, E. & Thomson, T. (1929) The Structure and Life of Forest Trees. Chapman & Hall, London, UK.
55. Čaňová, I., Ďurkovič, J. & Hladká, D. (2008) Stomatal and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics in European beech cultivars during leaf development. Biologia Plantarum, 52, 577-581.
56. Cascio, C., Schaub, M., Novak, K., Desotgiu, R., Bussotti, F. & Strasser, R.J. (2010) Foliar responses to ozone of Fagus sylvatica L. seedlings grown in shaded and in full sunlight conditions. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 68, 188-197.
57. Chamberlain, D.E., Gosler, A.G. & Glue, D.E. (2007) Effects of the winter beechmast crop on bird occurrence in British gardens. Bird Study, 54, 120-126.
58. Charru, M., Seynave, I., Morneau, F. & Bontemps, J.-D. (2010) Recent changes in forest productivity: an analysis of national forest inventory data for common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in north-eastern France. Forest Ecology and Management, 260, 864-874.
59. Chater, A.O. (2010) Flora of Cardiganshire. Privately published, Aberystwyth, UK.
60. Chilvers, G.A. & Harley, J.L. (1980) Visualization of phosphate accumulation in beech mycorrhizas. New Phyologist, 84, 319-326.
61. Chmura, D.J. and Rożkowski, R. (2002) Variability of beech provenances in spring and autumn phenology. Silvae Genetica, 51, 123-127.
62. Claridge, M.F. & Wilson, M.R. (1981) Host plant associations, diversity and species-area relationships of mesophyll-feeding leafhoppers of trees and shrubs in Britain. Oecologia, 37, 247-255.
63. Claus, A. & George, E. (2005) Effect of stand age on fine-root biomass and biomass distribution in three European forest chronosequences. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 35, 1617-1625.
64. Clowes, F.A.L. (1981) Proliferation in ectotrophic mycorrhizas of Fagus sylvatica. New Phytologist, 87, 547-555.
65. Cockbain, A.J., Bowen, R. & Bartlett, P.W. (1982) Observations on the biology and ecology of Apion vorax (Coleoptera: Apionidae), a vector of broad bean stain and broad bean true mosaic viruses. Annals of Applied Biology, 101, 449-457.
66. Coleman, D. & Harley, J.L. (1976) Mitochondria of mycorrhizal roots of Fagus sylvatica L. New Phytologist, 76, 317-330.
67. Coll, L., Balandier, P., Picon-Cochard, C., Prévosto, B. & Curt, T. (2003) Competition for water and light between beech seedlings and the surrounding vegetation in abandoned pastures colonized by woody species. Annals of Forest Science, 60, 593-600.
68. Collet, C., Lanter, O. & Pardos, M. (2001) Effects of canopy opening on height and diameter growth in naturally regenerated beech seedlings. Annals of Forest Science, 58, 127-134.
69. Collet, C., Fournier, M., Ningre, F., Hounzandji, A.P.-I. & Constant, T. (2011) Growth and posture control strategies in Fagus sylvatica and Acer pseudoplatanus saplings in response to canopy disturbance. Annals of Botany, 107, 1345-1353.
70. Collignon, C., Calvaruso, C. & Turpault, M. (2011) Temporal dynamics of exchangeable K, Ca and Mg in acidic bulk soil and rhizosphere under Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Plant and Soil, 349, 89-94.
71. Comps, B., Barrièrre, G., Merzeau, D. & Letouzey, J. (1987) La variabilité alloenzymatique des hêtraies dans les sous domaines médio- et eu-atlantique d'Europe. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 17, 1043-1049.
72. Comps, J., Thièbaut, B., Paule, L., Merzeau, D. & Letouzey, J. (1990) Allozymic variability of beechwoods (Fagus sylvatica L.) over central Europe: Spatial differentiation among and within populations. Heredity, 65, 407-417.
73. Cooter, J. (1983) Hylecoetus dermestoides (L.) (Coleoptera: Lymexylidae) in Hertfordshire. Entomologists' Monthly Magazine, 119, 116.
74. Crowson, R.A. (1982) Observations on Scottish Cerylonidae (Coleoptera). Entomologists' Monthly Magazine, 118, 75-77.
75. Čufar, K., Prislan, P., de Luis, M. & Gričar, J. (2008) Tree-ring variation, wood formation and phenology of beech (Fagus sylvatica) from a representative site in Slovenia, SE Central Europe. Trees, 22, 749-758.
76. Cutler, D.F. (1991) Tree planting for the future: lessons of the storms of October 1987 and January 1990. Arboricultural Journal, 15, 225-234.
77. Czeczott, H. (1933) Studium nad zmiennoś cia liś ci bukow: Fagus orientalis Lipsky, F. sylvatica L. i form poś rednich. Cz. 1. Rocznik Dendrologiczny, 5, 45-121.
78. Czúcz, B., Gálhidy, L. & Mátyás, C. (2011) Present and forecasted xeric climatic limits of beech and sessile oak distribution at low altitudes in Central Europe. Annals of Forest Science, 68, 99-108.
79. Dalio, R., Fleischmann, F. & Osswald, W. (2011) Potassium phosphate protects European beech (Fagus sylvatica) seedlings against Phytophthora plurivora. Phytopathology, 101(Suppl.), S40.
80. Darlington, A. (1968) The Pocket Encyclopaedia of Plant Galls. Blandford Press, Poole, UK.
81. Deflorio, G., Johnson, C., Fink, S. & Schwarze, F.W.M.R. (2008) Decay development in living sapwood of coniferous and deciduous trees inoculated with six wood decay fungi. Forest Ecology and Management, 255, 2373-2383.
82. DEFRA (2008) Phytophthora ramorum: A Practical Guide for Established Parks & Gardens, Amenity Landscape and Woodland Areas. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, London, UK.
83. Degen, T. (2001) Contribution à l'Etude de la Biodiversité dans une Hêtraie Naturelle en Roumanie, et à l'Etude des Relations Existant Entre celle-ci et la Structure de la Forêt. Mémoire de fin d'étude, Unité des Eaux et Forêts, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, UCL, France.
84. Demarcke, M., Müller, J.-F., Schoon, N., Van Langenhove, H., Dewulf, J., Joó, É., Steppe, K., Šimpraga, M., Heinesch, B., Aubinet, M. & Amelynck, C. (2010) History effect of light and temperature on monoterpenoid emissions from Fagus sylvatica L. Atmospheric Environment, 44, 3261-3268.
85. Demesure, B., Comps, B. & Petit, R.J. (1996) Chloroplast DNA phylogeography of the common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Europe. Evolution, 50, 2515-2520.
86. Denk, T. (2003) Phylogeny of Fagus L. (Fagaceae) based on morphological data. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 240, 55-81.
87. Denk, T., Grimm, G., Stogerer, K., Langer, M. & Hemleben, V. (2002) The evolutionary history of Fagus in western Eurasia: evidence from genes, morphology and the fossil record. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 232, 213-236.
88. Dindorf, T., Kuhn, U., Ganzeveld, L., Schebeske, G., Ciccioli, P., Holzke, C., Köble, R., Seufert, G. & Kesselmeier, J. (2006) Significant light and temperature dependent monoterpene emissions from European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and their potential impact on the European volatile organic compound budget. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, D16305, p. 15. doi:10.1029/2005JD006751.
89. Dittmar, C. & Elling, W. (2006) Phenological phases of common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and their dependence on region and altitude in Southern Germany. European Journal of Forest Research, 125, 181-188.
90. Dittmar, C., Zech, W. & Elling, W. (2003) Growth variations of common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) under different cliamatic and environmental conditions in Europe - a dendroecological study. Forest Ecology and Management, 173, 63-78.
91. Drobyshev, I., Övergaard, R., Saygin, I., Niklasson, M., Hickler, T., Karlsson, M. & Sykes, M.T. (2010) Masting behaviour and dendrochronology of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in southern Sweden. Forest Ecology and Management, 259, 2160-2171.
92. Duffy, E.A.J. (1953) A Monograph of the Immature Stages of British and Imported Timber Beetles (Cerambycidae). British Museum (Natural History), London, UK.
93. 13C and water-use efficiency of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in north-eastern France during the past century. Plant, Cell and Environment, 21, 565-572.
94. Eiberle, K. & Bucher, H. (1989) Interdependenzen zwischen dem Verbiss verschiedener Baumarten in einem Pleterwaldgebiet. Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft, 35, 235-244.
95. Emmet, A.M. (1976) Nepticulidae. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 1 (eds J. Heath & A.M. Emmet ), pp. 171-267. Curwen Press, London, UK.
96. Emmet, A.M. (1979) A Field Guide to the Smaller Brzritish Lepidoptera. The British Entomological and Natural History Society, London, UK.
97. Emmet, A.M. (1991) Chart showing the life history and habits of the British Lepidoptera. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 7, Part 2 (eds A.M. Emmet & J. Heath ), pp. 61-304. Harley Books, Colchester, UK.
98. Emmet, A.M., Watkinson, I.A. & Wilson, M.R. (1985) Gracillariidae. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 2 (eds J. Heath & A.M. Emmet ), pp. 244-362. Harley Books, Colchester, UK.
99. Fender, A.C., Mantilla-Contreras, J. & Leuschner, C. (2011) Multiple environmental control of leaf area and its significance for productivity in beech saplings. Trees, 25, 847-857.
100. Fernandes, G.W., Duarte, H. & Lüttge, U. (2003) Hypersensitivity of Fagus sylvatica L. against leaf galling insects. Trees, 17, 407-411.
101. Ferner, E., Rennenberg, H. & Kreuzwieser, J. (2012) Effect of flooding on C metabolism of flood-tolerant (Quercus robur) and non-tolerant (Fagus sylvatica) tree species. Tree Physiology, 32, 135-145.
102. Firbas, F. (1949) Spät- und nacheiszeitliche Waldgeschichte Mitteleuropas närdlich der Alpen. Erster band: Allgemeine Waldgeschichte. Fischer, Jena, Germany.
103. Fisher, W.R. (1896) Schlich's Manual of Forestry, Vol. V. Forest Utilization. Bradbury, Agnew & Co., London, UK.
104. 2 and nitrogen fertilization. Environmental Pollution, 158, 1051-1060.
105. 2 assimilation, transpiration and root growth of Fagus sylvatica infested with four different Phytophthora species. Plant Biology, 4, 144-152.
106. Fotelli, M.A., Nahm, M., Radoglou, K., Rennenberg, H., Halyvopoulos, G. & Matzarakis, A. (2009) Seasonal and interannual ecophysiological responses of beech (Fagus sylvatica) at its south-eastern distribution limit in Europe. Forest Ecology and Management, 257, 1157-1164.
107. Fritz, Ö., Gustafsson, L. & Larsson, K. (2008) Does forest continuity matter in conservation? - a study of epiphytic lichens and bryophytes in beech forests of southern Sweden. Biological Conservation, 141, 655-668.
108. Fritz, Ö. & Heilmann-Clausen, J. (2010) Rot holes create key microhabitats for epiphytic lichens and bryophytes on beech (Fagus sylvatica). Biological Conservation, 143, 1008-1016.
109. Fritz, Ö., Niklasson, M. & Churski, M. (2009) Tree age is a key factor for the conservation of epiphytic lichens and bryophytes in beech forests. Applied Vegetation Science, 12, 93-106.
110. Fukarek, P. (1954) Neki osnovni podaci u vezi sa pitanjem bukve u Bosni i Hercegovini. Narodni Šumar, 7, 8, 1-20.
111. von Gadow, K. (1997) Strukturentwichlung eines Buchen-Fichten-Mischbestandes (Development of the structure of a beech-spruce forest). Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung, 168, 103-106.
112. Galaty, M.L. (2005) European regional studies: a coming of age? Journal of Archaeological Research, 13, 291-336.
113. Gallois, A., Burrus, M. & Brown, S. (1999) Evaluation of the nuclear DNA content and GC percent in four varieties of Fagus sylvatica L. Annals Forest Science, 56, 615-618.
114. García-Plazaola, J.I., Esteban, R., Hormaetxe, K., Fernandez-Marin, B. & Becerril, J.M. (2008) Photoprotective responses of Mediterranean and Atlantic trees to the extreme heat-wave of summer 2003 in Southwestern Europe. Trees, 22, 385-392.
115. Gardiner, E.S., Löf, M., O'Brien, J.J., Stanturf, J.A. & Madsen, P. (2009) Photosynthetic characteristics of Fagus sylvatica and Quercus robur established for stand conversion from Picea abies. Forest Ecology and Management, 258, 868-878.
116. Gardner, A.R. (2002) Neolithic to Copper Age woodland impacts in northeast Hungary? Evidence from the pollen and sediment chemistry records. The Holocene, 12, 541-553.
117. Gardner, A.R. & Willis, K.J. (1999) Prehistoric farming and the postglacial expansion of beech and hornbeam: a comment on Küster. The Holocene, 9, 119-122.
118. Gayer, K. (1898) Der Waldbau. Vierte, verbesserte Auflage, Parey, Berlin, Germany.
119. Genet, A., Wernsdörfer, H., Jonard, M., Pretzsch, H., Rauch, M., Ponette, Q., Nys, C., Legout, A., Ranger, J., Vallet, P. & Saint-André, L. (2011) Ontogeny partly explains the apparent heterogeneity of published biomass equations for Fagus sylvatica in central Europe. Forest Ecology and Management, 261, 1188-1202.
120. Geßler, A., Keitel, C., Kreuzwieser, J., Matyssek, R., Seiler, W. & Rennenberg, H. (2007) Potential risks for European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in a changing climate. Trees, 21, 1-11.
121. Gill, R.M.A. (1992) A review of damage by mammals in north temperate forests: 1. Deer. Forestry, 65, 145-169.
122. van Gils, H., Odoi, J.O. & Andrisano, T. (2010) From monospecific to mixed forest after fire? An early forecast for the montane belt of Majella, Italy. Forest Ecology and Management, 259, 433-439.
123. Goater, B. (1991) Drepanidae. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 7, Part 2. (eds A.M. Emmet & J. Heath ), pp. 331-339. Harley Books, Colchester, UK.
124. Godefroid, S. & Koedam, N. (2010) Tree-induced soil compaction in forest ecosystems: myth or reality? European Journal of Forest Research, 129, 209-217.
125. Godwin, H. (1975a) History of the British Flora, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
126. Godwin, H. (1975b) History of the natural forests of Britain: establishment, dominance and destruction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 271, 47-67.
127. Godwin, H. & Clifford, M.H. (1938) Studies in the post-glacial history of British vegetation. I. Origin and stratigraphy of fenland deposits near Woodwalton, Hunts. II. Origin and stratigraphy of deposits in southern fenland. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 229, 323-406.
128. Godwin, H. & Mitchell, G.F. (1938) Stratigraphy and development of two raised bogs near Tregaron, Cardiganshire. New Phytologist, 37, 425-455.
129. Goicoechea, N., Closa, I. & de Miguel, A.M. (2009) Ectomycorrhizal communities within beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests that naturally regenerate from clear-cutting in northern Spain. New Forests, 38, 157-175.
130. Gömöry, D., Paule, L., Brus, R., Zhelev, P., Tomović, Z. & Gračan, J. (1999) Genetic differentiation and phylogeny of beech on the Balkan Peninsula. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 12, 746-754.
131. Gömöry, D., Longauer, R., Paule, L., Krajmerová, D. & Schmidtová, J. (2010) Across-species patterns of genetic variation in forest trees of Central Europe. Biodiversity Conservation, 19, 2025-2038.
132. Gosling, P. (1991) Beechnuts storage: a review and practical interpretation of the scientific literature. Forestry, 64, 51-59.
133. Gould, P.J.L. (2008) The triangle Heterogenea asella (D& S.) (Lep.: Limacodidae) in Devon. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, 120, 142-143.
134. Grant, M.J. & Dark, P. (2006) Re-evaluating the concept of woodland continuity and change in Epping Forest: New dating evidence from Lodge Road. Unpublished report for Corporation of London, London, UK.
135. Grant, M.J. & Edwards, M.E. (2008) Conserving idealized landscapes: past history, public perception and future management in the New Forest (UK). Vegetation History & Archaeobotany, 17, 551-562.
136. Grant, M.J., Waller, M.P. & Groves, J.A. (2011) The Tilia decline: vegetation change in lowland Britain during the mid and late Holocene. Quaternary Science Reviews, 30, 394-408.
137. Green, E.E. (1996) Bundle planting. Pollard and Veteran Tree Management II (ed. H.J. Read ), pp. 91-92, Corporation of London, London, UK.
138. Green, I.P., Higgins, R.J., Kitchen, C. & Kitchen, M.A.R. (2000) The Flora of the Bristol Region. Pisces Publications, Berkshire, UK.
139. Grime, J.P., Hodgson, J.G. & Hunt, R. (2007) Comparative Plant Ecology: a Functional Approach to Common British Species, 2nd edn. Castlepoint Press, Dalbeattie, UK.
140. Groot Bruinderink, G.W.T.A. & Hazebroek, E. (1996) Wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa L.) rooting and forest regeneration on podzolic soils in the Netherlands. Forest Ecology and Management, 88, 71-80.
141. Grubb, P.J., Lee, W.G., Kollmann, J. & Wilson, J.B. (1996) Interaction of irradiance and soil nutrient supply on growth of seedlings of ten European tall-shrub species and Fagus sylvatica. Journal of Ecology, 84, 827-840.
142. Gruber, F. (1997) Kombinierte Alterbestimmung von Jungbuchen-Fagus sylvatica L. [Combined determination of the age of young beeches-Fagus sylvatica L.]. Allgemeine und Jagdzeitung, 168, 82-88.
143. Grundmann, B.M., Bonn, S. & Roloff, A. (2008) Cross-dating of highly sensitive common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) tree-ring series with numerous missing rings. Dendrochronologia, 26, 109-113.
144. Gryc, V., Vavrčík, H. & Gomola, Š. (2008b) Selected properties of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Journal of Forest Science, 54, 418-425.
145. Gryc, V., Vavrčík, H., Rybníček, M. & Přemyslovská, E. (2008a) The relation between the microscopic structure and the wood density of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Journal of Forest Science, 54, 170-175.
146. Hagen-Thorn, A., Callesen, I., Armolaitis, K. & Nihlgard, B. (2004) The impact of six European tree species on the chemistry of mineral topsil in forest plantations on former agricultural land. Forest Ecology and Management, 195, 373-384.
147. Hall, P.C. (1980) Sussex Plant Atlas. Booth Museum of Natural History, Brighton, UK.
148. Halliday, G. (1997) A Flora of Cumbria. Centre for North-West Regional Studies, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, UK.
149. 2 enrichment. Annals of Botany, 107, 1405-1411.
150. Harding, D.J.L. (1986) Regeneration of oak and beech in Saltwells Wood. Saltwells L.N.R. Management Plan, Vol. 1 (ed. I.C. Trueman ), pp. 68-79. The Polytechnic Wolverhampton and the Nature Conservancy Council, UK.
151. Harding, D.J.L. & Easton, S.M. (1984) Development of two species of phthiracarid mite in beech cupules. Acarology VI (eds D.A. Griffiths & C.E. Bowman ), pp. 860-870. Ellis Horward, Chichester, UK.
152. Harley, J.L. (1936) Mycorrhiza of Fagus sylvatica. D. Phil. thesis. Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
153. Harley, J.L. (1978) Ectomycorrhizas as nutrient absorbing organs. Proceedings of the Royal Society, B, 203, 1-21.
154. Harley, J.J. & Harley, E.L. (1987) A check-list of mycorrhiza in the British Flora. New Phytologist, 105(Suppl.), 1-102.
155. Harley, J.L. & Loughman, B.C. (1963) The uptake of phosphate by excised mycorrhizal roots of the beech. IX. The nature of the phosphate compounds passing to the host. New Phytologist, 62, 350-369.
156. Harley, J.L. & McCready, C.C. (1950) The uptake of phosphate by excised mycorrhizal roots of the beech. New Phytologist, 49, 388-397.
157. Harley, J.L. & McCready, C.C. (1952) The uptake of phosphate by excised mycorrhizal roots of the beech. II. Distribution of phosphate between host and fungus. New Phytologist, 51, 56-64.
158. Harley, J.L. & McCready, C.C. (1981) Phosphate accumulation in Fagus mycorrhizas. New Phyologist, 89, 75-80.
159. Harmer, R. (1994) Natural regeneration of broadleaved trees in Britain. 2. Seed production and predation. Forestry, 67, 275-286.
160. Harmer, R. (1999) Survival and new shoot production by artificially browsed seedlings of ash, beech, oak and sycamore grown under different levels of shade. Forest Ecology and Management, 116, 39-50.
161. Harmer, R. (2001) The effect of plant competition and simulated summer browsing by deer on tree regeneration. Journal of Applied Ecology, 38, 1094-1103.
162. Harper, M.W. (1980) Observations on Epirrita dilutata (Denis & Schiffermuller) and Epirrita christyi (Allen) (Lep., Geometridae.) in Herefordshire. Proceedings of the British Entomological and Natural History Society, 13, 106-116.
163. Hasenkamp, N., Ziegenhagen, B., Mengel, C., Schulze, L., Schmitt, H.-P. & Liepelt, S. (2011) Towards a DNA marker assisted seed source identification: a pilot study in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). European Journal of Forest Research, 130, 513-519.
164. Hatziskakis, S., Tsiripidis, I. & Papageorgiou, A.C. (2011) Leaf morphological variation in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) populations in Greece and its relation to their post-glacial origin. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 165, 422-436.
165. Heath, J. & Pelham-Clinton, E.C. (1976) Incurvariidae. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 1 (eds J. Heath & A.M. Emmet ), pp. 277-299. Curwen Press, London, UK.
166. Heiermann, J. & Schütz, S. (2008) The effect of the tree species ratio of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) on polyphagous and monophagous pest species - Lymantria monacha L. and Calliteara pudibunda L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) as an example. Forest Ecology and Management, 255, 1161-1166.
167. Heilmann-Clausen, J. & Christensen, M. (2005) Wood-inhabiting macrofungi in Danish beech-forests - conflicting diversity patterns and their implications in a conservation perspective. Biological Conservation, 122, 633-642.
168. Heiss, A.G. & Oeggl, K. (2008) Analysis of the fuel wood used in Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age copper mining sites of the Schwaz and Brixlegg area (Tyrol, Austria). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 17, 211-221.
169. Helliwell, D.R. (1989) Tree roots and the stability of trees. Arboricultural Journal, 13, 243-248.
170. Helliwell, D.R. (2012) Plant growth and daylight in woodland; the role of diffuse and direct sunlight. Quarterly Journal of Forestry, 106, 37-42.
171. Hellrigl, K.G. (1978) Ökologie und Brutpflanzen europäischer Prachtkäfer (Col., Buprestidae). Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie, 85, 167-191.
172. Herbette, S., Wortemann, R., Awad, H., Huc, R., Cochard, H. & Barigah, T.S. (2010) Insights into xylem vulnerability to cavitation in Fagus sylvatica L.: phenotypic and environmental sources of variability. Tree Physiology, 30, 1448-1455.
173. Hertel, D. (2011) Tree roots in canopy soils of old European beech trees - an ecological reassessment of a forgotten phenomenon. Pedobiologia, 54, 119-125.
174. Hill, M.O., Preston, C.D., Bosanquet, S.D.S. & Roy, D.B. (2007) BRYOATT: Attributes of British and Irish Mosses, Liverworts and Hornworts. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Huntingdon, UK.
175. Hilton, G.M. (1988) Masting, natural regeneration and effects of defoliation in Quercus robur L. and Fagus sylvatica L. PhD thesis (CNAA). The Polytechnic, Wolverhampton, UK.
176. Hilton, G.M. & Packham, J.R. (1986) Annual and regional variation in English beech mast (Fagus sylvatica L.). Arboricultural Journal, 10, 3-14.
177. Hilton, G.M. & Packham, J.R. (1997) A sixteen-year record of regional and temporal variation in the fruiting of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in England (1980-1995). Forestry, 70, 7-16.
178. Hilton, G.M. & Packham, J.R. (2003) Variation in the masting of common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in northern Europe over two centuries (1800-2001). Forestry, 76, 319-328.
179. Hoffmann, A. (1950) Coléoptères Curculionides, 52. Faune de France Coléoptères Curculionides (Troisième Partie) (ed. N. FFdS ), pp. 1-486. Lechevalier, Paris, France.
180. Hoffmann, A. (1958) Coléoptères Curculionides, 62. Faune de France Coléoptères Curculionides (Troisième Partie) (ed. N. FFdS ), pp. 1209-1839. Lechevalier, Paris, France.
181. Hoffmann, A. (1991) Il Faggio e le Faggete in Italia. MAF, Rome, Italy.
182. Holeksa, J., Saniga, M., Szwagrzyk, J., Czerniak, M., Staszyńska, K. & Kapusta, P. (2009) A giant tree stand in the West Carpathians - an exception or a relic of formerly widespread mountain European forests? Forest Ecology and Management, 257, 1577-1585.
183. Hora, F.B. (1981) The Oxford Encyclopaedia of Trees of the World. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
184. Horn, H.S. (1971) The Adaptative Geometry of Trees. Princeton University Press, Princeton, USA.
185. Hövemeyer, K. & Schauermann, J. (2003) Succession of Diptera on dead beech wood: a 10-year study. Pedobiologia, 47, 61-75.
186. Hristovski, S. & Melovski, L. (2010) Radial patterns of 13 elements in the tree rings of beech trees from Mavrovo National Park, Fyrom. Archives of Biological Sciences, Belgrade, 62, 351-361.
187. Hultén, E. & Fries, M. (1986) Atlas of North European Vascular Plants: North of the Tropic of Cancer I-III. Koeltz Scientific Books, Königstein, Germany.
188. Hultengren, S. (1999) The project "The Epiphytic Lichens of southwestern Sweden" - a short presentation. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses, 32, 171-193.
189. Huntley, B. (1988) Europe. Vegetation History (eds B. Huntley & T. Webb III), pp. 341-383. Kluwer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
190. Huss, J., Kratsch, H.D. & Röhring, E. (1972) Ein erfahrungsbericht über Massnahmen zur Förderung der Buchennaturvejüngung bei der Mast 1970 in 8 Forstämtern Südniedersachsens. Forst- und Holzwirt, 27, 365-370.
191. Hyde, H.A. (1940) Data for the study of post-glacial history. IV On a peat bog at Craig-y-Llyn, Glam. New Phytologist, 39, 226-233.
192. Ing, B. (1999) The Myxomycetes of Britain and Ireland. Richmond, Slough, UK.
193. Irmler, U. (2006) Climatic and litter fall effects on collembolan and oribatid mite species and communities in a beech wood based on a 7 years investigation. European Journal of Soil Biology, 42, 51-62.
194. Iversen, T. & Harding, S. (2007) Biological and other alternative control methods against the woolly beech aphid Phyllaphis fagi L. on beech Fagus sylvatica seedlings in forest nurseries. Journal of Pest Science, 80, 159-166.
195. Jane, F.W. (1970) The Structure of Wood, (2nd edn revised K.Wilson & D.J.B.White). A & C. Black, London, UK.
196. Jenni, L. (1987) Mass concentrations of bramblings, Fringilla montifringilla, in Europe 1900-1983: their dependence upon beech mast and the effect of snow cover. Ornis Scandinavica, 18, 84-94.
197. Jensen, T.S. (1985) Seed-seed predator interactions of European beech, Fagus sylvatica and forest rodents, Clethrionomy glareolus and Apodemus flavicollis. Oikos, 44, 149-156.
198. Jermyn, S.T. (1974) Flora of Essex. Essex Naturalists' Trust Limited, Colchester, UK.
199. Jonard, M., André, F., Giot, P., Weissen, F., Van der Perre, R. & Ponette, Q. (2010) Thirteen-year monitoring of liming and PK fertilization effects on tree vitality in Norway spruce and European beech stands. European Journal of Forest Research, 129, 1203-1211.
200. Joó, É., Van Langenhove, H., Šimpraga, M., Steppe, K., Amelynck, C., Schoon, N., Müller, J.-F. & Dewulf, J. (2010) Variation in biogenic volatile organic compound emission pattern of Fagus sylvatica L. due to aphid infection. Atmospheric Environment, 44, 227-234.
201. Jump, A.S., Hunt, J.M. & Peñuelas, J. (2006) Rapid climate change-related growth decline at the southern range edge of Fagus sylvatica. Global Change Biology, 12, 2163-2174.
202. Jump, A.S. & Peñuelas, J. (2006) Running to stand still: adaptation and the response of plants to rapid climate change. Ecology Letters, 8, 1010-1020.
203. Kalemba, E.M., Janowiak, F. & Pukacka, S. (2009) Desiccation tolerance acquisition in developing beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seeds: the contribution of dehydrin-like protein. Trees, 23, 305-315.
204. Kaltenrieder, P., Belis, C.A., Hofstetter, S., Ammann, B., Ravazzi, C. & Tinner, W. (2009) Environmental and climatic conditions at a potential Glacial refugial site of tree species near the Southern Alpine glaciers. New insights from multiproxy sedimentary studies at Lago della Costa (Euganean Hills, Northeastern Italy). Quaternary Science Reviews, 28, 2647-2662.
205. Kardell, L. (2005) Bokens spridning I Trogds harad. Sartryck ur Lustgarden, 85, 29-44.
206. Kennedy, C.E.J. & Southwood, T.R.E. (1984) The number of species of insects associated with British trees: a re-analysis. Journal of Animal Ecology, 53, 455-478.
207. Kint, V., Hein, S., Campioli, M. & Muys, B. (2010) Modelling self-pruning and branch attributes for young Quercus robur L. and Fagus sylvatica L. trees. Forest Ecology and Management, 260, 2023-2034.
208. Kjøller, R. (2006) Disproportionate abundance between ectomycorrhizal root tips and their associated mycelia. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 58, 214-224.
209. Köcher, P., Gebauer, T., Horna, V. & Leuschner, C. (2009) Leaf water status and stem xylem flux in relation to soil drought in five temperate broad-leaved tree species with contrasting water use strategies. Annals of Forest Science, 66, article 101.
210. Kooijiman, A.M., van Mourik, J.M. & Schilder, M.L.M. (2009) The relationship between N mineralization or microbial biomass N with micromorphological properties in beech forest soils with different texture and pH. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 45, 449-459.
211. Koop, H. (1987) Vegetative reproduction of trees in some European natural forests. Vegetatio, 72, 103-110.
212. Krabel, D. & Petercord, R. (2000) Genetic diversity and bark physiology of the European beech (Fagus sylvatica): a coevolutionary relationship with the beech scale (Cryptococcus fagisuga). Tree Physiology, 20, 485-491.
213. Kraj, W. & Sztorc, A. (2009) Genetic structure and variability of phenological forms in the European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Annals of Forest Science, 66, article 203.
214. Kramer, K., Buiteveld, J., Forstreuter, M., Geburek, T., Leonardi, S., Menozzi, P., Povillon, F., Schelhaas, M.J., Teissier du Cros, E., Vendramin, G.G. & van der Werf, D.C. (2008) Bridging the gap between ecophysiological and genetic knowledge to assess the adaptive potential of European beech. Ecological Modelling, 216, 333-353.
215. Kramer, K., Degen, B., Buschbom, J., Hickler, T., Thuiller, W., Sykes, M.T. & de Winter, W. (2010) Modelling exploration of the future of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) under climate change - Range, abundance, genetic diversity and adaptive response. Forest Ecology and Management, 259, 2213-2222.
216. Kuiters, A.T. & Slim, P.A. (2002) Regeneration of mixed deciduous forest in Dutch forest-heathland, following a reduction of ungulate densities. Biological Conservation, 105, 65-74.
217. Küster, H. (1997) The role of farming in the post-glacial expansion of beech and hornbeam in the oak woodlands of central Europe. The Holocene, 7, 239-242.
218. Ladefoged, L. (1963) Transpiration of forest trees in closed stands. Physiologia Plantarum, 16, 378-414.
219. Łakomy, P. & Cieślak, R. (2008) Early infection of Fagus sylvatica by Heterobasidion annosumsensu stricto. Forest Pathology, 38, 314-319.
220. Lang, C., Dolynska, A., Finkeldey, R. & Polle, A. (2010) Are beech (Fagus sylvatica) roots territorial? Forest Ecology and Management, 260, 1212-1217.
221. Láposi, R., Veres, S., Lakatos, G., Oláh, V., Fieldsend, A. & Mészáros, I. (2009) Responses of leaf traits of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) saplings to supplemental UV-B radiation and UV-B exclusion. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 149, 745-755.
222. Lausi, D. & Pignatti, S. (1973) Die Phänologie der europäischen Buchenwälder auf pflanzensoziologischer. Phytocoenologia, 1, 1-63.
223. Le Louarn, H. & Schmitt, A. (1972) Relations observées entre la production de faînes et la dynamique de population du mulot, Apodemus sylvaticus L., en forêt de Fontainebleau. Annales des Sciences Foresières, 30, 205-212.
224. Le Quesne, W.J. & Payne, K.R. (1981) Cicadellidae (Typhlocybinae) with a check list of the British Auchenorhyncha (Hemiptera, Homoptera). Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, 2(2c). Royal Entomological Society of London, UK.
225. Lebourgeois, F., Bréda, N., Ulrich, E. & Granier, A. (1995) Climate-tree-growth relationships of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in the French Permanent Plot Network (RENECOFOR). Trees, 19, 385-401.
226. Lebourgeois, F., Differt, J., Granier, A., Bréda, N. & Ulrich, E. (2002) Premières observations phénologiques des peuplements du réseau national de suivi à long terme des écosystèmes forestiers (RENECOFOR). Revue Forestière Française, 54, 407-418.
227. Lekander, B., Bejer-Peterson, B., Kangas, E. & Bakke, A. (1977) The distribution of bark beetles in the Nordic countries. Acta Entomologica Fennica, 32, 1-36.
228. Lemoine, D., Cochard, H. & Granier, A. (2002) Within crown variation in hydraulic architecture in beech (Fagus sylvatica L): evidence for a stomatal control of xylem embolism. Annals of Forest Science, 59, 19-27.
229. Lendzion, J. & Leuschner, C. (2008) Growth of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) saplings is limited by elevated atmospheric vapour pressure deficits. Forest Ecology and Management, 256, 648-655.
230. Lenk, S. & Buschmann, C. (2006) Distribution of UV-shielding of the epidermis of sun and shade leaves of the beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) as monitored by multi-colour fluorecence imaging. Journal of Plant Physiology, 163, 1273-1283.
231. León-Lobos, P. & Ellis, R.H. (2002) Seed storage behaviour of Fagus sylvatica and Fagus crenata. Seed Science Research, 12, 31-37.
232. Leseigneur, L. (1972) Coléoptères Elateridae de la Faune de France continentale et de Corse. Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon, 41(Suppl.), 1-379.
233. Leuschner, C., Hertel, D., Coners, H. & Büttner, V. (2001) Root competition between beech and oak: a hypothesis. Oecologia, 126, 276-284.
234. Leuschner, C., Voß, S., Foetzi, A. & Clases, Y. (2006) Variation in leaf area index and stand leaf mass of European beech across gradients of soil acidity and precipitation. Plant Ecology, 186, 247-258.
235. Lid, J. (1985) Norsk, Svensk, FinskFlora. Det Norske Samlaget, Oslo, Norway.
236. Lindbladh, M., Niklasson, M., Karlsson, M., Björkman, L. & Churski, M. (2008) Close anthropogenic control of Fagus sylvatica establishment and expansion in a Swedish protected landscape - implications for forest history and conservation. Journal of Biogeography, 35, 682-697.
237. Lindquist, B. (1931) Den Skandinaviska bogskogens biologi [The ecology of the Scandinvian beechwoods]. Svenska Skogsvardsforeningens Tidskrift, 29 (English digest pp. 486-520).
238. Ling, K.A., Power, S.A. & Ashmore, M.R. (1993) A survey of the health of Fagus sylvatica in Southern Britain. Journal of Applied Ecology, 30, 295-306.
239. Linnard, S. (1987) The fate of beech mast. Quarterly Journal of Forestry, 81, 37-41.
240. Little, E.R.B. (1967) Zygodon forsteri (Brid.) Mitt. in Buckinghamshire. Transactions of the British Bryological Society, 5, 351-352.
241. Lonsdale, D. (1986) Beech Health Study 1986. Forestry Commission Research & Development Paper 149, Edinburgh, UK.
242. Lonsdale, D. & Wainhouse, D. (1987) Beech Bark Disease. Forestry Commission Bulletin 69. HMSO, London, UK.
243. López-Merino, L., López-Sáez, J.A., Ruiz Zapata, M.B. & Gil García, M.J. (2008) Reconstructing the history of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in the north-western Iberian Range (Spain): from Late-Glacial refugia to the Holocene anthropic-induced forests. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 152, 58-65.
244. Lucht, W. (1981) Die Präimaginalstadien von Hypocoelus olexai Palm (Col., Eucnemidae) nebst Bestimmungstabelle der Larven nord- und mitteleuropäischer Hypocoelus-Arten. Entomologische Blätter, 77, 61-74.
245. Madsen, P. (1995) Effects of seedbed type on wintering of beech nuts (Fagus sylvatica L) and deer impact on sprouting seedlings in natural regeneration. Forest Ecology and Management, 73, 37-43.
246. Magri, D. (2008) Patterns of post-glacial spread and the extent of glacial refugia of European beech (Fagus sylvatica). Journal of Biogeography, 35, 450-463.
247. Magri, D., Vendramin, G.G., Comps, B., Dupanloup, I., Geburek, T., Gömöry, D. et al. (2006) A new scenario for the Quaternary history of European beech populations: palaeobotanical evidence and genetic consequences. New Phytologist, 171, 199-221.
248. Mainiero, R., Kazda, M. & Schmid, I. (2010) Fine root dynamics in 60-year-old stands of Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies growing on haplic luvisol soil. European Journal of Forest Research, 129, 1001-1009.
249. 4 by beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) ectomycorrhizas. New Phytologist, 102, 85-94.
250. Matthews, J.D. (1955) The influence of weather on the frequency of beech mast years in England. Forestry, 28, 107-116.
251. Matthews, J.D. (1989) Silvicultural Systems. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK.
252. Matyssek, R., Wieser, G., Ceulemans, R., Rennenberg, H., Pretzsch, H., Haberer, K. et al. (2010) Enhanced ozone strongly reduces carbon sink strength of adult beech (Fagus sylvatica) - Resume from the free-air fumigation study at Kranzberg Forest. Environmental Pollution, 158, 2527-2532.
253. Maurer, E. (1964) Buchen- und Eichensamenjahre in Unterfranken wahrend der letzten 100 Jahre. Allgemeine Forstzeitschrift, 31, 469-470.
254. Maxime, C. & Hendrik, D. (2011) Effects of climate on diameter growth of co-occurring Fagus sylvatica and Abies alba along an altitudinal gradient. Trees, 25, 265-276.
255. McKendrick, S.L., Leake, J.R., Taylor, D.L. & Read, D.J. (2002) Symbiotic germination and development of the myco-heterotrophic orchid Neottia nidus-avis in nature and its requirement for locally distributed Sebacina spp. New Phytologist, 154, 233-247.
256. Medwecka-Kornas, A. (1966) Factors affecting the geographical distribution of plants in Poland. The Vegetation of Poland (ed. W. Szafer ), pp. 21-96, Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK.
257. Meier, I.C. & Leuschner, C. (2008a) Genotypic variation and phenotypic plasticity in the drought response of fine roots of European beech. Tree Physiology, 28, 297-309.
258. Meier, I.C. & Leuschner, C. (2008b) Belowground drought response of European beech: fine root biomass and carbon partitioning in 14 mature stands across a precipitation gradient. Global Change Biology, 14, 2081-2095.
259. Meier, I.C. & Leuschner, C. (2008c) Leaf size and leaf area index in Fagus sylvatica forests: competing effects of precipitation, temperature, and nitrogen availability. Ecosystems, 11, 655-669.
260. Meier, I.C. & Leuschner, C. (2010) Variation of soil and biomass carbon pools in beech forests across a precipitation gradient. Global Change Biology, 16, 1035-1045.
261. Menzel, A., Estrella, N. & Fabian, P. (2001) Spatial and temporal variability of the phenological seasons in Germany from 1951 to 1996. Global Change Biology, 7, 657-666.
262. Merino, A., Real, C., Álvarez-González, J.G. & Rodríguez-Guitián, M.A. (2007) Forest structure and C stocks in natural Fagus sylvatica forest in southern Europe: the effects of past management. Forest Ecology and Management, 250, 206-214.
263. Mišić, V. (1957) Varijabilnost i Ekologija Bukve u Jugoslaviji. [Variability and Ecology of Beech in Yugoslavia.], Special edition. Institute of Biology, Belgrade, NR Serbia.
264. Mitchell, A. (1996) Alan Mitchell's Trees of Britain. Harper-Collins, London, UK.
265. Moore, P.D. (1978) Studies in the vegetational history of mid-Wales. V. Stratigraphy and pollen analysis of Llyn Mire in the Wye Valley. NewPhytologist, 80, 281-301.
266. Moore, D.M. (1982) Flora Europaea Check-List and Chromosome Index. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
267. Morris, M.G. (1978) Polydrusus sericeus (Schaller) (Col., Curculionidae): an additional note. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, 90, 55.
268. Morris, P.A. (1997) The Edible Dormouse (Glis glis). The Mammal Society, London, UK.
269. Morris, P.A., Temple, R.K. & Jackson, J.E. (1997) Studies of the edible dormouse (Glis glis) in British woodlands - some preliminary results. Quarterly Journal of Forestry, 97, 321-326.
270. Müller, J., Bußler, H. & Kneib, T. (2008) Saproxylic beetle assemblages related to silvicultural management intensity and stand structures in a beech forest in Southern Germany. Journal of Insect Conservation, 12, 107-124.
271. Müller, J., Engel, H. & Blaschke, M. (2007a) Assemblages of wood-inhabiting fungi related to silvicultural management intensity in beech forests in southern Germany. European Journal of Forest Research, 126, 513-527.
272. Müller, J., Hothorn, T. & Pretzsch, H. (2007b) Long-term effects of logging intensity on structures, birds, saproxylic beetles and wood-inhabiting fungi in stands of European beech Fagus sylvatica L. Forest Ecology and Management, 242, 297-305.
273. Munda, A., Zerjav, M. & Schroers, H.J. (2007) First report of Phytophthora citricola occurring on Fagus sylvatica in Slovenia. Plant Disease, 91, 907.
274. Muñoz Sobrino, C.M., Ramil-Rego, P., Gómez-Orellana, L., Ferreiro da Costa, J. & Varela, R.A.D. (2009) Climatic and human effects on the post-glacial dynamics of Fagus sylvatica L. in NW Iberia. Plant Ecology, 203, 317-340.
275. Murray, M.B., Cannell, M.G.R. & Smith, R.I. (1989) Date of budburst of fifteen tree species in Britain following climatic warming. Journal of Applied Ecology, 26, 693-700.
276. Nascimbene, J., Marini, L. & Nimis, P.L. (2007) Influence of forest management on epiphytic lichens in a temperate beech forest of northern Italy. Forest Ecology and Management, 247, 43-47.
277. Nechwatal, J., Hahn, J., Schönborn, A. & Schmitz, G. (2011) A twig blight of understorey European beech (Fagus sylvatica) caused by soilborne Phytophthora spp. Forest Pathology, 41, 493-500.
278. Nelson, A.H., Weiland, J.E. & Hudler, G.W. (2008) Response of selected woody species to inoculation with Phytophthora citricola and P. cactorum from European beech using multiple inoculation methods. Phytopathology, 98, 112-113.
279. Nelson, A.H., Weiland, J.E. & Hudler, G.W. (2010) Prevalence, distribution and identification of Phytophthora species from bleeding canker on European beech. Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 28, 150-158.
280. Newbold, A.J. & Goldsmith, F.B. (1981) The regeneration of oak and beech: a literature review. Discussion Papers in Conservation, No. 33. University College, London, UK.
281. Niblett, M. (1941) Notes on some gall-causing Cecidomyidae: I. Entomologist, 74, 221-224.
282. Nicolás, C., Nicolás, G. & Rodriguez, D. (1996) Antagonistic effects of abscissic acid and gibberellic acid on the breaking of dormancy of Fagus sylvatica seeds. Physiologia Plantarum, 96, 244-250.
283. Nielsen, P.C. & de Muckadeli, M.S. (1954) Flower observations and controlled pollinations in Fagus. Silvae Genetica, 3, 6-17.
284. Nielsen, B.O. & Nielsen, L.B. (2007) Soil diptera of a beech stand and an arable field: a comparison of dipteran emergence in neighbouring sites. Pedobiologia, 51, 33-43.
285. Niklasson, M., Lindbladh, M. & Bjorkman, L. (2002) A long-term record of Quercus decline, logging and fires in a southern Swedish Fagus-Picea forest. Journal of Vegetation Science, 13, 765-774.
286. Nilsson, S.G. & Wästljung, U. (1987) Seed predation and cross-pollination in mast-seeding beech (Fagus sylvatica) patches. Ecology, 68, 260-265.
287. Ningre, F. & Colin, F. (2007) Frost damage on the terminal shoot as a risk factor of fork incidence on common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Annals of Forest Science, 64, 79-86.
288. Oddou-Muratorio, S., Bontemps, A., Klein, E.K., Chybicki, I., Vendramin, G.G. & Suyama, Y. (2010) Comparison of direct and indirect genetic methods for estimating seed and pollen dispersal in Fagus sylvatica and Fagus crenata. Forest Ecology and Management, 259, 2151-2159.
289. Odgaard, B.V. (1994) The Holocene vegetation history of northern West Jutland, Denmark. Opera Botanica, 123, 1-171.
290. Ódora, P., Heilmann-Clausen, J., Christensen, M., Aude, E., van Dort, K.W., Piltaver, A. et al. (2006) Diversity of dead wood inhabiting fungi and bryophytes in semi-natural beech forests in Europe. Biological Conservation, 131, 58-71.
291. Ohlson, O., Brown, K.J., Birks, H.J.B., Grytnes, J.-A., Hornberg, G., Niklasson, M., Seppa, H. & Bradshaw, R.H.W. (2011) Invasion of Norway spruce Pice abies diversifies the fire regime in boreal European forests. Journal of Ecology, 99, 395-403.
292. Ohri, D. & Ahuja, M.R. (1991) Giemsa c-banding in Fagus sylvatica L., Betula pendula Roth and Populus tremula L. Silvae Genetica, 40, 72-75.
293. Olesen, C.R. & Madsen, P. (2008) The impact of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), seedbed, light and seed fall on natural beech (Fagus sylvatica) regeneration. Forest Ecology and Management, 255, 3962-3972.
294. Oliver, J. (1996) Five types of Beech seedling. Botanical Society of the British Isles News, 73, 20.
295. Oulehle, F. & Hruška, J. (2005) Tree species (Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica) effects on soil water acidification and aluminium chemistry at sites subjected to long-term acidification in the Ore Mts., Czech Republic. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 99, 1822-1829.
296. Ozenda, P. (1983) The Vegetation of the Alps. Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France.
297. Packham, J.R. (1979) Factors influencing the growth and distribution of the wood sorrel (Oxalis acetosella) on the Long Mynd, Shropshire. Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, Occasional paper No, 3, 1-14.
298. Packham, J.R. (1993) The uses, ecology and biology of the European Beech. Continuous Cover Forestry Group Newsletter, 3, 7-11.
299. Packham, J.R. (2003) Regenerative ability in fungally infected ancient common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Arboricultural Journal, 27, 155-157.
300. Packham, J.R. & Harding, D.J.L. (1982) Ecology of Woodland Processes. Edward Arnold, London, UK.
301. Packham, J.R. & Helliwell, D.R. (1993) Report on the Pro Silva visit to Slovakia. Continuous Cover Forestry Group Newsletter, 3, 4-5.
302. Packham, J.R. & Hilton, G.M. (2002) Inter- and intra-site variation in the fruiting of the common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in England over a twenty-two year period (1980-2001). Arboricultural Journal, 26, 1-22.
303. Packham, J.R., Hobson, P.R. & Norris, C. (2012) Common beech Fagus sylvatica L.; survival and longevity in changing times. Arboricultural Journal (in press).
304. Packham, J.R. & Hytteborn, H. (2012) Swedish beech forests and the storm gap theory. Arboricultural Journal (in press).
305. Packham, J.R., Harding, D.J.L., Hilton, G.M. & Stuttard, R.A. (1992) Functional Ecology of Woodlands and Forests. Chapman & Hall, London, UK.
306. Packham, J.R., Thomas, P.A., Lageard, J.G.A. & Hilton, G.M. (2008) The English Beech Masting survey 1980-2007: variation in the fruiting of the common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and its effects on woodland ecosystems. Arboricultural Journal, 31, 189-214.
307. Paffetti, D., Vettori, C., Caramelli, D., Vernesi, C., Lari, M., Paganelli, A., Paule, L. & Giannini, R. (2007) Unexpected presence of Fagus orientalis complex in Italy as inferred from 45, 000-year-old DNA pollen samples from Venice lagoon. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 7(Suppl. 2), S6.
308. Palm, T. (1972) Die skandinavischen Elateriden-Larven (Coleoptera). Entomologica Scandinavica. Supplementum, 2, 1-63.
309. Papageorgiou, A.C., Vidalis, A., Gailing, O., Tsiripidis, I., Hatziskakis, S., Boutsios, S., Galatsidas, S. & Finkeldey, R. (2008) Genetic variation of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Rodopi (N.E. Greece). European Journal of Forest Research, 127, 81-88.
310. Papalexandris, C. & Milios, E. (2010) Analysis of natural Fagus sylvatica L. s.l. regeneration in low elevation stands located in the central part of the Evros region in northeastern Greece: is sprout origin regeneration significant for species maintenance? Plant Biosystems, 144, 784-792.
311. Parfitt, D., Hunt, J., Dockrell, D., Rogers, H.J. & Boddy, L. (2010) Do all trees carry the seeds of their own destruction? PCR reveals numerous wood decay fungi latently present in sapwood of a wide range of angiosperm trees. Fungal Ecology, 3, 338-346.
312. Paton, J.A. (1999) The Liverwort Flora of the British Isles. Harley Books, Colchester, UK.
313. Paule, L. (1995) Gene conservation in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Forest Genetics, 2, 161-170.
314. Pavari, A. (1931) Le condizioni di vegetazione del castagno e del faggio in Italia. L'Alpe, 18, 595-599.
315. Pawłowski, B., Medwecka-Kornaś, A. & Kornaś, J. (1966) Review of terrestrial and fresh-water plant communities. The Vegetation of Poland (ed. W. Szafer ), pp. 241-534, Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK.
316. Pèlachs, A., Pérez-Obiol, R., Ninyerola, M. & Nadal, J. (2009) Landscape dynamics of Abies and Fagus in the southern Pyrenees during the last 2200 years as a result of anthropogenic impacts. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 156, 337-349.
317. Peltier, A., Touzet, M.C., Armengaud, C. & Ponge, J.F. (1997) Establishment of Fagus sylvatica and Fraxinus excelsior in an old-growth beech forest. Journal of Vegetation Science, 8, 13-20.
318. Peñuelas, J. & Boada, M. (2003) A global change-induced biome shift in the Montseny mountains (NE Spain). Global Change Biology, 9, 131-140.
319. 13C at the southern range-edge of Fagus sylvatica: increasing water-use efficiency does not avoid the growth decline induced by warming at low altitudes. Global Change Biology, 14, 1076-1088.
320. Perdeck, A.C., Visser, M.E. & Van Balen, J.H. (2000) Great tit Parus major survival, and the beech-crop cycle. Ardea, 88, 99-108.
321. Perea, R., San Miguel, A. & Gil, L. (2011) Flying vs. climbing: factors controlling arboreal seed removal in oak-beech forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 262, 1251-1257.
322. Perrins, C.M. (1966) The effect of beech crops on great tit populations and movements. British Birds, 59, 419-432.
323. Peter, H., Otto, E. & Hubert, S. (2010) Leaf area of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) from different stands in eastern Austria studied by randomized branch sampling. European Journal of Forest Research, 129, 401-408.
324. Peterken, G.F. (1981) Woodland Conservationand Management. Chapman & Hall, London, UK.
325. Peterken, G.F. (1993) Woodland Conservation and Management, 2nd edn. Chapman & Hall, London, UK.
326. Peterken, G.F. (1996) Natural Woodland: Ecology and Conservation in Northern Temperate Regions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
327. Peterken, G.F. & Mountford, E.P. (1996) Effects of drought on beech in Lady Park Wood, an unmanaged mixed deciduous woodland. Forestry, 69, 117-128.
328. Peterken, G.F. & Tubbs, C.R. (1965) Woodland regeneration in the New Forest, Hampshire since 1650. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2, 159-170.
329. Peters, R. (1997) Beech Forests. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
330. Petrakis, P.V., Spanos, K., Feest, A. & Daskalakou, E. (2011) Phenols in leaves and bark of Fagus sylvatica as determinants of insect occurrences. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 12, 2769-2782.
331. Petriţan, A.M., von Lüpke, B. & Petriţan, I.C. (2009) Influence of light availability on growth, leaf morphology and plant architecture of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) saplings. European Journal of Forest Research, 128, 61-74.
332. Pezzi, G., Ferrari, C. & Corazza, M. (2008) The altitudinal limit of beech woods in the Northern Apennines (Italy). Its spatial pattern and some thermal inferences. Folia Geobotanica, 43, 447-459.
333. Phillipson, J. & Thompson, D.J. (1983) Phenology and intensity of phyllophage attack on Fagus sylvatica in Wytham Woods, Oxford. Ecological Entomology, 8, 315-330.
334. Pidek, I.A., Svitavská-Svobodová, H., van der Knaap, W.O., Noryśkiewicz, A.M., Filbrandt-Czaja, A., Noryśkiewicz, B. et al. (2010) Variation in annual pollen accumulation rates of Fagus along a N-S transect in Europe based on pollen traps. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 19, 259-270.
335. Pigott, C.D. (1983) Regeneration of oak-birch woodland following exclusion of sheep. Journal of Ecology, 71, 629-646.
336. Pilegaard, K., Ibrom, A., Courtney, M.S., Hummelshøj, P. & Jensen, N.O. (2011) Increasing net CO2 uptake by a Danish beech forest during the period from 1996 to 2009. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 151, 934-946.
337. Piovesan, G., Di Filippo, A., Alessandrini, A., Biondi, F. & Schirone, B. (2005) Structure, dynamics and dendrochronology of an old-growth Fagus forest in the Appennines. Journal of Vegetation Science, 16, 13-28.
338. Piovesan, G., Biondi, F., Di Filippo, A., Alessandrini, A. & Maugeris, M. (2008) Drought-driven growth reduction in old beech (Fagus sylvatica L) forests of the central Apennines, Italy. Global Change Biology, 14, 1-17.
339. Planchais, I. & Sinoquet, H. (1998) Foliage determinants of light interception in sunny and shaded branches of Fagus sylvatica (L.). Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 89, 241-253.
340. Poplawska, H. (1928) Die Buche in der Krim und ihre variabilitat. Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift, 77, 23.
341. Poska, A. & Pidek, I.A. (2010) Pollen dispersal and deposition characteristics of Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica and Pinus sylvestris, Roztocze region (SE Poland). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 19, 91-101.
342. Poulsen, K.M. & Knudsen, H. (1999) Viability constants based on eight years storage of beech nuts (Fagus sylvatica L.). Seed Science Technology, 27, 1037-1039.
343. Power, S.A. (1994) Temporal trends in twig growth of Fagus sylvatica L. and their relationships with environmental factors. Forestry, 67, 13-30.
344. Preston, C.D. & Hill, M.O. (1997) The geographical relationships of British and Irish vascular plants. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 124, 1-120.
345. Pretzsch, H. & Dieler, J. (2011) The dependency of the size-growth relationship of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica [L.]) in forest stands on long-term site conditions, drought events, and ozone stress. Trees, 25, 355-369.
346. Pretzsch, H., Block, J., Dieler, J., Dong, P.H., Kohnle, U., Nagel, J., Spellmann, H. & Zingg, A. (2010) Comparison between the productivity of pure and mixed stands of Norway spruce and European beech along an ecological gradient. Annals of Forest Science, 67, article 712, doi: 10.1051/forest/2010037.
347. Preuhsler, T. (1997) Waldwachstumskundliche Beobachtungen im Fichten/Tannen/Buchen-Urwaldrelikbestand 'Höllbachgspren' bei Zwiesel [Structure and growth in the spruce/fir/beech virgin forest relict 'Hollbachgspreng', Zweisel]. Allgemeine Forstund Jagdzeitung, 168, 106-110.
348. Pritsch, K., Esperschuetz, J., Haesler, F., Raidl, S., Winkler, B. & Schloter, M. (2009) Structure and activities of ectomycorrhizal and microbial communities in the rhizosphere of Fagus sylvatica under ozone and pathogen stress in a lysimeter study. Plant and Soil, 323, 97-109.
349. Procházková, Z. & Bezděčková, L. (2008) Effects of moisture content, storage temperature and type of storage bag on the germination and viability of stored European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seeds. Journal of Forest Science, 54, 287-293.
350. Proctor, M.C.F. (1961) The habitat of Zygodon forsteri (Brid.) Mitt. in the New Forest, Hants. Trans. Transactions of the British Bryological Society, 4, 107-110.
351. Provendier, D. & Balandier, P. (2008) Compared effects of competition by grasses (Graminoids) and broom (Cytisus scoparius) on growth and functional traits of beech saplings (Fagus sylvatica). Annals of Forest Science, 65, article 510.
352. Pukacka, S. & Ratajczak, E. (2007) Age-related biochemical changes during storage of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seeds. Seed Science Research, 17, 45-53.
353. Rackham, O. (1980) Ancient Woodland, its History Vegetation and Uses in England. Edward Arnold, London, UK.
354. Rackham, O. (1997) Where is beech native? Tree News, (Autumn 1997), 8-9.
355. Rackham, O. (2002) What is coppicing for? Sylva, Tree News, (Spring/Summer 2002), 1-3.
356. Rackham, O. (2003) Ancient Woodland; its History, Vegetation and Uses in England, 2nd edn. Castlepoint Press, Dalbeattie, UK.
357. Rameau, J.-C., Mansion, D. & Dumé, G. (1989) Flore Forestière Française. Institut Pour le Dévelopement Forestier, Paris, France.
358. Read, H.J. (2008) Pollards and pollarding in Europe. British Wildlife, 19, 250-259.
359. Read, D.J. & Perez-Moreno, J. (2003) Mycorrhizas and nutrient cycling in ecosystems- a journey towards relevance? New Phyologist, 157, 475-492.
360. Redfern, M., Shirley, P. & Bloxham, M. (2002) British Plant Galls: Identification of Galls on Plants and Fungi. Field Studies Council, Shrewsbury, UK.
361. Renaux, B., Boeuf, R. & Royer, J.-M. (2010) Trois associations végétales nouvelles des forets du domaine médio-européen français: Deschampsio cespitosae-Fagetum sylvaticae, Sorbo ariae-Quercetum petraeae et Carici brizoidis-Fraxinetum excelsioris. Revue Forestière Française, 62, 281-292.
362. Revell, R.J. (1979) Nolidae. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 9 (ed. J. Heath ), pp. 112-119, Curwen Books, London, UK.
363. Richards, T.J. (1958) Concealment and recovery of food by birds, with some relevant observations on squirrels. British Birds, 51, 497-508.
364. Roden, D. (1968) Woodland and its management in the medieval Chilterns. Forestry, 41, 59-71.
365. Rodwell, J.S. (1991) British Plant Communities. 1. Woodlands and Scrub. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
366. Rol, R. (1962) Flore des Arbres, Arbustes et Arbrisseaux. Vol. I. Plaines et Collines. La Maison Rustique, Paris, France.
367. Rose, F. (1988) Phytogeographical and ecological aspects of Lobarion communities in Europe. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 96, 69-79.
368. Rose, F. (1999) Indicators of ancient woodland in Britain. British Wildlife, 10, 241-251.
369. Rose, L., Leuschner, C., Köckemann, B. & Buschmann, H. (2009) Are marginal beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) provenances a source for drought tolerant ecotypes? European Journal of Forest Research, 128, 335-343.
370. Roth, R. (1996) The effect of deer on the natural regeneration of mixed forests. Zeitschrift fur Jagdwissenschaft, 42, 143-156.
371. Roy, M., Dubois, M.-P., Proffit, M., Vincenot, L., Desmarais, E. & Selosse, M.-A. (2008) Evidence from population genetics that the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Laccaria amethystina is an actual multihost symbiont. Molecular Ecology, 17, 2825-2838.
372. Rudolph, K. (1974) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Elateridenlarven der Fauna der DDR und der BRD (Eine morfologische-taxonomische Studie). Zoologische Jahrbuecher. Abteilung fuer Systematik Oekologie und Geographie der Tiere (Jena), 101, 1-151.
373. Saint-Andrieux, C., Bonenfant, C., Toïgo, C., Basille, M. & Klein, F. (2009) Factors affecting beech Fagus sylvatica bark stripping by red deer Cervus elaphus in a mixed forest. Wildlife Biology, 15, 187-196.
374. Salamon, J.A., Scheu, S. & Schaefer, M. (2008) The Collembola community of pure and mixed stands of beech (Fagus sylvatica) and spruce (Picea abies) of different age. Pedobiologia, 51, 385-396.
375. Salisbury, E.J. (1942) The Reproductive Capacity of Plants, 2nd edn. Bell, London, UK.
376. Sattler, K. (1980) Teleiodes wagae (Nowicki, 1860) new to the British list (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Entomologist's Gazette, 31, 235-245.
377. Scarascia-Mugnozza, G., Oswald, H., Piussi, P. & Radoglou, K. (2000) Forests of the Mediterranean region: gaps in knowledge and research needs. Forest Ecology and Management, 132, 97-109.
378. Scarnati, L., Attorre, F., De Sanctis, M., Farcomeni, A., Francesconi, F., Mancini, M. & Brun, F. (2009) A multiple approach for the evaluation of the spatial distribution and dynamics of a forest habitat: the case of Apennine beech forests with Taxus baccata and Ilex aquifolium. Biodiversity Conservation, 18, 3099-3113.
379. Scharnweber, T., Manthey, M., Criegee, C., Bauwe, A., Schröder, C. & Wilmking, M. (2011) Drought matters - Declining precipitation influences growth of Fagus sylvatica L. and Quercus robur L. in north-eastern Germany. Forest Ecology and Management, 262, 947-961.
380. Scherf, H. (1964) Die Entwicklundsstadien der mitteleuropäischen Curculioniden (Morphologie, Bionomie, Ökologie). Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 506, 1-335.
381. Schiegg, K. (2001) Saproxylic insect diversity of beech: limbs are richer than trunks. Forest Ecology and Management, 149, 295-304.
382. Schlich, W. (1910) Schlich's Manual of Forestry. Vol. II. Silviculture, 4th edn. Bradbury, Agnew & Co., London, UK.
383. Schmidt, W. (2006) Zeitliche veräderung der fruktifikation bei der rotbuche (Fagus sylvatica L.) in einem kalkbuchenwald (1981-2004) [Temporal variation in beech masting (Fagus sylvatica L.) in a limestone forest (1981-2004)]. Allgemeine Forst und Jagdzeitung, 177, 9-19.
384. Schulz, H., Härtling, S. & Stange, C.F. (2011) Species-specific differences in nitrogen uptake and utilization by six European tree species. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 174, 28-37.
385. 2-Gaswechel de Buche (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Abhangigkiet von den Klimafactoren im Freiland. Flora, 159, 177-232.
386. Schulze, E.D., Fuchs, M.I. & Fuchs, M. (1977a) Spatial distribution of photosynthetic capacity and performance in a mountain spruce forest of Northern Germany. I. Biomass distribution and daily CO2 uptake in different crown layers. Oecologia, 29, 43-61.
387. Schulze, E.D., Fuchs, M.I. & Fuchs, M. (1977b) Spatial distribution of photosynthetic capacity and performance in a mountain spruce forest of Northern Germany. III. The significance of the evergreen habit. Oecologia, 30, 239-248.
388. Seifriz, W. (1931) Sketches of the vegetation of some southern provinces of Soviet Russia. Journal of Ecology, 19, 360-371.
389. Sernander, R. (1936) Granskar och Fiby urskog. Ein studie over stormluckornas och marbuskarnas betydelse i den svenska granskogens regeneration [The primitive forests of Granskar and Fiby urskog. A study of the part played by storm gaps and dwarf trees in the regeneration of the Swedish spruce forest, English summary pp. 220-227]. Acta Phytogeographica Suecica, 8, 1-232.
390. Seynave, I., Gégout, J.-C., Hervé, J.-C. & Dhôte, J.-F. (2008) Is the spatial distribution of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) limited by its potential height growth? Journal of Biogeography, 35, 1851-1862.
391. Shen, C.F. (1992) A monograph of the genus Fagus Tourn.ex L. (Fagaceae). Dissertation. City University of New York, New York, USA.
392. Sieber, T. & Hugentobler, C. (1987) Endophytische Pilze in Blättern und Ästen gesunder und geschädigter Buchen (Fagus sylvatica L.) [Endophytic fungi in leaves and twigs of healthy and diseased beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.)]. European Journal of Forest Pathology, 17, 411-425.
393. Silva, D.E., Rezende Mazzella, P., Legay, M., Corcket, E. & &Dupouey, J.L. (2012) Does natural regeneration determine the limit of European beech distribution under climatic stress? Forest Ecology and Management, 266, 263-272.
394. Silvertown, J.W. (1980) The evolutionary ecology of mast seeding in trees. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 14, 235-250.
395. Simon, J., Dannenmann, M., Gasche, R., Holst, J., Mayer, H., Papen, H. & Rennenberg, H. (2011) Competition for nitrogen between adult European beech and its offspring is reduced by avoidance strategy. Forest Ecology and Management, 262, 105-114.
396. Šimpraga, M., Verbeeck, H., Demarcke, M., Joó, É., Amelynck, C., Schoon, N., Dewulf, J., Van Langenhove, H., Heinesch, B., Aubinet, M., Müller, J.-F. & Steppe, K. (2011) Comparing monoterpenoid emissions and net photosynthesis of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in controlled and natural conditions. Atmospheric Environment, 45, 2922-2928.
397. Sinker, C.A., Packham, J.R., Trueman, I.C., Oswald, P.H., Perring, F.H. & Prestwood, W.V. (1985) Ecological Flora of the Shropshire Region. Shropshire Trust for Nature Conservation, Shrewsbury, UK.
398. Skinner, B. (1985a) Cossidae. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 2. (eds J. Heath & A.M. Emmet ), pp. 69-73, Harley Books, Colchester, London, UK.
399. Skinner, B. (1985b) Limacodidae. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 2. (eds J. Heath & A.M. Emmet ), pp. 124-127, Harley Books, Colchester, London, UK.
400. Skovsgaard, J.P. & Henriksen, H.A. (1996) Increasing site productivity during consecutive generations of naturally regenerated and planted beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Denmark. Growth Trends in European Forests. European Forest Institute Research Report No. 5. (eds H. Spiecker, K. Mielikainen, M. Kohl & J. Skovsgaard ), pp. 89-97, Springer, Berlin, Germany.
401. Škvorc, Ž., Franjić, J., Krstonošić, D., Sever, K. & Alešković, I. (2011) Vegetation features of beech forests of Psunj, Papuk and Krndija Mountains. Croatian Journal of Forest Engineering, 32, 157-176.
402. Smith, A.J.E. (2004) The Moss Flora of Britain. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
403. Sorz, J. & Hietz, P. (2008) Is oxygen involved in beech (Fagus sylvatica) red heartwood. formation? Trees, 22, 175-185.
404. South, R. (1961) The Moths of the British Isles. Frederick Warne, London, UK.
405. Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D. (1959) Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles. Warne, London, UK.
406. Stace, C. (2010) New Flora of the British Isles, 3rd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
407. Staňescu, V. (1979) Dendrologie. Universitatea din Braşov, Braşov, Romania.
408. Stoelken, G., Simon, J., Ehlting, B. & Rennenberg, H. (2010) The presence of amino acids affects inorganic N uptake in non-mycorrhizal seedlings of European beech (Fagus sylvatica). Tree Physiology, 30, 1-11.
409. Stokoe, W.J. & Stovin, G.H.T. (1948) Caterpillars of British Moths, Vols. I & II. Frederick Warne, London, UK.
410. Stribley, G.H. (1996a) Monitoring of the health of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) trees of all ages. Quarterly Journal of Forestry, 90, 114-120.
411. Stribley, G.H. (1996b) Quantitative twig analysis of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) trees of varying ages and health. Forestry, 69, 271-273.
412. Stribley, G.H. & Ashmore, M.R. (2002) Quantitative changes in twig growth pattern of young woodland beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in relation to climate and ozone pollution over 10 years. Forest Ecology and Management, 157, 191-204.
413. Stroyan, H.L.G. (1977) Homoptera Aphidoidea (part) Chaitophoridaea & Callaphididae. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, 2(4a). Royal Entomological Society of London, UK.
414. Strullu, D.G., Harley, J.L., Gourret, J.P. & Garrec, J.P. (1982) Ultra-structure and microanalysis of the polyphosphate granules of the ectomycorrhizas of Fagus sylvatica. New Phytologist, 92, 417-423.
415. Strullu, D.G., Harley, J.L., Gourret, J.P. & Garrec, J.P. (1983) A note on the relative phosphorus and calcium contents of metachromatic granules in Fagus mycorrhiza. New Phytologist, 94, 89-94.
416. Stubbs, F.B. (1986) Provisional Key to British Plant Galls. British Plant Gall Society, Leicester, UK.
417. Suszka, B. (1966) Dormancy, storage, and germination of Fagus sylvatica seeds. Arboretum Kornickii, 11, 221-240.
418. Suszka, B. (1975) Cold storage of already after-ripened beech (Fagus sylvatica) seeds. Arboretum Kornickii, 20, 299-315.
419. Sykes, M.T., Prentice, I.C. & Cramer, W. (1996) A bioclimatic model for the potential distributions of north European tree species under present and future climates. Journal of Biogeography, 23, 203-233.
420. Tansley, A.G. (1939) The British Islands and their Vegetation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
421. Taylor, L. & Roberts, D.L. (2011) Biological Flora of the British Isles: Epipogium aphyllum Sw. Journal of Ecology, 99, 878-890.
422. Tessier du Cros, E., Le Tacon, F., Nepveu, G., Pardé, J., Perrin, R. & Timbal, J. (1981) Le Hêtre. INRA, Nancy, France.
423. Thiebaut, B., Lumaret, R. & Vernet, P. (1982) The bud enzymes of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.): genetic distinction and analysis of polymorphism in several French populations. Silvae Genetica, 31, 51-60.
424. Thomas, P.A. (2000) Trees: Their Natural History. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
425. Thomas, P.A., El-Barghathi, M. & Polwart, A. (2007) Biological Flora of the British Isles: Juniperus communis L. Journal of Ecology, 95, 1404-1440.
426. Thomas, P.A. & Packham, J.R. (2007) Ecology of Woodlands and Forests: Description, Dynamics and Diversity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
427. Thomas, P.A. & Polwart, A. (2003) Biological Flora of the British Isles: Taxus baccata L. Journal of Ecology, 91, 489-524.
428. Thompson, K., Bakker, J. & Bekker, R. (1997) The Soil Seed Banks of North West Europe. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
429. Tinner, W. & Lotter, A.F. (2006) Holocene expansion of Fagus sylvatica and Abies alba in Central Europe: where are we after eight decades of debate? Quaternary Science Reviews, 25, 526-549.
430. Tognetti, R., Johnson, J.D. & Michelozzi, M. (1995) The response of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seedlings from two Italian populations to drought and recovery. Trees, 9, 348-354.
431. Tonkov, S. (2003) Holocene palaeovegetation of the Northwestern Pirin Mountains (Bulgaria) as reconstructed from pollen analysis. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 124, 51-61.
432. Tonkov, S., Bozilova, E., Possnert, G. & Velčev, A. (2008) A contribution to the postglacial vegetation history of the Rila Mountains, Bulgaria: the pollen record of Lake Trilistnika. Quaternary International, 190, 58-70.
433. Trap, J., Bureau, F., Brethes, A., Jabiol, B., Ponge, J.-F., Chauvat, M., Decaëns, T. & Aubert, M. (2011a) Does moder development along a pure beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) chronosequence result from changes in litter production or in decomposition rates? Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 43, 1490-1497.
434. Trap, J., Laval, K., Akpa-Vinceslas, M., Gangneux, C., Bureau, F., Decaëns, T. & Aubert, M. (2011b) Humus macro-morphology and soil microbial community changes along a 130-yr-old Fagus sylvatica chronosequence. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 43, 1553-1562.
435. Trotsiuk, V., Hobi, M.L. & Commarmot, B. (2012) Age structure and disturbance dynamics of the relic virgin beech forest Uholka (Ukrainian Carpathians). Forest Ecology and Management, 265, 181-190.
436. Trueman, I.C., Morton, A. & Wainwright, M. (1995) The Flora of Montgomeryshire. The Montgomeryshire Field Society and the Montgomeryshire Wildlife Trust, Welshpool, UK.
437. Tutin, T.G., Burges, N.A., Chater, A.O., Edmonson, J.R., Heywood, V.H., Moore, D.A., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1993) Flora Europaea. Vol. 1: Psilotaceae to Platanaceae, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
438. Tyler, G. & Olsson, T. (2006) The importance of atmospheric deposition, charge and atomic mass to the dynamics of minor and rare elements in developing, ageing, and wilted leaves of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Chemosphere, 65, 250-260.
439. Valet, G., Rosell, C., Chayrron, L., Fosty, P. & Splitz, F. (1994) Autumn diet of wild Boar (Sus scrofa) in Ariège, France and in Catalonia, Spain. Gibier Faune Sauvage, 11, 313-326.
440. Valsecchi, V., Finsinger, W., Tinner, W. & Ammann, B. (2008) Testing the influence of climate, human impact and fire on the Holocene population expansion of Fagus sylvatica in the southern Prealps (Italy). The Holocene, 18, 603-614.
441. Van Hees, A.F.M., Kuiters, A.T. & Slim, P.A. (1996) Growth and development of silver birch, pedunculate oak and beech as affected by deer browsing. Forest Ecology and Management, 88, 55-63.
442. Vitasse, Y., Delzon, S., Dufrêne, E., Pontailler, J.-Y., Louvet, J.-M., Kremer, A. & Michalet, R. (2009) Leaf phenology sensitivity to temperature in European trees: do within-species populations exhibit similar responses? Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 149, 735-744.
443. Vitasse, Y., François, C., Delpierre, N., Dufrêne, E., Kremer, A., Chuine, I. & Delzon, S. (2011a) Assessing the effects of climate change on the phenology of European temperate trees. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 151, 969-980.
444. Vitasse, Y., Bresson, C.C., Kremer, A., Michalet, R. & Delzon, S. (2011b) Quantifying phenological plasticity to temperature in two temperate tree species. Functional Ecology, 24, 1211-1218.
445. Wainhouse, D. & Howell, R.S. (1983) Intraspecific variation in beech scale populations and in susceptibility of their host Fagus sylvatica. Ecological Entomology, 8, 351-359.
446. Walsh, G.B. & Dibb, J.R. (1954) A coleopterist's handbook. Amateur Entomologist, 11, 83-98.
447. Warren Wilson, J. & Harley, J.L. (1983) The development of mycorrhiza on seedlings of Fagus sylvatica L. New Phytologist, 95, 673-695.
448. 2 transfer of adult Fagus sylvatica: variation between sun and shade leaves and due to free-air ozone fumigation. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 59, 130-138.
449. Watt, A.S. (1923) On the ecology of British beechwoods with special reference to their regeneration. Part I. Journal of Ecology, 11, 1-48.
450. Watt, A.S. (1924) On the ecology of British beechwoods with special reference to their regeneration. Part II, Section I. Journal of Ecology, 12, 145-204.
451. Watt, A.S. (1925) On the ecology of British beechwoods with special reference to their regeneration. Part II, Sections II and III. Journal of Ecology, 13, 27-73.
452. Watt, A.S. (1931a) Preliminary observations on Scottish beechwoods. Part I. Journal of Ecology, 19, 137-157.
453. Watt, A.S. (1931b) Preliminary observations on Scottish beechwoods. Part II. Journal of Ecology, 19, 321-359.
454. Watt, A.S. (1934a) The vegetation of the Chiltern Hills with special reference to the beechwoods and their seral relationships. I. Journal of Ecology, 22, 230-270.
455. Watt, A.S. (1934b) The vegetation of the Chiltern Hills with special reference to the beechwoods and their seral relationships. II. Journal of Ecology, 22, 445-507.
456. Watt, A.S. (1947) Pattern and process in the plant community. Journal of Ecology, 35, 1-22.
457. Watt, A.S. & Tansley, A.G. (1932) British beechwoods. Die Buchenwalder Europas (ed. E. Rübel ), pp. 294-361, Veröffentlichungen des Geobotanischen Institutes Rübel in Zürich, Verlag Hans Huber, Berlin, Germany.
458. Weissen, F. (1978) Dix années d'observations sur la régenération en hêtraie Ardennaise. Symposium on Establishment and Treatment of High Quality Hardwood Forests in the Temperature Climatic Region (ed. IUFRO), pp. 60-70, INRA, Nancy, France.
459. van der Werf, G.W., Sass-Klaassen, U.G.W. & Mohren, G.M.J. (2007) The impact of the 2003 summer drought on the intra-annual growth pattern of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and oak (Quercus robur L.) on a dry site in the Netherlands. Dendrochronologia, 25, 103-112.
460. Wesche, S., Kirby, K. & Ghazoul, J. (2006) Plant assemblages in British beech woodlands within and beyond native range: implications of future climate change for their conservation. Forest Ecology and Management, 236, 385-392.
461. Whild, S. (2003) Ancient woodland indicators in Shropshire. Shropshire Botanical Society Newsletter, 8, 18-19.
462. Williams, D.J. (1962) The British Pseudococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) B, 12, 1-79.
463. Williams, D.J. (1985) The British and some other European Eriococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology Series, 51, 347-393.
464. Winter, T.G. (1983) A Catalogue of Phytophagous Insects and Mites on Trees in Great Britain. Forestry Commission Booklet 53. Forestry Commission, Edinburgh, UK.
465. Wolf, A., Moller, P.F., Bradshaw, R.H.W. & Bigler, J. (2004) Storm damage and long-term mortality in a semi-natural, temperate deciduous forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 188, 197-210.
466. Woods, R.G. (1993) Flora of Radnorshire. National Museum of Wales, Cardiff, UK.
467. de Worms, C.G.M. (1979) Notodontidae. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 9 (eds J. Heath & A.M. Emmet ), pp. 39-64, Curwen Books, London, UK.
468. 18O soil water labelling. Trees, 25, 885-894.
469. Zipse, A., Matteck, C., Grabe, D. & Gardiner, B. (1998) The effect of wind on the mechanical properties of the wood of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) growing in the borders of Scotland. Arboricultural Journal, 22, 247-257.