The north-eastern distribution range of European beech - A review

Forestry

Volumn 80, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 413-429

  Bolte, Andreas ^a   Czajkowski, Tomasz ^a   Kompa, Thomas ^b  

^a Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; CLIMATE CHANGE; DECIDUOUS TREE; ECOPHYSIOLOGY; GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION; PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY; RANGE SIZE; SOIL WATER; XYLEM;

BALTIC STATES; CENTRAL EUROPE; EURASIA; EUROPE; NORTHERN EUROPE; POLAND;

FAGUS; FAGUS SYLVATICA;

EID: 34848921483     PISSN: 0015752X     EISSN: 14643626     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/forestry/cpm028     Document Type: Review

References (148)

1. Abromeit, J. 1912 Die Vegetationsverhältnisse von Ostpreußen. Englers Botan. Jahrb. 46 ( 5 ), 65-101. (in German).
2. Ammer, C. 2002 Response of Fagus sylvatica seedlings to root trenching of overstorey Picea abies. Scand. J. For. Res. 17, 408-416.
3. Aranda, I., Gil, L. and Pardos, J.A. 2000 Water relations and gas exchange in Fagus sylvatica L. and Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl. in a mixed stand at their southern limit of distribution in Europe. Trees. 14, 344-352.
4. Aranda, I., Gil, L. and Pardos, J.A. 2001 Effects of thinning in a Pinus sylvestris stand on foliar water relations of Fagus sylvatica seedlings planted within pinewood. Trees. 15, 358-364.
5. Beck, W. and Müller, J. 2007 Impact of heat and drought on tree and stand vitality - dendroecological methods and first results from Level II-plots in southern Germany. Schriftenr. Forstl. Fak Univ. Göttingen u. d. Nordwestdtsch. Forstl. Versuchsanst. 142, 120-128.
6. Birks, H.J.B. 1989 Holocene isochrone maps and patterns of tree-spreading in the British Isles. J. Biogeogr. 16, 503-540.
7. Björkman, L. 1999 The establishment of Fagus sylvatica at the stand-scale in southern Sweden. Holocene. 9, 237-245.
8. Björkman, L. and Bradshaw, R. 1996 The immigration of Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies into a natural forest stand in Southern Sweden during the last 2000 years. J. Biogeogr. 23, 235-244.
9. Björse, G. and Bradshaw, R. 1998 2000 years of forest dynamics in southern Sweden: suggestions for forest management. For. Ecol. Manage. 104, 15-26.
10. Bohn, U., Gollub, G., Hettwer, Ch, Neuhäuslová, Z., Raus, Th and Schlüter, H. 2004 Karte der natürlichen Vegetation Europas/Map of the natural vegetation of Europe. BfN, Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Germany. CD-ROM.
11. Bolte, A., Rahmann, T., Kuhr, M., Pogoda, P., Murach, D. and Gadow, K.v. 2004 Relationships between tree dimension and coarse root biomass in mixed stands of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.). Plant Soil. 264, 1-11.
12. Bolte, A. and Villanueva, I. 2006 Interspecific competition impacts on the morphology and distribution of fine roots in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Eur. J. For. Res. 125, 15-26.
13. Bradshaw, R.H.W. 2004 Past anthropogenic influence on European forests and some possible genetic consequences. For. Ecol. Manage. 197, 203-212.
14. Bradshaw, R.H.W. 2005 What is a natural forest?. In Stanturf, J.A. and Madsen, P. (eds). Restoration of Boreal and Temperate Forests. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 15-30.
15. Bradshaw, R.H.W. and Lindbladh, M. 2005 Regional spread and stand-scale establishment of Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies in Scandinavia. Ecology. 86, 1679-1686.
16. Bréda, N., Huc, R., Granier, A. and Dreyer, E. 2006 Temperate forest trees and stands under severe drought: a review of ecophysiological responses, adaptation processes and long-term consequences. Ann. For. Sci. 63, 625-644.
17. Caspary, R. 1864 Über die Flora der Provinz Preußen. Festgabe für die Mitglieder der 24. Versammlung deutscher Land- und Forstwirte zu Königsberg i. Pr. Königsberg, Germany, 165-227. (in German).
18. Chmura, D. and Rożkowski, R. 2002 Variability of beech provenances in spring and autumn phenology. Silvae Genet. 51, 123-127.
19. Ciais, Ph., Reichstein, M., Viovy, N., Granier, A., Ogée, J., and Allard, V. 2005 Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003. Nature 437, 529-533.
20. Cochard, H., Bréda, N. and Granier, A. 1996 Whole-tree hydraulic conductance and water loss regulation of Quercus petraea during drought: evidence for stomatal control of embolism? Ann. For. Sci. 53, 197-206.
21. Cochard, H., Lemoine, D. and Dreyer, E. 1999 The effects of acclimation to sun-light on the xylem vulnerability to embolism in Fagus sylvatica L. Plant Cell Environ. 22, 101-108.
22. Cochard, H., Lemoine, D., Améglio, T. and Granier, A. 2001 Mechanisms of xylem recovery from winter embolism in Fagus sylvatica. Tree Physiol. 21, 27-33.
23. Coll, L., Balandier, P., Picon-Cochard, C., Prévosto, B. and Curt, T. 2003 Competition for water between beech seedlings and surrounding vegetation in different light and vegetation composition conditions. Ann. For. Sci. 60, 593-600.
24. Coll, L., Balandier, P. and Picon-Cochard, C. 2004 Morphological and physiological responses of beech ( Fagus sylvatica ) seedlings to grass-induced below-ground competition. Tree Physiol. 24, 45-54.
25. Collet, C., Lanter, O. and Pardos, M. 2001 Effects of canopy opening on height and diameter growth in naturally regenerated beech seedlings. Ann. For. Sci. 58, 127-134.
26. Cruziat, P., Cochard, H. and Améglio, T. 2002 Hydraulic architecture of trees: main concepts and results. Ann. For. Sci. 59, 723-752.
27. Czajkowski, T., Kühling, M. and Bolte, A. 2005 Einfluss der Sommertrockenheit im Jahre 2003 auf das Wachstum von Naturverjüngungen der Buche (Fagus sylvatica L.) im nordöstlichen Mitteleuropa. Allg. Forst Jagdztg. 176, 133-143. (in German with English summary).
28. Czajkowski, T. and Bolte, A. 2006a Frosttoleranz deutscher und polnischer Herkünfte der Buche (Fagus sylvatica L.) und ihre Beeinflussung durch Trockenheit. Arch. Forstwes. Landschökol. 40, 119-126. (in German with English summary).
29. Czajkowski, T. and Bolte, A. 2006b Unterschiedliche Reaktion deutscher und polnischer Herkünfte der Buche (Fagus sylvatica L.) auf Trockenheit. Allg. Forst Jagdztg. 177, 30-40. (in German with English summary).
30. Czajkowski, T., Kompa, T. and Bolte, A. 2006 Zur Verbreitungsgrenze der Buche ( Fagus sylvatica L.) im nordöstlichen Mitteleuropa. Forstarchiv. 77, 203-216. (in German with English summary).
31. Davis, A.J., Jenkinson, L.S., Lawton, J.H., Shorrocks, B. and Wood, S. 1998 Making mistakes when predicting shifts in species range in response to global warming. Nature. 391, 783-786.
32. De Candolle, A. 1855 Geographie Botanique raisonée. Paris et Genévé: Masson, Kessmann (in French).
33. Dengler, A. 1944 Waldbau auf ökologischer Grundlage. 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin, Germnay. (in German).
34. Diekmann, M., Eilertsen, O., Fremstad, E., Lawesson, J.E. and Aude, E. 1999 Beech forest communities in the Nordic countries - a multivariate analysis. Plant Ecol. 140, 203-220.
35. Dittmar, C., Zech, W. and Elling, W. 2003 Growth variations of common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) under different climatic and environmental conditions in Europe - a dendroecological study. For. Ecol. Manage. 173, 63-78.
36. Dittmar, C., Fricke, W. and Elling, W. 2006 Impact of late frost events on radial growth of common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Southern Germany. Eur. J. For. Res. 125, 249-259.
37. Dreimanis, A. 2004 Europäische Wurzeln der Forstwirtschaft in Lettland. AFZ/Der Wald. 59 (10), 514-515 (in German).
38. Drude, O. 1896 Deutschlands Pflanzengeographie. J. Engelhorn, Stuttgart, Germany (in German).
39. Ellenberg, H. 1988 Vegetation Ecology of Central Europe. 4th edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
40. Emborg, J. 1998 Understorey light conditions and regeneration with respect to the structural dynamics of a near-natural deciduous forest in Denmark. For. Ecol. Manage. 106, 83-95.
41. Engler, A. 1908 Tatsachen, Hypothesen, und Irrtümer auf dem Gebiete der Samen-Provenienz-Frage. Forstwiss. Centralbl. 30, 295-314 (in German).
42. Enquist, F. 1929 Studier över samtliga växlingar i klimat och växtlighet. Meddn. Lunds Geogr. Instn., Lund (in Swedish).
43. Eschrich, W., Buchardt, R. and Essiamah, S. 1989 The induction of sun and shade leaves of the European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.): anatomical studies. Trees. 3, 1-10.
44. European Environmental Agency (EEA) 2004 Impacts of Europe's changing climate - an indicator-based assessment. EAA-Report 2/2004 Luxembourg: EEA and OPOCE.
45. Firbas, F. 1952 Spät- und nacheiszeitliche Waldgeschichte Mitteleuropas nördlich der Alpen. Zweiter Band: Waldgeschichte der einzelnen Landschaften. Fischer, Jena, Germnany, 256 pp. (in German).
46. Fotelli, M.N., Gessler, A., Peuke, A. and Rennenberg, H. 2001 Drought affects the competitive interactions between Fagus sylvatica seedlings and an early successional species, Rubus fruticosus: responses of growth, water status and δ13C composition. New Phytol. 151, 427-435.
47. Fotelli, M.N., Rudolph, P., Rennenberg, H. and Geßler, A. 2005 Irradiance and temperature affect the competitive interference on blackberry on the physiology of European beech seedlings. New Phytol. 165, 453-462.
48. Fritz, P. (ed.) 2006 Ökologischer Waldumbau in Deutschland: Fragen, Antworten, Perspektiven. Oecomed, München, Germany, 351 pp. (in German).
49. Gerassimow, D.A. 1930 On the age of Russian peat bogs. Geol. Fören. Stock För. 52, 19-46.
50. Geßler, A., Keitel, C., Nahm, M. and Rennenberg, H. 2004 Water shortage affects the water and nitrogen balance in central European beech forests. Plant Biol. 6, 289-298.
51. Geßler, A., Keitel, C., Kreuzwieser, J., Matyssek, R., Seiler, W. and Rennenberg, H. 2007 Potential risks for European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in a changing climate. Trees. 21, 1-11.
52. Giesecke, T., Hickler, T., Kunkel, T., Sykes, M.T. and Bradshaw, R.H.W. 2007 Towards an understanding of the Holocene distribution of Fagus sylvatica L. J. Biogeogr. 34, 118-131.
53. Goetz, J. 1935 Buk (Fagus silvatica L.) w poznańskiem na wschodnim pograniczu swego rozmieszczenia. Prace 1-go polskiego Naukowego Zjazdu Leśniczego, Poznaś, Poland (in Polish).
54. Gostyńska-Jakuszewska, M. 1976 Atlas rozmieszczenia drzew i krzewów w Polsce. PWN, Pozná-Warszawa, Poland (in Polish).
55. Granier, A., Biron, P. and Lemoine, D. 2000 Water balance, transpiration and canopy conductance in two beech stands. Agric. For. Meteorol. 100, 291-308.
56. Granier, A., Reichstein, M., Breda, N., Janssens, I. A., Falge, E. and Ciais, P. et al. 2007 Evidence for soil water control on carbon and water dynamics in European forests during the extremely dry year: 2003. Agric. For. Meteorol. 143, 123-145.
57. Grisebach, A. 1872 Die Vegetation der Erde nach ihrer klimatischen Anordnung: ein Abriss der vergleichenden Geographie der Pflanzen. J. Engelmann, Leipzig, Germany. (in German).
58. Groß, H. 1934 Die Rotbuche in Ostpreußen. Z. Forst Jagdwes. 66 ( 12 ), 622-651. (in German).
59. Groß, H. 1935 Der Döhlauer Wald in Ostpreußen. Eine bestandesgeschichtliche Untersuchung. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 53B, 311-318. (in German).
60. Hacke, U. and Sauter, J.J. 1995 Vulnerability of xylem to embolism in relation to leaf water potential and stomatal conductance in Fagus sylvatica F. purpurea and Populus balsamifera. J. Exp. Bot. 46, 1177-1183.
61. Hahn, K. and Fanta, J. (eds) 2001 Contemporary Beech Forest Management in Europe. Working Report 1 of the Nat-Man Project, 175 pp. http://www.flec.kvl.dk/natman/html/getfile.asp?vid=573.
62. Hampe, A. and Petit, R.J. 2005 Conserving biodiversity under climate change: the rear edge matters. Ecol. Lett. 8, 461-467.
63. Hamrick, J.L. 2004 Response of forest trees to global environmental changes. For. Ecol. Manage. 197, 323-335.
64. Hannon, G.E., Bradshaw, R. and Emborg, J. 2000 6000 years of forest dynamics in Suserup Skov, a seminatural Danish woodland. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 9, 101-114.
65. Hempel, G. and Wilhelm, K. 1889 Die Bäume und Sträucher des Waldes Hölzer, Wien, Germany (in German).
66. Hjelmqvist, H. 1940 Studien über die Abhängigkeit der Baumgrenzen von der Temperaturverhältnissen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Buche und ihrer Klimarassen. Blom, Lund, Germany (in German).
67. Höck, F. 1896 Studien über die Verbreitung der Waldpflanzen Brandenburgs. Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov, Brandenburg (in German).
68. Hofmann, G. 1996 Vegetationswandel in den Wäldern des nordostdeutschen Tieflandes. Mitt. Bundesforschanst. Forst Holzwirtsch. 185, 45-72. (in German).
69. Hofmann, G. 2001 Mitteleuropäische Waldökosysteme in Wort und Bild. AFZ/Der Wald. CD-Rom. Special edition (in German).
70. Hofmann, G. and Pommer, U. 2004 Das natürliche Waldbild Brandenburgs. AFZ/Der Wald. 60 (22), 1211-1215. (in German).
71. Holmsgaard, E. 1962 The influence of weather on growth and reproduction of beech. Comm. Inst. For. Fenniae 55, 1-5.
72. Hryniewiecki, B. 1911 Wschodnia granica buka w Europie. Kosmos 36, 225-242 (in Polish).
73. Hueck, K. 1936 Pflanzengeographie Deutschlands. Bermühler, Berlin, Germany (in German).
74. Huntley, B., Bartlein, P.J. and Prentice, I.C. 1989 Climatic control of the distribution and abundance of beech (Fagus L.) in Europe and North America. J. Biogeogr. 16, 551-560.
75. Ilinskij, A.P. 1937 Moskwa-Leningrad: Rastitielnost ziemnogo szara. Botaniczij Inst. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, (in Russian).
76. Institute of Geobotany, Halle University 2006 Arealkarte von Fagus sylvatica L. in Europa Arbeitsgruppe Chorologie und Biogeographie der Gefäßpflanzen, Halle (in German).
77. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2007 Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Summary for Policymakers. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. WMO, Geneva, Switzerland.
78. Jahn, G. 1979 Zur Frage der Buche im nordwestdeutschen Flachland. Forstarchiv. 50, 85-95 (in German with English summary pp. 85).
79. Jahn, G. 1983 Die Buche auf dem Vormarsch im Flachland des nordwestlichen Mitteleuropa. Forst Holzwirtsch. 38, 142-145 (in German).
80. Jahn, G. 1990 Landschaft und Wald im Wandel der Zeiten. Forst Holzwirtsch. 3, 53-58 (in German).
81. Jalas, J. and Suominen, J. (eds). 1972 Atlas Florae Europaeae: Distribution Maps of Vascular Plants in Europe. The Committee for Mapping the Flora of Europe and Societas Biologica Fennica Vanamo, Helsinki, Finland.
82. Jedliński, W. 1922 O granicach naturalnego zasiȩgu buka, jodły i świerka. Zamość (in Polish).
83. Jönsson, A.M. 2000 Soil treatment effects on bark lesions and frost sensitivity of beech (Fagus sylvatica) in southern Sweden. For. Ecol. Manage. 129, 167-175.
84. Jump, A.S., Hunt, J.M. and Peñuelas, J. 2006 Rapid climate change-related growth decline at the southern range edge of Fagus sylvatica. Glob. Change Biol. 12, 2163-2174.
85. Karlsson, M. 1996 Vegetationshistoria för en artsrik bokskog i Halland - stabilitet eller störning? Examensarbete Nr. 1. Institutionen för sydsvensk skogsvetenskap (SLU), Alnarp, 47 pp. (in Swedish with English summary).
86. Kleinschmidt, J. 1985 Results of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) provenance experiments in northern Germany. Mitt. Bundesforschanst. Forst Holzwitsch. 150, 65-74.
87. Köppen, F.T. 1889 Geographische Verbreitung der Holzgewächse des Europäischen Russlands und des Kaukasus. St Petersburg, Germany. (in German).
88. Kulczynski, S. 1930. Stratygrafja torfowisk Polesia. Prace Biura Melioracji Polesia T.I.Z.2 (in Polish).
89. Küster, H. 1999 Prehistoric farming and the postglacial expansion of beech and hornbeam: a reply to Gardner and Willis. Holocene. 9, 121-122.
90. Lämmermayr, L. 1923 Die Entwicklung der Buchenassoziation seit dem Tertiär:eine pflanzengeographische Studie. Verlag des Repertoriums, Dahlem bei Berlin, Germany (in German).
91. Lämmermayr, L. 1926 Die Rotbuche. In: Hannig-Winkler. Die Pflanzenareale. 1 ( 2 ). Karte 17 (in German).
92. Lang, G. 1994 Quartäre Vegetationsgeschichte Europas. Fischer, Jena, Germany, 462 pp. (in German).
93. Lebourgeois, F.L., Bréda, N., Ulrich, E. and Granier, A. 2005 Climate-tree-growth relationships of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in French Permanent Plot Network (RENECOFOR). Trees. 19, 385-401.
94. Lefèvre, F., Fady, B., Fallour-Rubio, D., Ghosn, D. and Bariteau, M. 2004 Impact of founder population, drift and selection on the genetic diversity of a recently translocated tree population. Heredity. 93, 542-550.
95. Le Tacon, F. 1981 Caracterisation edaphique. In Teissier du Cros E. (ed.). La Hêtre. INRA, Paris, France, pp. 77-84. (in French).
96. Leuschner, C. 1993 Forest dynamics on sandy soils in the Lüneburger Heide area, NW Germany. Scr. Geobot. 21, 53-60.
97. Leuschner, C. 1997 Das Konzept der potentiellen natürlichen Vegetation (PNV): Schwachstellen und Entwicklungsperspektiven. Flora. 192, 379-391. (in German with English summary).
98. Leuschner, C. 1998 Mechanismen der Konkurrenzüberlegenheit der Rotbuche. Ber. Reinh. Tüxen Ges. 10, 5-18 (in German with English summary).
99. Leuschner, C., Rode, M. and Heinken, T. 1993 Gibt es eine Nährstoffmangel-Grenze der Buche im nordwestdeutschen Flachland? Flora 188, 239-249 (in German with English summary).
100. Leuschner, C., Meier, I.C. and Hertel, D. 2006 On the niche breadth of Fagus sylvatica : soil nutrient status in 50 Central European beech stands on a broad range of bedrock types. Ann. For. Sci. 63, 335-368.
101. Lindbladh, M., Bradshaw, R. and Holmquist, B. 2000 Pattern and process in south Swedish forests during the last 3000 years at stand and regional scales. J. Ecol. 88, 113-128.
102. Lindqvist, B. 1931 Den skandinaviska boksogens biologi. Sven. Skogsvardsfören. Tidskr. 3, 117-532. (in Swedish).
103. Löf, M., Bolte, A. and Welander, N.T. 2005 Interacting effects of irradiance and water stress on dry weight and biomass partitioning in Fagus sylvatica seedlings. Scand. J. For. Res. 20, 322-328.
104. Löf, M. and Welander, N.T. 2000 Carry-over effects on growth and transpiration in Fagus sylvatica seedlings after drought at various stages of development. Can. J. For. Res. 30, 468-475.
105. Madsen, P. 1994 Growth and survival of Fagus sylvatica seedlings in relation to light and soil water content. Scand. J. For. Res. 9, 316-322.
106. Magri, D., Vendramin, G.G., Comps, B., Dupanloup, I., Geburek, T., and Gömöry, D., et al. 2006 A new scenario for the Quaternary history of European beech populations: paleobotanical evidence and genetic consequences. New Phytol. 171, 199-221.
107. Maherali, H., Pockman, W.T. and Jackson, R.B. 2004 Adaptive variation in the vulnerability of woody plants to xylem cavitation. Ecology. 85, 2184-2199.
108. Markgraf, F. 1932 Der deutsche Buchenwald. Veröff. Geobot. Inst. Rübel Zür. 8, 15-62. (in German).
109. Matuszkiewicz, J.M. 2002 Zespoly leśne Polski. Warszawa, Poland, Wyd. Naukowe PWN (in Polish).
110. Matuszkiewicz, W. 1984 Die Karte der potentiellen natürlichen Vegetation von Polen. Braun-Blanquetia. 1-199 (in German).
111. Matuszkiewicz, W. 1989 Über die standörtliche und regionale Gliederung der Buchenwälder in ihrem osteuropäischen Rand-Areal. Ber. Reinh. Tüxen Ges. 1, 83-92 (in German).
112. Mayer, H. 1984 Waldbau auf soziologisch-ökologischer Grundlage. 3rd edn. G. Fischer, Stuttgart, Germany (in German).
113. Mayr, H. (eds). 1925 Waldbau auf naturgesetzlicher Grundlage. Parey, Berlin, Germany. (in German).
114. Meusel, H. 1965 Vergleichende Chorologie der zentraleuropäischen Flora. Bd. 1. Fischer, Jena, Germany, 258 pp. (maps). 583 p. (text) (in German).
115. Otto, H.J. 2002 Antriebskräfte natürlicher Buchenwalddynamik in Europa. Forst Holzwitsch 57 (21), 649-653 (in German).
116. Pax, F. 1918 Die Pflanzengeographie von Polen (Kongreß-Polen) . Reimer, Berlin, Germany (in German).
117. Peters, R. 1997 Beech forests. Geobotany. Vol. 24 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 187 pp.
118. Pott, R. 1997 Von der Urlandschaft zur Kulturlandschaft - Entwicklung und Gestaltung mitteleuropäischer Kulturlandschaften durch den Menschen. Verh. Ges. Ökol. 27, 5-26. (in German with English summary).
119. Pott, R. 2000 Palaeoclimate and vegetation - long-term vegetation dynamics in central Europe. Phytocoenologia. 30 (3-4), 285-333.
120. Röhrig, E. and Bartsch, N. 1992 Waldbau auf ökologischer Grundlage. 6th edn. Parey, Hamburg-Berlin, Germany. (in German).
121. Rubner, K. and Reinhold, F. 1953 Das natürliche Waldbild Europas als Grundlage für einen europäischen Waldbau. Parey, Hamburg-Berlin, Germany, 288 pp. (in German).
122. Rubner, K. and Reinhold, F. 1960 Die pflanzengeographischen Grundlagen des Waldbaus 5. Aufl. Neumann, Radebeul-Berlin, Germany, 620 pp. (in German).
123. Rust, S. and Savill, P.S. 2000 The root systems of Fraxinus excelsior and Fagus sylvatica and their competitive relationships. Forestry 73, 499-508.
124. Rzeźnik, Z. 1976 Badania buka zwyczajnego (Fagus sylvatica L.) polskich proweniencji. Rozprawy Nauk. AR Poznań, Poland, 14 (in Polish).
125. Saxe, H. and Kerstiens, G. 2005 Climate change reverses the competitive balance of ash and beech seedlings under simulated forest conditions. Plant Biol. 7, 375-386.
126. Schär, Ch, Vidale, P.L., Lüthi, D., Frei, Ch, Häberli, Ch and Liniger, M.A. et al. 2004 The role of increasing temperature variability in European summer heat waves. Nature. 427, 332-336.
127. Schipka, F. 2002 Blattwasserzustand und Wasserumsatz von vier Buchenwäldern entlang eines Niederschlagsgradienten in Mitteldeutschland. Dissertation. Univeristy Göttingen, Math.-Nat. Fakultät (http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/diss/2003/schipka/schipka.pdf; in German with English summary).
128. Schmid, I. 2002 The influence of soil type and interspecific competition on the fine root system of Norway spruce and European beech. Basic Appl. Ecol. 3, 339-355.
129. Schraml, C. and Rennenberg, H. 2002 Ökotypen der Buche (Fagus sylvatica L.) zeigen unterschiedliche Reaktionen auf Trockenstress. Forstwiss. Centrabl. 121, 59-72 (in German with English summary).
130. Schröder, F.G. 1998 Lehrbuch der Pflanzengeographie. Quelle & Meyer, Wiesbaden, Germany, 457 pp. (in German).
131. Schubert, R. 1979 Pflanzengeographie. 2nd edn. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, Germany (in German).
132. Speier, M. 1998 Raum-Zeit-Dynamik in der Vegetations-und Landschaftsentwicklung Mitteleuropas. Ein Überblick zur nacheiszeitlichen Vegetations- und Landschaftsgeschichte. Natschutz. Landschplan. 30 (8/9), 237-242 (in German with English summary).
133. Steffen, H. 1931 Vegetationskunde von Ostpreußen. Fischer, Jena, Germany (in German).
134. Szafer, W. 1932 The beech and the beechforest in Poland. Veröff. Geobot. Inst. Rübel Zür. 8, 168-181 (in German).
135. Szafer, W. 1966 The Vegetation of Poland. Pergamon Press and Polish Scientific Publishers, Oxford and Warsaw.
136. Szafer, W. and Zarzycki, K. 1972 Szata roślinna Polski. Tom II. PWN, Warszawa, Poland (in Polish).
137. Tarasiuk, S. 1992 Recent antropogenous distribution of European beech outside its natural range in Poland. Folia Forestalia Polonica A34, 32-38.
138. Tarasiuk, S. 1999 Buk zwyczajny (Fagus sylvatica L.) na obrzeżach zasiȩgu w Polsce. Fundacja Rozwój. SGGW, Warszawa, Poland (in Polish with English summary).
139. Tarasiuk, S., Bellon, S. and Szeligowski, H. 1998 Dotychczasowe wyniki badańnad zmiennościa̧ krajowych proweniencji buka zwyczajnego na powierzchni doświadczalnej w Nadleśnictwie Brzeziny. Sylwan. 12, 83-92 (in Polish with English summary).
140. Tarp, P., Helles, F., Holten-Andersen, P., Larsen, J.B. and Strange, H. 2000 Modelling near natural silviculture regimes for beech - an economic sensitivity analysis. For. Ecol. Manage. 130, 187-198.
141. Thomas, F.M. and Hartmann, G. 1992 Frosthärte des bastes älterer Traubeneichen auf besonnten und absonnigen Stammseiten. Forst Holzwitsch. 47, 462-464. (in German).
142. Tinner, W. and Lotter, A.F. 2001 Central European vegetation response to abrupt climate change at 8.2 ka. Geology. 29, 551-554.
143. Tinner, W. and Lotter, A.F. 2006 Holocene expansion of Fagus silvatica and Abies alba in Central Europe: where are we after eight decades of debate? Quat. Sci. Rev. 25, 526-549.
144. Tognetti, R., Michelozzi, M. and Borghetti, M. 1994 Response to light of shade grown beech seedlings subjected to different water regimes. Tree Physiol. 14, 751-758.
145. Tognetti, R., Michelozzi, M. and Borghetti, M. 1995 The response of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seedlings from two Italian populations to drought and recovery, Trees 9, 348-354.
146. Vornam, B., 2004 Identifizierung von Buchenherkünften (Fagus sylvatica L.) mittels DNA-Markern. In Herkunftssicherung und Zertifizierung von forstlichem Vermehrungsgut, vol. 54. Berichte Freiburger Forstliche Forschung. E. Hussendörfer and E. Aldinger (eds). Freiburg pp. 93-98 (in German with English summary).
147. Višnjić, C. and Dohrenbusch, A. 2004 Frostresistenz und Phänologie europäischer Buchenprovenienzen. Allg. Forst Jagdztg. 175, 101-108. (in German with English summary).
148. Willkomm, M. 1887 Forstliche Flora von Deutschland und Österreich. 2nd edn. Winter, Leipzig, Germany. (in German).