Heart failure and thyroid dysfunction

European Journal of Endocrinology

Volumn 167, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 609-618

  Biondi, Bernadette ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMIODARONE; ANTITHYROID AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; LIOTHYRONINE; THYROID HORMONE; THYROID HORMONE RECEPTOR; THYROTROPIN; THYROXINE; ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT;

BINDING AFFINITY; BINDING SITE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DOWN REGULATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART FAILURE; HEART FUNCTION; HEART PROTECTION; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HORMONE ACTION; HORMONE RECEPTOR INTERACTION; HUMAN; HYPERTHYROIDISM; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; THYROID DISEASE; THYROTOXICOSIS; THYROTROPIN BLOOD LEVEL; ANIMAL; BLOOD; CHEMICALLY INDUCED DISORDER; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DISEASE COURSE; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HEART ATRIUM FLUTTER; HEART RATE; HEART STROKE VOLUME; METABOLISM; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE;

AMIODARONE; ANIMALS; ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS; ATRIAL FIBRILLATION; ATRIAL FLUTTER; CORONARY DISEASE; DISEASE PROGRESSION; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HEART FAILURE; HEART RATE; HUMANS; HYPERTHYROIDISM; HYPOTHYROIDISM; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; PROGNOSIS; STROKE VOLUME; THYROID DISEASES; THYROID HORMONES; THYROTROPIN; THYROXINE; TRIIODOTHYRONINE;

EID: 84867491738     PISSN: 08044643     EISSN: 1479683X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1530/EJE-12-0627     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW & Yancy CW. Focused update: ACCF/AHA guidelines for the diagnosis and management of heart failure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Circulation 2009 119 1977-2016. (doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA. 109.192064)
2. Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Jessup M, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Michl K, Oates JA, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW &American College of Cardiology Foundation; American Heart Association . Focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Developed in Collaboration With the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2009 53 e1-e90. (doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.11.013)
3. Colucci WS & Braunwald E. Pathophysiology of heart failure. In Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chapter 21, vol 1, 9th edn, pp 509-537.
4. Setoguchi S & Stevenson LW. Hospitalizations in patients with heart failure: who and why. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2009 54 173-175. (doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.08.015)
5. Lee DS, Austin PC, Rouleau JL, Liu PP, Naimark D & Tu JV. Predicting mortality among patients hospitalized for heart failure: derivation and validation of a clinical model. Journal of the American Medical Association 2003 290 2581-2587. (doi:10.1001/jama.290.19.2581)
6. Roger VL, Weston SA, Redfield MM, Hellermann-Homan JP, Killian J, Yawn BP & Jacobsen SJ. Trends in heart failure incidence and survival in a community-based population. Journal of the American Medical Association 2004 292 344-350. (doi:10.1001/jama.292.3.344)
7. Gerdes AM & Iervasi G. Thyroid replacement therapy and heart failure. Circulation 2010 122 385-393. (doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.917922)
8. Galli E, Pingitore A & Iervasi G. The role of thyroid hormone in the pathophysiology of heart failure: clinical evidence. Heart Failure Reviews 2010 15 155-169. (doi:10.1007/s10741-008-9126-6)
9. Biondi B & Kahaly GJ. Cardiovascular involvement in patients with different causes of hyperthyroidism. Nature Reviews. Endocrinology 2010 6 431-443. (doi:10.1038/nrendo.2010.105)
10. Siu CW, Yeung CY, Lau CP, Kung AW & Tse HF. Incidence, clinical characteristics and outcome of congestive heart failure as the initial presentation in patients with primary hyperthyroidism. Heart 2007 93 483-487. (doi:10.1136/hrt.2006.100628)
11. Rodondi N, Bauer DC, Cappola AR, Cornuz J, Robbins J, Fried LP, Ladenson PW, Vittinghoff E, Gottdiener JS & Newman AB. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction, cardiac function, and the risk of heart failure. The Cardiovascular Health Study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2008 52 1152-1159. (doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.07.009)
12. Nanchen D, Gussekloo J, Westendorp RG, Stott DJ, Jukema JW, Trompet S, Ford I, Welsh P, Sattar N, Macfarlane PW, Mooijaart SP, Rodondi N, de Craen AJ & PROSPER Group. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and the risk of heart failure in older persons at high cardiovascular risk. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2012 97 852-861. (doi:10.1210/jc.2011-1978)
13. Iervasi G, Molinaro S, Landi P, Taddei MC, Galli E, Mariani F, L'Abbate A & Pingitore A. Association between increased mortality mortality and mild thyroid dysfunction in cardiac patients. Archives of Internal Medicine 2007 167 1526-1532. (doi:10.1001/archinte.167.14.1526)
14. Klein I & Danzi S. Thyroid disease and the heart. Circulation 2007 116 1725-1735. (doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.678326)
15. Fazio S, Palmieri EA, Lombardi G & Biondi B. Effects of thyroid hormone on the cardiovascular system. Recent Progress in Hormone Research 2004 59 31-50. (doi:10.1210/rp.59.1.31)
16. Biondi B, Palmieri EA, Lombardi G & Fazio S. Subclinical hypothyroidism and cardiac function. Thyroid 2002 12 505-510. (doi:10.1089/105072502760143890)
17. Liu Y, Redetzke RA, Said S, Pottala JV, de EscobarGM& Gerdes AM. Serum thyroid hormone levels may not accurately reflect thyroid tissue levels and cardiac function in mild hypothyroidism. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 2008 294 H2137-H2143. (doi:10.1152/ajpheart. 01379.2007)
18. Liu Z & Gerdes AM. Influence of hypothyroidism and the reversal of hypothyroidism on hemodynamics and cell size in the adult rat heart. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 1990 22 1339-1348. (doi:10.1016/0022-2828(90) 90979-C)
19. Tang YD, Kuzman JA, Said S, Anderson BE, Wang X &Gerdes AM. Low thyroid function leads to cardiac atrophy with chamber dilatation, impaired myocardial blood flow, loss of arterioles, and severe systolic dysfunction. Circulation 2005 112 3122-3130. (doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.572883)
20. 3 in euthyroid humans. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2005 115 2524-2533. (doi:10.1172/JCI25083)
21. Liu Y, Xia X, Fondell JD & Yen PM. Thyroid hormone-regulated target genes have distinct patterns of coactivator recruitment and histone acetylation. Molecular Endocrinology 2006 20 483-490. (doi:10.1210/me.2005-0101)
22. Kinugawa K, Minobe WA, Wood WM, Ridgway EC, Baxter JD, Ribeiro RC, Tawadrous MF, Lowes BA, Long CS & Bristow MR. Signaling pathways responsible for fetal gene induction in the failing human heart: evidence for altered thyroid hormone receptor gene expression. Circulation 2001 103 1089-1094. (doi:10.1161/01.CIR.103.8.1089)
23. Bassett JH, Harvey CB & Williams GR. Mechanisms of thyroid hormone receptor-specific nuclear and extra nuclear actions. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 2003 213 1-11. (doi:10.1016/j.mce.2003.10.033)
24. Pachucki J, Burmeister LA & Larsen PR. Thyroid hormone regulates hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel (HCN2) mRNA in the rat heart. Circulation Research 1999 85 498-503. (doi:10.1161/01.RES.85.6.498)
25. Fukuyama K, Ichiki T, Takeda K, Tokunou T, Iino N, Masuda S, Ishibashi M, Egashira K, Shimokawa H, Hirano K, Kanaide H &Takeshita A. Downregulation of vascular angiotensin II type 1 receptor by thyroid hormone. Hypertension 2003 41 598-603. (doi:10.1161/01.HYP.0000056524.35294.80)
26. Davis PJ, Leonard JL & Davis FB. Mechanisms of nongenomic actions of thyroid hormone. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 2008 29 211-218. (doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.09.003)
27. Tomanek RJ & Busch TL. Coordinated capillary and myocardial growth in response to thyroxine treatment. Anatomical Record 1998 251 44-49. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(199805) 251:1<44::AID-AR8>3.0.CO;2-E)
28. Liu Y, Sherer BA, Redetzke RA & Gerdes AM. Regulation of arteriolar density in adult myocardium during low thyroid conditions. Vascular Pharmacology 2010 52 146-150. (doi:10.1016/j.vph.2009.10.003)
29. Luidens MK, Mousa SA, Davis FB, Lin HY & Davis PJ. Thyroid hormone and angiogenesis. Vascular Pharmacology 2010 52 142-145. (doi:10.1016/j.vph. 2009.10.007)
30. Bergh JJ, Lin HY, Lansing L, Mohamed SN, Davis FB, Mousa S &Davis PJ. Integrin alphaVbeta3 contains a cell surface receptor site for thyroid hormone that is linked to activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and induction of angiogenesis. Endocrinology 2005 146 2864-2871. (doi:10.1210/en.2005-0102)
31. Anjos-Ramos L, Carneiro-Ramos MS, Diniz GP, Martins-Silva J &Barreto-Chaves ML. Early cardiac hypertrophy induced by thyroxine is accompanied by an increase in VEGF-A expression but not by an increase in capillary density. Virchows Archiv 2006 448 472-479. (doi:10.1007/s00428-005- 0140-y)
32. Makino A, Suarez J,Wang H, Belke DD, Scott BT & Dillmann WH. Thyroid hormone receptor-b is associated with coronary angiogenesis during pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Endocrinology 2009 150 2008-2015. (doi:10.1210/en.2008- 0634)
33. Savinova OV, Liu Y, Aasen GA, Mao K, Weltman NY, Nedich BL, Liang Q & Gerdes AM. Thyroid hormone promotes remodeling of coronary resistance vessels. PLoS ONE 2011 6 e25054. (doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025054)
34. Palmieri EA, Fazio S, Palmieri V, Lombardi G & Biondi B. Myocardial contractility and total arterial stiffness in patients with overt hyperthyroidism: acute effects of beta1-adrenergic blockade. European Journal of Endocrinology 2004 150 757-762. (doi:10.1530/eje.0.1500757)
35. 2+-ATPase in the rat heart. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1988 263 6941-6944.
36. Napoli R, Biondi B, Guardasole V, Matarazzo M, Pardo F, Angelini V, Fazio S & Saccà L. Impact of hyperthyroidism and its correction on vascular reactivity in humans. Circulation 2001 104 3076-3080. (doi:10.1161/hc5001.100621)
37. Biondi B, Palmieri EA, Lombardi G & Fazio S. Effects of thyroid hormone on cardiac function: the relative importance of heart rate, loading conditions, and myocardial contractility in the regulation of cardiac performance in human hyperthyroidism. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology andMetabolism2002 87 968-974. (doi:10.1210/jc.87.3.968)
38. Ojamaa K. Signaling mechanisms in thyroid hormone-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Vascular Pharmacology 2010 52 113-119. (doi:10.1016/j.vph.2009.11. 008)
39. Biondi B, Palmieri EA, Fazio S, Cosco C, Nocera M, Saccà L, Filetti S, Lombardi G & Perticone F. Endogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism affects quality of life and cardiac morphology and function in young and middle-aged patients. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2000 85 4702-4705. (doi:10.1210/jc.85.12.4701)
40. Brandt F, Green A, Hegedüs L & Brix TH. A critical review and meta-analysis of the association between overt hyperthyroidism and mortality. European Journal of Endocrinology 2011 165 491-497. (doi:10.1530/EJE-11-0299)
41. Collet TH, Gussekloo J, Bauer DC, den Elzen WP, Cappola AR, Balmer P, Iervasi G, Asvold BO, Sgarbi JA, Völzke H, Gencer B, Maciel RM, Molinaro S, Bremner A, Luben RN, Maisonneuve P, Cornuz J, Newman AB, Khaw KT, Westendorp RG, Franklyn JA, Vittinghoff E, Walsh JP, Rodondi N & Thyroid Studies Collaboration. Subclinical hyperthyroidism and the risk of coronary heart disease and mortality. Archives of Internal Medicine 2012 172 799-809. (doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.402)
42. Biondi B. How could we improve the increased cardiovascular mortality in patients with overt and subclinical hyperthyroidism? European Journal of Endocrinology 2012 167 295-299. (doi:10.1530/EJE-12-0585)
43. Frost L, Vestergaard P & Mosekilde L. Hyperthyroidism and risk of atrial fibrillation or flutter: a population-based study. Archives of Internal Medicine 2004 164 1675-1678. (doi:10.1001/archinte.164.15.1675)
44. Squizzato A, Gerdes VE, Brandjes DP, Büller HR & Stam J. Thyroid diseases and cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 2005 36 2302-2310. (doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000181772.78492.07)
45. Lin HC, Yang LY & Kang JH. Increased risk of pulmonary embolism among patients with hyperthyroidism: a 5-year follow-up study. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2010 8 2176-2181. (doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03993.x)
46. Forfar J, Muir AL, Sawers SA & Toft AD. Abnormal left ventricular function in hyperthyroidism: evidence for a possible reversible cardiomyopathy. New England Journal of Medicine 1982 307 1165-1175. (doi:10.1056/ NEJM198211043071901)
47. DeGroot WJ & Leonard JJ. Hyperthyroidism as a high cardiac output state. American Heart Journal 1970 79 265-275. (doi:10.1016/0002-8703(70)90318- 2)
48. Wilson BE & Newmark SR. Thyrotoxicosis-induced congestive heart failure in an urban hospital. American Journal of the Medical Sciences 1994 308 344-348. (doi:10.1097/00000441-199412000-00006)
49. Ngo AS & Lung Tan DC. Thyrotoxic heart disease. Resuscitation 2006 70 287-290. (doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2006.01.009)
50. Yue WS, Chong BH, Zhang XH, Liao SY, Jim MH, Kung AW, Tse HF & Siu CW. Hyperthyroidism-induced left ventricular diastolic dysfunction: implication inhyperthyroidism-related heart failure. Clinical Endocrinology 2011 74 636-643. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.03981.x)
51. Boccaladro C, Boccalandro F, Orlander P & Wei CF. Severe reversible dilated cardiomyopathy and hyperthyroidism: case report and review of the literature. Endocrine Practice 2003 9 140-146.
52. Park JH, Shong M, Lee JH, Choi SW, Jeong JO & Seong IW. Reversible severe tricuspid regurgitation with right heart failure associated with thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid 2006 16 813-814. (doi:10.1089/thy.2006.16.813)
53. Syriou V, Plastiras SC, Paterakis T, Moyssakis I &Vlachoyiannopoulos P. Severe reversible right heart failure in a patient with hyperthyroidism. International Journal of Clinical Practice 2008 62 334-336. (doi:10.1111/j.1742- 1241.2006.00979.x)
54. Cruz FE, Cheriex EC, Smeets JL, Atie J, Peres AK, Penn OC, Brugada P & Wellens HJ. Reversibility of tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy after cure of incessant supraventricular tachycardia. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1990 16 739-744. (doi:10.1016/0735-1097(90)90368-Y)
55. Soh MC & Croxson M. Fatal thyrotoxic cardiomyopathy in a young man. BMJ 2008 28 337-531.
56. Kolawole BA, Balogun MO & Akinsola A. Thyrotoxicosis and heart - a review of the literature. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 2001 6 50-54.
57. Danbauchi SS, Anumah FE, Alhassan MA, Oyati IA, Isah H, Onyemelukwe G & Tiam EA. Thyrocardiac disease in Zaria: clinical and echocardiographic characteristics. Echocardiography Journal 2004 2 1-5. (doi:10.2303/jecho.2.1)
58. Niakara A, Bama A & Nebie LVA. Signs and outcome of 61 cases of thyrotoxic heart disease. Tropical Cardiology 2004 118 24-27.
59. Anakwue RC, Onwubere BJ, Anisiuba BC, Ikeh VO, Mbah A &Ike SO. Congestive heart failure in subjects with thyrotoxicosis in a black community. Vascular Health and Risk Management 2010 6 473-477. (doi:10.2147/VHRM.S9871)
60. Koshiyama H, Sellitti DF, Akamizu T, Doi SQ, Takeuchi Y, Inoue D, Sakaguchi H, Takemura G, Sato Y, Takatsu Y &Nakao K. Cardiomyopathy associated with Graves' disease. Clinical Endocrinology 1996 45 111-116. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1996.tb02068.x)
61. Jahns R, Boivin V, Hein L, Triebel S, Angermann CE, Ertl G &Lohse MJ. Direct evidence for a b1- adrenergic receptor-directed autoimmune attack as a cause of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2004 113 1419-1429. (Pubitemid 39071697)
62. Drvota V, Drvota V, Janson A, Norman C, Sylvèn C, Haggblad J, Brannegard M & Marcus C. Evidence for the presence of functional thyrotropin receptor in cardiac muscle. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1995 211 426-431. (doi:10.1006/bbrc.1995.1831)
63. Ma RC, Cheng AY, So WY, Hui DS, Tong PC & Chow CC. Thyrotoxicosis and pulmonary hypertension. American Journal of Medicine 2005 118 927-928. (doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.03.038)
64. Cohen J & Shattner A. Right heart failure and hyperthyroidism: a neglected presentation. American Journal of Medicine 2003 115 76-77. (doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(03)00288-2)
65. Lozano HF & Sharma CN. Reversible pulmonary hypertension, tricuspid regurgitation and right-sided heart failure associated with hyperthyroidism: case report and review of the literature. Cardiology in Review 2004 12 299-305. (doi:10.1097/01.crd.0000137259.83169.e3)
66. Ismail HM. Reversible pulmonary hypertension and isolated right-sided heart failure associated with hyperthyroidism. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2007 22 148-150. (doi:10.1007/s11606-006-0032-0)
67. Siu CW, Zhang XH, Yung C, Kung AW, Lau CP & Tse HF. Hemodynamic changes in hyperthyroidism-related pulmonary hypertension: a prospective echocardiographic study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2007 2 1736-1742. (doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1877)
68. Li JH, Safford RE, Aduen JF, Heckman MG, Crook JE & Burger CD. Pulmonary hypertension and thyroid disease. Chest 2007 132 793-797. (doi:10.1378/chest.07-0366)
69. Marvisi M, Brianti M, Marani G, Del Borello R, Bortesi ML &Guariglia A. Hyperthyroidism and pulmonary hypertension. Respiratory Medicine 2002 96 215-220. (doi:10.1053/rmed.2001.1260)
70. Armigliato M, Paolini R, Aggio S, Zamboni S, Galasso MP, Zonzin P & Cella G. Hyperthyroidism as a cause of pulmonary arterial hypertension - a prospective study. Angiology 2006 57 600-606. (doi:10.1177/0003319706293131)
71. Eskes SA & Wiersinga WM. Amiodarone and thyroid. Best Practice and Research. Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2009 6 735-751. (doi:10.1016/j.beem.2009.07.001)
72. Yiu KH, Jim MH, Siu CW, Lee CH, Yuen M, Mok M, Shea YF, Fan K, Tse HF & Chow WH. Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis is a predictor of adverse cardiovascular outcome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2009 94 109-114. (doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1907)
73. Gencer B, Collet TH, Virgini V, Bauer DC, Gussekloo J, Cappola AR, Nanchen D, den Elzen WPJ, Balmer P, Luben RN, Iacoviello M, Triggiani V, Cornuz J, Newman AB, Khaw KT, Jukema JW,Westendorp RGJ, Vittinghoff E, Aujesky D, Rodondi N & Thyroid Studies Collaboration. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and the risk of heart failure events: an individual participant data analysis from six prospective cohorts. Circulation 2012 126 1040-1049. (doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.096024)
74. Biondi B & Cooper DS. The clinical significance of subclinical thyroid dysfunction. Endocrine Reviews 2008 29 76-131. (doi:10.1210/er.2006- 0043)
75. Biondi B & Cooper DS. Subclinical thyroid disease. Lancet 2012 379 1142-1154. (doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60276-6)
76. Tomisti L, Materazzi G, Bartalena L, Rossi G, Marchello A, Moretti M, De Napoli L, Mariotti R, Miccoli P, Martino E &Bogazzi F. Total thyroidectomy in patients with amiodaroneinduced thyrotoxicosis and severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2012. In press. (doi:10.1210/jc.2012-1797)
77. Biondi B & Klein I. Hypothyroidism as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Endocrine 2004 24 1-13. (doi:10.1385/ENDO:24:1:001)
78. Ripoli A, Pingitore A, Favilli B, Bottoni A, Turchi S, Osman NF, De Marchi D, Lombardi M, L'Abbate A & Iervasi G. Does subclinical hypothyroidism affect cardiac pump performance? Evidence from a magnetic resonance imaging study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2005 45 439-445. (doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.10.044)
79. Biondi B. Cardiovascular effects of mild hypothyroidism. Thyroid 2007 17 625-630. (doi:10.1089/thy.2007.0158)
80. Brenta G, Mutti LA, Schnitman M, Fretes O, Perrone A &Matute ML. Assessment of left ventricular diastolic function by radionuclide ventriculography at rest and exercise in subclinical hypothyroidism, and its response to L-thyroxine therapy. American Journal of Cardiology 2003 91 1327-1330. (doi:10.1016/S0002-9149(03)00322-9)
81. Owen PJ, Sabit R & Lazarus JH. Thyroid disease and vascular function. Thyroid 2007 17 519-524. (doi:10.1089/thy.2007.0051)
82. Rodondi N, Newman AB, Vittinghoff E, de Rekeneire N, Satterfield S, Harris TB & Bauer DC. Subclinical hypothyroidism and the risk of heart failure, other cardiovascular events, and death. Archives of Internal Medicine 2005 165 2460-2466. (doi:10.1210/jc.2009-0899)
83. Rodondi N, den Elzen WP, Bauer DC, Cappola AR, Razvi S,Walsh JP, Asvold BO, Iervasi G, Imaizumi M, Collet TH, Bremner A, Maisonneuve P, Sgarbi JA, Khaw KT, Vanderpump MP, Newman AB, Cornuz J, Franklyn JA, Westendorp RG, Vittinghoff E, Gussekloo J & Thyroid Studies Collaboration. Subclinical hypothyroidism and the risk of coronary heart disease and mortality. Journal of the American Medical Association 2010 304 1365-1374. (doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1361)
84. Razvi S, Shakoor A, Vanderpump M, Weaver JU & Pearce SH. The influence of age on the relationship between subclinical hypothyroidism and ischemic heart disease: a meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2008 93 2998-3007. (doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0167)
85. Razvi S, Weaver JU, Butler TJ & Pearce SH. Levothyroxine treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism, fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events, and mortality. Archives of Internal Medicine, 2012. In press. (doi:10.1001/ archinternmed.2012.1159)
86. Schwimmer D, Vogel M & Mc Gavack TH. Clinical manifestations in forty cases of myxedema. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1947 7 468.
87. Khochtali I, Hamza N, Harzallah O, Hamdi S, Saad J, Golli M &Mahjoub S. Reversible dilated cardiomyopathy caused by hypothyroidism. International Archives of Medicine 2011 21 4-20.
88. Ladenson PW, Sherman SI, Baughman KL, Ray PE &Feldman AM. Reversible alterations in myocardial gene expression in a young man with dilated cardiomyopathy and hypothyroidism. PNAS 1992 89 5251-5255. (doi:10.1073/pnas.89. 12.5251)
89. Khalife WI, Tang YD, Kuzman JA, Thomas TA, Anderson BE, Said S, Tille P, Schlenker EH & Gerdes AM. Treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism reverses ischemia and prevents myocyte loss and progressive LV dysfunction in hamsters with dilated cardiomyopathy. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 2005 289 H2409-H2415. (doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00483.2005)
90. Mourouzis I, Forini F, Pantos C & Iervasi G. Thyroid hormone and cardiac disease: from basic concepts to clinical application. Journal of Thyroid Research 2011 2011 958626. (doi:10.4061/2011/958626)
91. Pingitore A, Landi P, Taddei MC, Ripoli A, L'Abbate A & Iervasi G. Triiodothyronine levels for risk stratification of patients with chronic heart failure. American Journal of Medicine 2005 118 132-136. (doi:10.1016/j.amjmed. 2004.07.052)
92. Iervasi G, Pingitore A, Landi P, Raciti M, Ripoli A, Scarlattini M, L'Abbate A & Donato L. Low-T3 syndrome: a strong prognostic predictor of death in patients with heart disease. Circulation 2003 107 708-713. (doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000048124.64204.3F)
93. HamiltonMA& Stevenson LW. Thyroid hormone abnormalities in heart failure: possibilities for therapy. Thyroid 1996 6 527-529. (doi:10.1089/thy. 1996.6.527)
94. Iacoviello M, Guida P, Guastamacchia E, Triggiani V, Forleo C, Catanzaro R, Cicala M, Basile M, Sorrentino S & Favale S. Prognostic role of sub-clinical hypothyroidism in chronic heart failure outpatients. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2008 14 2686-2692. (doi:10.2174/138161208786264142)
95. Silva-Tinoco R, Castillo-Martìnez L, Orea-Tejeda A, Orozco-Gutièrez JJ, Vàzquez-DÃaz O, Montanò- Hernàndez P &Flores-Rebollar A. Developing thyroid disorders is associated with poor prognosis factors in patient with stable chronic heart failure. International Journal of Cardiology 2011 147 e24-e25. (doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.01.012)
96. Henderson KK, Danzi S, Paul JT, Leya G, Klein I & Samarel AM. Physiological replacement of T3 improves left ventricular function in an animal model of myocardial infarctioninduced congestive heart failure. Circulation. Heart Failure 2009 3 243-252. (doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.108.810747)
97. Razvi S, Ingoe L, Keeka G, Oates C, McMillan C & Weaver JU. The beneficial effect of L-thyroxine on cardiovascular risk factors, endothelial function and quality of life in subclinical hypothyroidism: randomized, crossover trial. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2007 92 1715-1723. (doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1869)
98. Biondi B, Galderisi M, Pagano L, Sidiropulos M, Pulcrano M, D' Errico A, Ippolito S, Rossi A, de Divitiis O & Lombardi G. Endothelial-mediated coronary flow reserve in patients with mild thyroid hormone deficiency. European Journal of Endocrinology 2009 161 323-329. (doi:10.1530/EJE-09-0196)
99. Somwaru LL, Arnold AM, Joshi N, Fried LP & Cappola AR. High frequency of and factors associated with thyroid hormone over-replacement and under-replacement in men and women aged 65 and over. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2009 94 1342-1345. (doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1696)
100. Cappola AR, Fried LP, Arnold AM, Danese MD, Kuller LH, Burke GL, Tracy RP & Ladenson PW. Thyroid status, cardiovascular risk, and mortality in older adults. Journal of the American Medical Association 2006 295 1033-1041. (doi:10.1001/jama.295.9.1033)
101. Biondi B, Palmieri EA, Klain M, Schlumberger M, Filetti S &Lombardi G. Subclinical hyperthyroidism: clinical features and treatment options. European Journal of Endocrinology 2005 152 1-9. (doi:10.1530/eje.1.01809)
102. Biondi B. Natural history, diagnosis and management of subclinical thyroid dysfunction. Best Practice and Research. Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2012 26 431-446. (doi:10.1016/j.beem.2011.12.004)
103. Kaptein EM, Beale E & Chan LS. Thyroid hormone therapy for obesity and nonthyroidal illnesses: a systematic review. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2009 94 3663-3675. (doi:10.1210/jc.2009-0899)
104. Goldman S, McCarren M, Morkin E, Ladenson PW, Edson R, Warren S, Ohm J, Thai H, Churby L, Barnhill J, O'Brien T, Anand I, Warner A, Hattler B, Dunlap M, Erikson J, Shih MC &Lavori P. DITPA (3,5-diiodothyropropionic acid), a thyroid hormone analog to treat heart failure: phase II trial veterans affairs cooperative study. Circulation 2009 119 3093-3100. (doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA. 108.834424)