Serum thyroid hormone levels may not accurately reflect thyroid tissue levels and cardiac function in mild hypothyroidism

American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology

Volumn 294, Issue 5, 2008, Pages

  Liu, Yingheng ^a   Redetzke, Rebecca A ^a   Said, Suleman ^a   Pottala, James V ^a   Morreale De Escobar, Gabriella ^b   Gerdes, A Martin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH DAKOTA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID   (Spain)

Author keywords

Myocardial arterioles; Thyroidectomy; Thyroxine

Indexed keywords

LIOTHYRONINE; THYROXINE;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; HEART FUNCTION; HEMODYNAMICS; HORMONE ACTION; HYPOTHYROIDISM; LIOTHYRONINE BLOOD LEVEL; MALE; MUSCLE ATROPHY; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; THYROID HORMONE BLOOD LEVEL; THYROIDECTOMY; THYROXINE BLOOD LEVEL; TISSUE LEVEL; ANIMAL; ARTERIOLE; ATROPHY; BLOOD; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CORONARY BLOOD VESSEL; DISEASE MODEL; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG IMPLANT; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FUNCTION; HEART MUSCLE; HOSPITALIZATION; METABOLISM; PATHOLOGY; SPRAGUE DAWLEY RAT; THYROID GLAND;

ANIMALS; ARTERIOLES; ATROPHY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CORONARY VESSELS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; DRUG IMPLANTS; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; HEMODYNAMICS; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MALE; MYOCARDIUM; RATS; RATS, SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; THYROID GLAND; THYROIDECTOMY; THYROXINE; TRIIODOTHYRONINE; VENTRICULAR FUNCTION, LEFT;

EID: 44949200297     PISSN: 03636135     EISSN: 15221539     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01379.2007     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Adair TH, Wells ML, Hang J, Montani JP. A stereological method for estimating length density of the arterial vascular system. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 266: H1434-H1438, 1994.
2. Andersen S, Bruun NH, Pedersen KM, Laurberg P. Biologic variation is important for interpretation of thyroid function tests. Thyroid 13: 1069-1078, 2003.
3. Ascheim DD, Hryniewicz K. Thyroid hormone metabolism in patients with congestive heart failure: the low triiodothyronine state. Thyroid 12: 511-515, 2002.
4. Auer J, Berent R, Weber T, Lassnig E, Eber B. Thyroid function is associated with presence and severity of coronary atherosclerosis. Clin Cardiol 26: 569-573, 2003.
5. Boegehold MA, Johnson MD, Overbeck HW. Pressure-independent arteriolar rarefaction in hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 261: H83-H87, 1991.
6. Breisch EA, White FC, Hammond HK, Flynn S, Bloor CM. Myocardial characteristics of thyroxine stimulated hypertrophy. A structural and functional study. Basic Res Cardiol 84: 345-358, 1989.
7. Escobar-Morreale HF, Obregon MJ, Escobar del Rey F, Morreale de Escobar G. Replacement therapy for hypothyroidism with thyroxine alone does not ensure euthyroidism in all tissues, as studied in thyroidectomized rats. J Clin Invest 96: 2828-2838, 1995.
8. Franklyn JA, Gammage MD, Ramsden DB, Sheppard MC. Thyroid status in patients after acute myocardial infarction. Clin Sci (Lond) 67: 585-590, 1984.
9. Frisbee JC. Reduced nitric oxide bioavailability contributes to skeletal muscle microvessel rarefaction in the metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 289: R307-R316, 2005.
10. Gerdes AM, Kasten FH. Morphometric study of endomyocardium and epimyocardium of the left ventricle in adult dogs. Am J Anat 159: 389-394, 1980.
11. Gerdes AM, Onodera T, Wang X, McCune SA. Myocyte remodeling during the progression to failure in rats with hypertension. Hypertension 28: 609-614, 1996.
12. Khalife WI, Tang YD, Kuzman JA, Thomas TA, Anderson BE, Said S, Tille P, Schlenker EH, Gerdes AM. Treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism reverses ischemia and prevents myocyte loss and progressive LV dysfunction in hamsters with dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 289: H2409-H2415, 2005.
13. Klemperer JD, Klein I, Gomez M, Helm RE, Ojamaa K, Thomas SJ, Isom OW, Krieger K. Thyroid hormone treatment after coronary-artery bypass surgery. N Engl J Med 333: 1522-1527, 1995.
14. Kubis N, Besnard S, Silvestre JS, Feletou M, Huang PL, Levy BI, Tedgui A. Decreased arteriolar density in endothelial nitric oxide synthase knockout mice is due to hypertension, not to the constitutive defect in endothelial nitric oxide synthase enzyme. J Hypertens 20: 273-280, 2002.
15. Kuzman JA, Thomas TA, Vogelsang KA, Said S, Anderson BE, Gerdes AM. Effects of induced hyperthyroidism in normal and cardiomyopathic hamsters. J Appl Physiol 99: 1428-1433, 2005.
16. Liu Z, Gerdes AM. Influence of hypothyroidism and the reversal of hypothyroidism on hemodynamics and cell size in the adult rat heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 22: 1339-1348, 1990.
17. Liu Z, Hilbelink DR, Crockett WB, Gerdes AM. Regional changes in hemodynamics and cardiac myocyte size in rats with aortocaval fistulas. 1. Developing and established hypertrophy. Circ Res 69: 52-58, 1991.
18. Monzani F, Dardano A, Caraccio N. Does treating subclinical hypothyroidism improve markers of cardiovascular risk? Treat Endocrinol 5: 65-81, 2006.
19. Morreale de Escobar G, Calvo R, Escobar del Rey F, Obregon MJ. Thyroid hormones in tissues from fetal and adult rats. Endocrinology 134: 2410-2415, 1994.
20. Morreale de Escobar G, Pastor R, Obregon MJ, Escobar del Rey F. Effects of maternal hypothyroidism on the weight and thyroid hormone content of rat embryonic tissues, before and after onset of fetal thyroid function. Endocrinology 117: 1890-1900, 1985.
21. Nakamori Y, Tominaga T, Inoue Y, Shinohara K. Propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced vasculitis associated with antineutrophil antibody against myeloperoxidase (MPO-ANCA). Intern Med 42: 529-533, 2003.
22. Obregon MJ, Pascual A, de Escobar GM, Escobar del Rey F. Pituitary and plasma thyrotropin, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine after hyperthyroidism. Endocrinology 104: 1467-1473, 1979.
23. Ojamaa K, Klemperer JD, Klein I. Acute effects of thyroid hormone on vascular smooth muscle. Thyroid 6: 505-512, 1996.
24. Rodondi N, Newman AB, Vittinghoff E, de Rekeneire N, Satterfield S, Harris TB, Bauer DC. Subclinical hypothyroidism and the risk of heart failure, other cardiovascular events, and death. Arch Intern Med 165: 2460-2466, 2005.
25. Squizzato A, Gerdes VE, Brandjes DP, Buller HR, Stam J. Thyroid diseases and cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 36: 2302-2310, 2005.
26. Tang YD, Kuzman JA, Said S, Anderson BE, Wang X, Gerdes AM. Low thyroid function leads to cardiac atrophy with chamber dilatation, impaired myocardial blood flow, loss of arterioles, and severe systolic dysfunction. Circulation 112: 3122-3130, 2005.
27. Tomanek RJ, Busch TL. Coordinated capillary and myocardial growth in response to thyroxine treatment. Anat Rec 251: 44-49, 1998.
28. Tomanek RJ, Doty MK, Sandra A. Early coronary angiogenesis in response to thyroxine: growth characteristics and upregulation of basic fibroblast growth factor. Circ Res 82: 587-593, 1998.
29. Tomanek RJ, Zimmerman MB, Suvarna PR, Morkin E, Pennock GD, Goldman S. A thyroid hormone analog stimulates angiogenesis in the post-infarcted rat heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 30: 923-932, 1998.
30. Walsh JP, Bremner AP, Bulsara MK, O'Leary P, Leedman PJ, Feddema P, Michelangeli V. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Arch Intern Med 165: 2467-2472, 2005.
31. Weiss HR, Grover GJ. T4-induced cardiac hypertrophy and the perfused and total microvasculature of the heart. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 65: 1848-1855, 1987.
32. Zwaveling J, Batink HD, de Jong J, Winkler Prins EA, Pfaffendorf M, van Zwieten PA. Thyroid hormone modulates inotropic responses, alpha-adrenoceptor density and catecholamine concentrations in the rat heart. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 354: 755-764, 1996.