Dietary protein and strength athletes

Strength and Conditioning Journal

Volumn 34, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 26-32

  Lowery, Lonnie ^a   Edel, James F ^a   McBride, Isaiah M ^a  

^a WINONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Beef; Casein; Egg; Energy; Hypertrophy; Kcal; Milk; Nutrition; Postworkout; Protein; Protein synthesis; Soy; Supplement; Timing; Whey; Whole food

Indexed keywords

EID: 84867226655     PISSN: 15241602     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1519/SSC.0b013e31826284d9     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Alfenas Rde C, Bressan J, and Paiva AC. Effects of protein quality on appetite and energy metabolism in normal weight subjects. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 54: 45-51, 2010.
2. Applegate E. Nutritional and functional roles of eggs in the diet. J Am Coll Nutr 19: 495S-498S, 2000.
3. Biolo G, Tipton KD, Klein S, and Wolfe RR. An abundant supply of amino acids enhances the metabolic effect of exercise on muscle protein. Am J Physiol 273(Pt 1): E122-E129, 1997.
4. Boirie Y, Dangin M, and Gachon P. Slow and fast dietary proteins differently modulate postprandial protein accretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94: 14930-14935, 1997.
5. Borel MJ, Riley RE, and Snook JT. Estimation of energy expenditure and maintenance energy requirements of college-age men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 40: 1264-1272, 1984.
6. Bouchard C and Tremblay A. Genetic influences on the response of body fat and fat distribution to positive and negative energy balances in human identical twins. J Nutr 127: 943S-947S, 1997.
7. Brändle E, Sieberth HG, and Hautmann RE. Effect of chronic dietary protein intake on the renal function in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 50: 734-740, 1996.
8. Burd NA, Tang JE, Moore DR, and Phillips SM. Exercise training and protein metabolism: influences of contraction, protein intake, and sex-based differences. J Appl Physiol 106: 1692-1701, 2009.
9. Butterfield G. Whole-body protein utilization in humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc 19(5 Suppl): S157-S165, 1987.
10. Campbell W. Dietary protein efficacy: Dietary protein types. In: Dietary Protein and Resistance Exercise. Lowery L and Antonio J, eds. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis Group-CRC Press, 2012. pp. 80-125.
11. Campbell WW, Barton ML Jr, Cyr- Campbell D, Davey SL, Beard JL, Parise G, and Evans WJ. Effects of an omnivorous diet compared with a lactoovovegetarian diet on resistance-training-induced changes in body composition and skeletal muscle in older men. Am J Clin Nutr 70: 1032-1039, 1999.
12. Chiang A and Huang P. Excess energy and nitrogen balance at protein intakes above the requirement level in young men. Am J Clin Nutr 48: 1015-1022, 1988.
13. Cribb PJ, Williams AD, Carey MF, and Hayes A. The effect of whey isolate and resistance training on strength, body composition, and plasma glutamine. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 16: 494-509, 2006.
14. Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Rasmussen H, Song L, and Dallal GE. Effect of dietary protein supplements on calcium excretion in healthy older men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89: 1169-1173, 2004.
15. Elango R, Humayun MA, Ball RO, and Pencharz PB. Evidence that protein requirements have been significantly underestimated. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 13: 52-57, 2010.
16. Elliot TA, Cree MG, Sanford AP, Wolfe RR, and Tipton KD. Milk ingestion stimulates net muscle protein synthesis following resistance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 38: 667-674, 2006.
17. Feskanich D, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, and Colditz GA. Protein consumption and bone fractures in women. Am J Epidemiol 143: 472-479, 1996.
18. Hall K. Mathematical modeling of energy expenditure during tissue deposition. Br J Nutr 104: 4-7, 2010.
19. Hartman JW, Moore DR, and Phillips SM. Resistance training reduces whole-body protein turnover and improves net protein retention in untrained young males. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 31: 557-564, 2006.
20. Hartman JW, Tang JE, Wilkinson SB, TarnopolskyMA, Lawrence RL, Fullerton AV, and Phillips SM. Consumption of fat-free fluid milk after resistance exercise promotes greater lean mass accretion than does consumption of soy or carbohydrate in young, novice, male weightlifters. Am J Clin Nutr 86: 373-381, 2007.
21. Haub MD, Wells AM, Tarnopolsky MA, and Campbell WW. Effect of protein source on resistive-training-induced changes in body composition and muscle size in older men. Am J Clin Nutr 76: 511-517, 2002.
22. Hoffman JR and Falvo MJ. Protein-Which is best? J Sports Sci Med 3: 118-130, 2004.
23. Humayun MA, Elango R, Ball RO, and Pencharz PB. Reevaluation of the protein requirement in young men with the indicator amino acid oxidation technique. Am J Clin Nutr 86: 995-1002, 2007.
24. Iglay HB, Apolzan JW, Gerrard DE, Eash JK, Anderson JC, and Campbell WW. Moderately increased protein intake predominately from egg sources does not influence whole body, regional, or muscle composition responses to resistance training in older people. J Nutr Health Aging 13: 108-114, 2009.
25. Ingwall JS. Creatine and the control of muscle-specific protein synthesis in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Circ Res 38: I115-I123, 1976.
26. Josse AR, Tang JE, Tarnopolsky MA, and Phillips SM. Body composition and strength changes in women with milk and resistance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 42: 1122-1130, 2010.
27. Lowery L. The safety debate regarding dietary protein in strength athletes. In: Dietary Protein and Resistance Exercise. Lowery L and Antonio J, eds. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis Group-CRC Press, 2012. pp. 80-125.
28. Lowery L, Daugherty A, Miller B, Bernstein E, and Smurawa T. Large chronic protein intake does not affect markers of renal damage in healthy resistance trainers. FASEB J 25: 25, 2011.
29. Lowery L, Daugherty A, Miller B, and Hemlepp L. Dietary impact of seeking ample protein: Preliminary findings on resistance trainers. Ann Nutr Metab 55 (Suppl 1): 696, 2009.
30. Lowery L and Devia L. Dietary protein safety and resistance exercise: What do we really know? J Int Soc Sports Nutr 6: 1-7, 2009. Available at: http://www.jissn.com/content/6/1/3. Accessed: October 17, 2011.
31. Lowery L and Forsythe C. Protein and overtraining: Potential applications for freeliving athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 3: 42-50, 2006. Available at: http://www. jissn.com/content/3/1/42. Accessed: October 14, 2011.
32. Lowery L, Hemlepp L, and Daugherty A. Dietary protein and resistance training: Preliminary data on bone health. Ann Nutr Metab 55(Suppl 1): 696, 2009.
33. Lowery L, Hemlepp L, Tomczyk N, Milkent K, Troska A, and Glickman E. Impact of consuming ample protein: Findings on resistance trainers' bone mineral density. FASEB J 25:
34. MacDougall JD, Gibala MJ, Tarnopolsky MA, MacDonald JR, Interisano SA, and Yarasheski KE. The time course for elevated muscle protein synthesis following heavy resistance exercise. Can J Appl Physiol 20: 480-486, 1995.
35. Markus CR, Jonkman LM, Lammers JH, Deutz NE, Messer MH, and Rigtering N. Evening intake of alpha-lactalbumin increases plasma tryptophan availability and improves morning alertness and brain measures of attention. Am J Clin Nutr 81: 1026-1033, 2005.
36. Martin WF, Armstrong LE, and Rodriguez NR. Dietary protein intake and renal function. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2: 25, 2005.
37. Mekata Y, Hayashi N, Masuda Y, Kashimura O, Arai S, and Kawano Y. Blood substrates and hormonal responses to increased egg white protein intake prior to a 12,000 m run in heat. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 54: 154-162, 2008.
38. Middleton N, Jelen P, and Bell G. Whole blood and mononuclear cell glutathione response to dietary whey protein supplementation in sedentary and trained male human subjects. Int J Food Sci Nutr 55: 131-141, 2004.
39. Moore DR, Robinson MJ, and Fry JL. Ingested protein dose response of muscle and albumin protein synthesis after resistance exercise in young men. Am J Clin Nutr 89: 161-168, 2009.
40. Pencharz PB, Elango R, and Ball RO. An approach to defining the upper safe limits of amino acid intake. J Nutr 138: 1996S-2002S, 2008.
41. Pennings B, Boirie Y, Senden JM, Gijsen AP, Kuipers H, and van Loon LJ. Whey protein stimulates postprandial muscle protein accretion more effectively than do casein and casein hydrolysate in older men. Am J Clin Nutr 93: 997-1005, 2011.
42. Phillips SM. The science of muscle hypertrophy: Making dietary protein count. Proc Nutr Soc 70: 100-103, 2011.
43. Phillips SM, HartmanJW, and Wilkinson SB. Dietary protein to support anabolism with resistance exercise in young men. J AmColl Nutr 24: 134S-139S, 2005.
44. Poortmans JR and Dellalieux O. Do regular high protein diets have potential health risks on kidney function in athletes? Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 10: 28-38, 2000.
45. Rasmussen BB, Tipton KD, Miller SL, Wolf SE, and Wolfe RR. An oral essential amino acid-carbohydrate supplement enhances muscle protein anabolism after resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol 88: 386-392, 2000.
46. Roberts S, Young V, Fuss P, Fiatarone M, Richard B, Rasmussen H, Wagner D, Joseph L, Holehouse E, and Evans W. Energy expenditure and subsequent nutrient intakes in overfed young men. Am J Physiol 259(Pt2): R461-R469, 1990.
47. Siegel-Itzkovich J. Health committee warns of potential dangers of soya. Br Med J 331: 254, 2005.
48. Tang JE, Manolakos JJ, Kujbida GW, Lysecki PJ, Moore DR, and Phillips SM. Minimal whey protein with carbohydrate stimulates muscle protein synthesis following resistance exercise in trained young men. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 32: 1132-1138, 2007.
49. Tang JE, Moore DR, Kujbida GW, Tarnopolsky MA, and Phillips SM. Ingestion of whey hydrolysate, casein, or soy protein isolate: Effects on mixed muscle protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in young men. J Appl Physiol 107: 987-992, 2009.
50. Tang JE and Phillips SM. Maximizing muscle protein anabolism: The role of protein quality. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 12: 66-71, 2009.
51. Tarnopolsky MA, Atkinson SA, MacDougall JD, Chesley A, Phillips S, and Schwarcz HP. Evaluation of protein requirements for trained strength athletes. J Appl Physiol 73: 1986-1995, 1992.
52. Tipton KD. Efficacy and consequences of very-high-protein diets for athletes and exercisers. Proc Nutr Soc 70: 205-214, 2011.
53. Tipton KD, Elliott TA, Cree MG, Wolf SE, Sanford AP, and Wolfe RR. Ingestion of casein and whey proteins result in muscle anabolism after resistance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36: 2073-2081, 2004.
54. Tipton KD, Ferrando AA, Phillips SM, Doyle D Jr, andWolfe RR. Postexercise net protein synthesis in human muscle from orally administered amino acids. Am J Physiol 276(Pt 1): E628-E634, 1999.
55. Williams M. Nutrition for Health Fitness and Sport. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, 2005, pp. 227-228, 478.