Imaging biomarkers of angiogenesis and the microvascular environment in cerebral tumours

British Journal of Radiology

Volumn 84, Issue SPEC. ISSUE 2, 2011, Pages

  Thompson, G ^a   Mills, S J ^a   Coope, D J ^a   O'Connor, J P B ^a   Jackson, A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

1 FLUORO 3 (2 NITRO 1 IMIDAZOLYL) 2 PROPANOL F 18; ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITOR; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BEVACIZUMAB; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CARBOPLATIN; CEDIRANIB; CORTICOSTEROID; DEXAMETHASONE; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; FLUOROETHYLTYROSINE F 18; GALACTOARGINYLGLYCYLASPARTIC ACID F 18; INTEGRIN; IRINOTECAN; LOMUSTINE; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE INHIBITOR; METHIONINE C 11; PROCARBAZINE; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR; TEMOZOLOMIDE; THALIDOMIDE; TRACER; ULTRASMALL SUPERPARAMAGNETIC IRON OXIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASCULOTROPIN; VASCULOTROPIN RECEPTOR; VINCRISTINE; VITRONECTIN RECEPTOR; WATER O 15; CONTRAST MEDIUM; DIAGNOSTIC AGENT; TUMOR MARKER;

ANGIOGENESIS; ANTIANGIOGENIC THERAPY; ARTICLE; ASTROCYTOMA; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; BLOOD VESSEL DIAMETER; BOLD SIGNAL; BRAIN ABSCESS; BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; BRAIN BLOOD VESSEL; BRAIN BLOOD VOLUME; BRAIN CIRCULATION; BRAIN METASTASIS; BRAIN OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; BRAIN PERFUSION; BRAIN TUMOR; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER SURVIVAL; CELL PROLIFERATION; COMPUTER ASSISTED RADIOTHERAPY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT; DIFFUSION WEIGHTED IMAGING; DYNAMIC CONTRAST ENHANCED COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DYNAMIC CONTRAST ENHANCED NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; DYNAMIC RELAXIVITY CONTRAST ENHANCED NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; DYNAMIC SUSCEPTIBILITY CONTRAST ENHANCED NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; GLIOBLASTOMA; HEREDITY; HETEROZYGOSITY LOSS; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; LYMPHOMA; MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION; MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY; MENINGIOMA; MICROVASCULATURE; MIXED TUMOR; MOLECULAR IMAGING; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NEOVASCULARIZATION (PATHOLOGY); NEUROIMAGING; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NEUROSURGERY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OLIGODENDROGLIOMA; PATIENT MONITORING; PERFUSION WEIGHTED IMAGING; PHASE 1 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PROGRESSION FREE SURVIVAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTON NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; RADIATION NECROSIS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; SPIN LABELING; TREATMENT RESPONSE; TUMEFACTIVE DEMYELINATING LESION; TUMOR GROWTH; TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT; TUMOR THROMBUS; TUMOR VASCULARIZATION; BRAIN MAPPING; CHEMISTRY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; HUMAN; IMAGE ENHANCEMENT; METHODOLOGY; REVIEW; VASCULARIZATION;

BRAIN MAPPING; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; CONTRAST MEDIA; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; HUMANS; IMAGE ENHANCEMENT; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MICROVESSELS; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC; POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; TOMOGRAPHY, EMISSION-COMPUTED, SINGLE-PHOTON; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 84867210854     PISSN: 00071285     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1259/bjr/66316279     Document Type: Article

References (160)

1. Stupp R, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ, et al. Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblas-toma. N Engl J Med 2005;352:987-96. (Pubitemid 40349501)
2. Brem S, Cotran R, Folkman J. Tumor angiogenesis: a quantitative method for histologic grading. J Natl Cancer Inst 1972;48:347-56.
3. Brem SS, Cotran RS, Folkman MJ. Angiogenesis in brain tumors: a quantitative histologic study. Surg Forum 1974;25: 462-4.
4. Wesseling P, van der Laak JA, H de Leeuw, et al. Computer-assisted analysis of the microvasculature in untreated glioblastomas. J Neurooncol 1995;24:83-5.
5. Cheng SY, Huang HJ, Nagane M, et al. Suppression of glioblastoma angiogenicity and tumorigenicity by inhibi-tion of endogenous expression of vascular endothelial growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:8502-7. (Pubitemid 26269588)
6. Brat DJ, Van Meir EG. Glomeruloid microvascular prolif-eration orchestrated by VPF/VEGF: a new world of angiogenesis research. Am J Pathol 2001;158:789-96. (Pubitemid 32221771)
7. Vajkoczy P, Menger MD. Vascular microenvironment in gliomas. J Neurooncol 2000;50:99-108. (Pubitemid 32166294)
8. Kargiotis O, Rao JS, Kyritsis AP. Mechanisms of angiogen-esis in gliomas. J Neurooncol 2006;78:281-93.
9. Dunn IF, Heese O, Black PM. Growth factors in glioma angiogenesis: FGFs, PDGF, EGF, and TGFs. J Neurooncol 2000;50:121-37. (Pubitemid 32169649)
10. Machein MR, Plate KH. VEGF in brain tumors. J Neuroon-col 2000;50:109-20. (Pubitemid 32166295)
11. Dvorak HF, Nagy JA, Feng D, et al. Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor and the signifi-cance of microvascular hyperpermeability in angiogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1999;237:97-132. (Pubitemid 28554861)
12. Senger DR, Van de Water L, Brown LF, et al. Vascular permeability factor (VPF, VEGF) in tumor biology. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1993;12:303-24. (Pubitemid 23293287)
13. Ashrafpour H, Huang N, Neligan PC, et al. Vasodilator effect and mechanism of action of vascular endothelial growth factor in skin vasculature. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004;286:H946-54. (Pubitemid 38248608)
14. Ku DD, Zaleski JK, Liu S, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor induces EDRF-dependent relaxation in coronary arteries. Am J Physiol 1993;265:H586-92. (Pubitemid 23273595)
15. Wei W, Chen ZW, Yang Q, et al. Vasorelaxation induced by vascular endothelial growth factor in the human internal mammary artery and radial artery. Vascul Pharmacol 2007;46:253-9. (Pubitemid 46124089)
16. Senger DR, Galli SJ, Dvorak AM, et al. Tumor cells secrete a vascular permeability factor that promotes accumulation of ascites fluid. Science 1983;219:983-5.
17. Plate KH, Breier G, Weich HA, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor is a potential tumour angiogenesis factor in human gliomas in vivo. Nature 1992;359:845-8.
18. Erdamar S, Bagci P, Oz B, et al. Correlation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and vascular endothelial growth factor expression with malignancy in patients with astrocytic tumors. J Buon 2006;11:213-16. (Pubitemid 44755703)
19. Forsythe JA, Jiang BH, Iyer NV, et al. Activation of vascular endothelial growth factor gene transcription by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Mol Cell Biol 1996;16:4604-13. (Pubitemid 26272112)
20. Kaur B, Khwaja FW, Severson EA, et al. Hypoxia and the hypoxia-inducible-factor pathway in glioma growth and angiogenesis. Neuro-oncol 2005;7:134-53. (Pubitemid 40590514)
21. Carlson MR, Pope WB, Horvath S, et al. Relationship between survival and edema in malignant gliomas: role of vascular endothelial growth factor and neuronal pentraxin 2. Clin Cancer Res 2007;13:2592-8. (Pubitemid 46788024)
22. Maiuri F, Del Basso De Caro ML, Iaconetta G, et al. Prognostic and survival-related factors in patients with well-differen-tiated oligodendrogliomas. Zentralbl Neurochir 2006;67:204-9. (Pubitemid 44951682)
23. Zhou YH, Hess KR, Liu L, et al. Modeling prognosis for patients with malignant astrocytic gliomas: quantifying the expression of multiple genetic markers and clinical vari-ables. Neuro Oncol 2005;7:485-94. (Pubitemid 41555620)
24. Zhou YH, Tan F, Hess KR, et al. The expression of PAX6, PTEN, vascular endothelial growth factor, and epidermal growth factor receptor in gliomas: relationship to tumor grade and survival. Clin Cancer Res 2003;9:3369-75. (Pubitemid 37082732)
25. Vick NA, Bigner DD. Microvascular abnormalities in virally-induced canine brain tumors. Structural bases for altered blood-brain barrier function. J Neurol Sci 1972;17: 29-39.
26. Waggener JD, Beggs JL. Vasculature of Neural Neoplasms. Adv Neurol 1976;15:27-49.
27. Hansen S, Grabau DA, Rose C, et al. Angiogenesis in breast cancer: a comparative study of the observer variability of methods for determining microvessel density. Lab Invest 1998;78:1563-73. (Pubitemid 29022232)
28. Hansen S, Sorensen FB, Vach W, et al. Microvessel density compared with the Chalkley count in a prognostic study of angiogenesis in breast cancer patients. Histopathology 2004;44:428-36. (Pubitemid 38725671)
29. Blasberg RG, Kobayashi T, Horowitz M, et al. Regional blood flow in ethylnitrosourea-induced brain tumors. Ann Neurol 1983;14:189-201. (Pubitemid 13030274)
30. Groothuis DR, Pasternak JF, Fischer JM, et al. Regional measurements of blood flow in experimental RG-2 rat gliomas. Cancer Res 1983;43:3362-7. (Pubitemid 13061598)
31. Vajkoczy P, Schilling L, Ullrich A, et al. Characterization of angiogenesis and microcirculation of high-grade glioma: an intravital multifluorescence microscopic approach in the athymic nude mouse. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1998;18: 510-20. (Pubitemid 28213535)
32. Dellian M, Witwer BP, Salehi HA, et al. Quantitation and physiological characterization of angiogenic vessels in mice: effect of basic fibroblast growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor, and host microenvironment. Am J Pathol 1996;149:59-71. (Pubitemid 26230979)
33. Yuan F, Salehi HA, Boucher Y, et al. Vascular permeability and microcirculation of gliomas and mammary carcinomas transplanted in rat and mouse cranial windows. Cancer Res 1994;54:4564-8. (Pubitemid 24276471)
34. Hardebo JE, Kahrstrom J, Salford LG. Lack of neural control and reactivity to vasoactive agents in malignant glioma arteries. J Neurosurg 1991;74:633-5.
35. Hatakeyama T, Kawai N, Nishiyama Y, et al. 11C-methionine (MET) and 18F-fluorothymidine (FLT) PET in patients with newly diagnosed glioma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2008;35:2009-17.
36. Bruehlmeier M, Roelcke U, Schubiger PA, et al. Assessment of hypoxia and perfusion in human brain tumors using PET with 18F-fluoromisonidazole and 15O-H2O. J Nucl Med 2004;45:1851-9. (Pubitemid 47618442)
37. Stadlbauer A, Prante O, Nimsky C, et al. Metabolic imaging of cerebral gliomas: spatial correlation of changes in O-(2-18F-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine PET and proton magnetic reso-nance spectroscopic imaging. J Nucl Med 2008;49:721-9. (Pubitemid 351717536)
38. Herholz K, Coope D, Jackson A. Metabolic and molecular imaging in neuro-oncology. Lancet Neurol 2007;6:711-24. (Pubitemid 47058386)
39. Kracht LW, Friese M, Herholz K, et al. Methyl-[11C]-l-methionine uptake as measured by positron emission tomography correlates to microvessel density in patients with glioma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2003;30:868-73. (Pubitemid 36734206)
40. Sadeghi N, Salmon I, Decaestecker C, et al. Stereotactic comparison among cerebral blood volume, methionine uptake, and histopathology in brain glioma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2007;28:455-61. (Pubitemid 46481882)
41. Sadeghi N, Salmon I, Tang BN, et al. Correlation between dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion MRI and methio-nine metabolism in brain gliomas: preliminary results. J Magn Reson Imaging 2006;24:989-94. (Pubitemid 44658234)
42. Sadeghi N, D'Haene N, Decaestecker C, et al. Apparent diffusion coefficient and cerebral blood volume in brain gliomas: relation to tumor cell density and tumor micro-vessel density based on stereotactic biopsies. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008;29:476-82. (Pubitemid 351424060)
43. Aronen HJ, Pardo FS, Kennedy DN, et al. High micro-vascular blood volume is associated with high glucose uptake and tumor angiogenesis in human gliomas. Clin Cancer Res 2000;6:2189-200. (Pubitemid 30399184)
44. Wyss MT, Hofer S, Hefti M, et al. Spatial heterogeneity of low-grade gliomas at the capillary level: a PET study on tumor blood flow and amino acid uptake. J Nucl Med 2007;48:1047-52. (Pubitemid 47052641)
45. Cox D, Aoki T, Seki J, et al. The pharmacology of the integrins. Med Res Rev 1994;14:195-228. (Pubitemid 24087948)
46. O'Reilly MS, Boehm T, Shing Y, et al. Endostatin: an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis and tumor growth. Cell 1997;88:277-85. (Pubitemid 28015876)
47. Buckley DL. Uncertainty in the analysis of tracer kinetics using dynamic contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MRI. Magn Reson Med 2002;47:601-6. (Pubitemid 34194016)
48. 2* and T1 weighted MRI data in intra-axial cerebral tumours. Br J Radiol 2007;80:161-8. (Pubitemid 47007806)
49. Lu H, Golay X, Pekar JJ, et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging based on changes in vascular space occupancy. Magn Reson Med 2003;50:263-74. (Pubitemid 36950845)
50. Lu H, van Zijl PC, Hendrikse J, et al. Multiple acquisitions with global inversion cycling (MAGIC): a multislice technique for vascular-space-occupancy dependent fMRI. Magn Reson Med 2004;51:9-15. (Pubitemid 38095696)
51. St Lawrence KS, Lee TY. An adiabatic approximation to the tissue homogeneity model for water exchange in the brain: II. Experimental validation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1998;18:1378-85. (Pubitemid 28559685)
52. Tofts PS, Brix G, Buckley DL, et al. Estimating kinetic parameters from dynamic contrast-enhanced T(1)-weighted MRI of a diffusible tracer: standardized quantities and symbols. J Magn Reson Imaging 1999;10:223-32. (Pubitemid 29463104)
53. Calamante F, Gadian DG, Connelly A. Delay and disper-sion effects in dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI: simula-tions using singular value decomposition. Magn Reson Med 2000;44:466-73.
54. Ostergaard L, Hochberg FH, Rabinov JD, et al. Early changes measured by magnetic resonance imaging in cerebral blood flow, blood volume, and blood-brain barrier permeability following dexamethasone treatment in patients with brain tumors. J Neurosurg 1999;90:300-5. (Pubitemid 29068132)
55. Thacker NA, Scott ML, Jackson A. Can dynamic suscept-ibility contrast magnetic resonance imaging perfusion data be analysed using a model based on directional flow? J Magn Reson Imaging 2003;17:241-55. (Pubitemid 36151013)
56. Kiselev VG, Strecker R, Ziyeh S, et al. Vessel size imaging in humans. Magn Reson Med 2005;53:553-63. (Pubitemid 40332275)
57. Howe FA, McPhail LD, Griffiths JR, et al. Vessel size index magnetic resonance imaging to monitor the effect of antivascular treatment in a rodent tumor model. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008;71:1470-6.
58. Valable S, Lemasson B, Farion R, et al. Assessment of blood volume, vessel size, and the expression of angiogenic factors in two rat glioma models: a longitudinal in vivo and ex vivo study. NMR Biomed 2008;21:1043-56.
59. Jackson A, Kassner A, Annesley-Williams D, et al. Abnormalities in the recirculation phase of contrast agent bolus passage in cerebral gliomas: comparison with relative blood volume and tumor grade. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002;23:7-14. (Pubitemid 34098254)
60. Cha S, Lupo JM, Chen MH, et al. Differentiation of glioblastoma multiforme and single brain metastasis by peak height and percentage of signal intensity recovery derived from dynamic susceptibility-weighted contrast-enhanced perfusion MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2007;28:1078-84. (Pubitemid 46984546)
61. Law M, Cha S, Knopp EA, et al. High-grade gliomas and solitary metastases: differentiation by using perfusion and proton spectroscopic MR imaging. Radiology 2002;222: 715-21. (Pubitemid 34215219)
62. Kremer S, Grand S, Berger F, et al. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI: differentiating melanoma and renal carci-noma metastases from high-grade astrocytomas and other metastases. Neuroradiology 2003;45:44-9. (Pubitemid 36700815)
63. Pollack IF, Lunsford LD, Flickinger JC, et al. Prognostic factors in the diagnosis and treatment of primary central nervous system lymphoma. Cancer 1989;63:939-47. (Pubitemid 19063206)
64. Sugahara T, Korogi Y, Shigematsu Y, et al. Perfusion-sensitive MRI of cerebral lymphomas: a preliminary report. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1999;23:232-7 (Pubitemid 29138499)
65. Cha S, Knopp EA, Johnson G, et al. Intracranial mass lesions: dynamic contrast-enhanced susceptibility-weighted echo-planar perfusion MR imaging. Radiology 2002;223:11-29. (Pubitemid 34258186)
66. Calli C, Kitis O, Yunten N, et al. Perfusion and diffusion MR imaging in enhancing malignant cerebral tumors. Eur J Radiol 2006;58:394-403. (Pubitemid 43729064)
67. Hartmann M, Heiland S, Harting I, et al. Distinguishing of primary cerebral lymphoma from high-grade glioma with perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Neurosci Lett 2003;338:119-22. (Pubitemid 36140152)
68. Liao W, Liu Y, Wang X, et al. Differentiation of primary central nervous system lymphoma and high-grade glioma with dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced perfusion magnetic resonance imaging. Acta Radiol 2008;1-9.
69. Sugahara T, Korogi Y, Shigematsu Y, et al. Value of dynamic susceptibility contrast magnetic resonance ima-ging in the evaluation of intracranial tumors. Top Magn Reson Imaging 1999;10:114-24. (Pubitemid 29510053)
70. 2* contrast-enhanced dynamic MR imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2000;11:575-85. (Pubitemid 30350299)
71. Maeda M, Itoh S, Kimura H, et al. Vascularity of meningiomas and neuromas: assessment with dynamic susceptibility-contrast MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1994;163:181-6. (Pubitemid 24225712)
72. Yrjana SK, Tuominen H, Karttunen A, et al. Low-field MR imaging of meningiomas including dynamic contrast enhancement study: evaluation of surgical and histopatholo-gic characteristics. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006;27:2128-34. (Pubitemid 44788643)
73. Cha S. Update on brain tumor imaging: from anatomy to physiology. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006;27:475-87 (Pubitemid 44897763)
74. Hakyemez B, Yildirim N, Erdogan C, et al. Meningiomas with conventional MRI findings resembling intraaxial tumors: can perfusion-weighted MRI be helpful in differ-entiation? Neuroradiology 2006;48:695-702. (Pubitemid 44490046)
75. Silva AC, Kim SG, Garwood M. Imaging blood flow in brain tumors using arterial spin labeling. Magn Reson Med 2000;44:169-73. (Pubitemid 30614774)
76. Kimura H, Takeuchi H, Koshimoto Y, et al. Perfusion imaging of meningioma by using continuous arterial spin-labeling: comparison with dynamic susceptibility-weighted contrast-enhanced MR images and histopathologic features. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006;27:85-93. (Pubitemid 46939891)
77. Warmuth C, Gunther M, Zimmer C. Quantification of blood flow in brain tumors: comparison of arterial spin labeling and dynamic susceptibility-weighted contrast-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 2003;228:523-32. (Pubitemid 36910097)
78. Yang S, Law M, Zagzag D, et al. Dynamic contrast-enhanced perfusion MR imaging measurements of endothelial perme-ability: differentiation between atypical and typical menin-giomas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol2003;24:1554-9. (Pubitemid 37151719)
79. Noguchi T, Yoshiura T, Hiwatashi A, et al. Perfusion imaging of brain tumors using arterial spin-labeling: correlation with histopathologic vascular density. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008;29:688-93. (Pubitemid 351571547)
80. Weber MA, Zoubaa S, Schlieter M, et al. Diagnostic performance of spectroscopic and perfusion MRI for distinction of brain tumors. Neurology 2006;66:1899-906. (Pubitemid 44049824)
81. Ludemann L, Grieger W, Wurm R, et al. Quantitative measurement of leakage volume and permeability in gliomas, meningiomas and brain metastases with dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. Magn Reson Imaging 2005;23: 833-41. (Pubitemid 41579025)
82. Erdogan C, Hakyemez B, Yildirim N, et al. Brain abscess and cystic brain tumor: discrimination with dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion-weighted MRI. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2005;29:663-7. (Pubitemid 41395783)
83. Holmes TM, Petrella JR, Provenzale JM Distinction between cerebral abscesses and high-grade neoplasms by dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004;183:1247-52. (Pubitemid 44210585)
84. Law M, Yang S, Babb JS, et al. Comparison of cerebral blood volume and vascular permeability from dynamic suscept-ibility contrast-enhanced perfusion MR imaging with glioma grade. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2004;25:746-55. (Pubitemid 38657655)
85. Bink A, Gaa J, Franz K, et al. Importance of diffusion-weighted imaging in the diagnosis of cystic brain tumors and intracerebral abscesses. Zentralbl Neurochir 2005;66: 119-25. (Pubitemid 41197112)
86. Mascalchi M, Filippi M, Floris R, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR of the brain: methodology and clinical application. Radiol Med (Torino) 2005;109:155-97.
87. Haris M, Gupta RK, Singh A, et al. Differentiation of infective from neoplastic brain lesions by dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. Neuroradiology 2008;50:531-40. (Pubitemid 351763583)
88. Liebsch R, Kornhuber ME, Dietl D, et al. Blood-CSF barrier integrity in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 1996;94: 404-10. (Pubitemid 27026424)
89. Su JJ, Osoegawa M, Matsuoka T, et al. Upregulation of vascular growth factors in multiple sclerosis: correlation with MRI findings. J Neurol Sci 2006;243:21-30.
90. Cha S, Pierce S, Knopp EA, et al. Dynamic contrast-enhanced T2*-weighted MR imaging of tumefactive demye-linating lesions. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2001;22:1109-16. (Pubitemid 32587424)
91. Whitmore RG, Krejza J, Kapoor GS, et al. Prediction of oligodendroglial tumor subtype and grade using perfusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosurg 2007; 107:600-9. (Pubitemid 47451045)
92. Law M, Yang S, Wang H, et al. Glioma grading: sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of perfusion MR imaging and proton MR spectroscopic imaging compared with conventional MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2003; 24:1989-98. (Pubitemid 37444849)
93. Shin JH, Lee HK, Kwun BD, et al. Using relative cerebral blood flow and volume to evaluate the histopathologic grade of cerebral gliomas: preliminary results. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002;179:783-9. (Pubitemid 34919600)
94. 2*-weighted MR imaging. Radiology 1999;211:791-8. (Pubitemid 29249482)
95. Ludemann L, Grieger W, Wurm R, et al. Comparison of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI with WHO tumor grading for gliomas. Eur Radiol 2001;11:1231-41. (Pubitemid 32755602)
96. Patankar TF, Haroon HA, Mills SJ, et al. Is volume transfer coefficient (K(trans)) related to histologic grade in human gliomas? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005;26:2455-65.
97. Law M, Young R, Babb J, et al. Comparing perfusion metrics obtained from a single compartment versus pharmacokinetic modeling methods using dynamic sus-ceptibility contrast-enhanced perfusion MR imaging with glioma grade. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006;27:1975-82. (Pubitemid 44556520)
98. Zonari P, Baraldi P, Crisi G. Multimodal MRI in the characterization of glial neoplasms: the combined role of single-voxel MR spectroscopy, diffusion imaging and echo-planar perfusion imaging. Neuroradiology 2007;49:795-803. (Pubitemid 47497767)
99. Emblem KE, Scheie D, Due-Tonnessen P, et al. Histogram analysis of MR imaging-derived cerebral blood volume maps: combined glioma grading and identification of low-grade oligodendroglial subtypes. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008;29:1664-70.
100. Young R, Babb J, Law M, et al. Comparison of region-of-interest analysis with three different histogram analysis methods in the determination of perfusion metrics in patients with brain gliomas. J Magn Reson Imaging 2007;26:1053-63. (Pubitemid 47548167)
101. Law M, Young R, Babb J, et al. Histogram analysis versus region of interest analysis of dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion MR imaging data in the grading of cerebral gliomas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2007;28:761-6. (Pubitemid 46608621)
102. Lu H, Pollack E, Young R, et al. Predicting grade of cerebral glioma using vascular-space occupancy MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008;29:373-8. (Pubitemid 351287899)
103. Cha S, Tihan T, Crawford F, et al. Differentiation of low-grade oligodendrogliomas from low-grade astrocytomas by using quantitative blood-volume measurements derived from dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced MR im-aging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol2005;26:266-73.
104. Spampinato MV, Smith JK, Kwock L, et al. Cerebral blood volume measurements and proton MR spectroscopy in grading of oligodendroglial tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007;188:204-12. (Pubitemid 46012510)
105. Ellika SK, Jain R, Patel SC, et al. Role of perfusion CT in glioma grading and comparison with conventional MR imaging features. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol2007;28:1981-7. (Pubitemid 350174746)
106. Jain R, Ellika SK, Scarpace L, et al. Quantitative estimation of permeability surface-area product in astroglial brain tumors using perfusion CT and correlation with histo-pathologic grade. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008;29: 694-700. (Pubitemid 351571548)
107. Bulakbasi N, Kocaoglu M, Farzaliyev A, et al. Assessment of diagnostic accuracy of perfusion MR imaging in primary and metastatic solitary malignant brain tumors. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005;26:2187-99.
108. Cairncross JG, Ueki K, Zlatescu MC, et al. Specific genetic predictors of chemotherapeutic response and survival in patients with anaplastic oligodendrogliomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998;90:1473-9. (Pubitemid 28482012)
109. Jenkinson MD, Smith TS, Joyce KA, et al. Cerebral blood volume, genotype and chemosensitivity in oligodendro-glial tumours. Neuroradiology 2006;48:703-13. (Pubitemid 44490047)
110. Law M, Brodsky JE, Babb J, et al. High cerebral blood volume in human gliomas predicts deletion of chromo-some 1p: Preliminary results of molecular studies in gliomas with elevated perfusion. J Magn Reson Imaging 2007;25:1113-19. (Pubitemid 46870266)
111. Grosu AL, Souvatzoglou M, Roper B, et al. Hypoxia imaging with FAZA-PET and theoretical considerations with regard to dose painting for individualization of radiotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007;69:541-51. (Pubitemid 47380112)
112. Grosu AL, Weber WA, Astner ST, et al. 11C-methionine PET improves the target volume delineation of meningio-mas treated with stereotactic fractionated radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006;66:339-44. (Pubitemid 44332720)
113. Grosu AL, Weber WA, Franz M, et al. Reirradiation of recurrent high-grade gliomas using amino acid PET (SPECT)/CT/MRI image fusion to determine gross tumor volume for stereotactic fractionated radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005;63:511-19. (Pubitemid 41317169)
114. Di Costanzo A, Scarabino T, Trojsi F, et al. Multiparametric 3T MR approach to the assessment of cerebral gliomas: tumor extent and malignancy. Neuroradiology 2006;48: 622-31. (Pubitemid 44355772)
115. Danchaivijitr N, Waldman AD, Tozer DJ, et al. Low-grade gliomas: do changes in rCBV measurements at longitudinal perfusion-weighted MR imaging predict malignant trans-formation? Radiology 2008;247:170-8.
116. Siegal T, Rubinstein R, Tzuk-Shina T, et al. Utility of relative cerebral blood volume mapping derived from perfusion magnetic resonance imaging in the routine follow up of brain tumors. J Neurosurg 1997;86:22-7. (Pubitemid 27009970)
117. Law M, Oh S, Babb JS, et al. Low-grade gliomas: dynamic susceptibility-weighted contrast-enhanced perfusion MR imaging\prediction of patient clinical response. Radiology 2006;238:658-67. (Pubitemid 43134379)
118. Law M, Young RJ, Babb JS, et al. Gliomas: predicting time to progression or survival with cerebral blood volume measurements at dynamic susceptibility-weighted con-trast-enhanced perfusion MR imaging. Radiology 2008; 247:490-8.
119. Leimgruber A, Ostermann S, Yeon EJ, et al. Perfusion and diffusion MRI of glioblastoma progression in a four-year prospective temozolomide clinical trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006;64:869-75. (Pubitemid 43183587)
120. Li KL, Zhu XP, Checkley DR, et al. Simultaneous mapping of blood volume and endothelial permeability surface area product in gliomas using iterative analysis of first-pass dynamic contrast enhanced MRI data. Br J Radiol 2003; 76:39-50. (Pubitemid 36236298)
121. Mills SJ, Patankar TA, Haroon HA, et al. Do cerebral blood volume and contrast transfer coefficient predict prognosis in human glioma? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006;27:853-8. (Pubitemid 44897736)
122. De Witte O, Oulad Ben Taib N, Branle F, et al. Contribution of PET to the management of patients with low-grade glioma. Neurochirurgie 2004;50:468-73. [In French]. (Pubitemid 39387230)
123. de Wit MC, de Bruin HG, Eijkenboom W, et al. Immediate post-radiotherapy changes in malignant glioma can mimic tumor progression. Neurology 2004;63:535-7 (Pubitemid 39031388)
124. Taal W, Brandsma D, de Bruin HG, et al. Incidence of early pseudo-progression in a cohort of malignant glioma patients treated with chemoirradiation with temozolo-mide. Cancer 2008;113:405-10.
125. Brandes AA, Franceschi E, Tosoni A, et al. MGMT promoter methylation status can predict the incidence and outcome of pseudoprogression after concomitant radiochemotherapy in newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:2192-7.
126. Chamberlain MC, Glantz MJ, Chalmers L, et al. Early necrosis following concurrent Temodar and radiotherapy in patients with glioblastoma. J Neurooncol 2007;82:81-3.
127. Schwartz RB, Carvalho PA, Alexander E, 3rd, et al. Radiation necrosis vs high-grade recurrent glioma: dif-ferentiation by using dual-isotope SPECT with 201TI and 99mTc-HMPAO. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1991;12: 1187-92.
128. Turner CD, Chi S, Marcus KJ, et al. Phase II study of thalidomide and radiation in children with newly diag-nosed brain stem gliomas and glioblastoma multiforme. J Neurooncol 2007;82:95-101.
129. Sugahara T, Korogi Y, Tomiguchi S, et al. Posttherapeutic intraaxial brain tumor: the value of perfusion-sensitive contrast-enhanced MR imaging for differentiating tumor recurrence from nonneoplastic contrast-enhancing tissue. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21:901-9. (Pubitemid 30262837)
130. Rock JP, Hearshen D, Scarpace L, et al. Correlations between magnetic resonance spectroscopy and image-guided histopathology, with special attention to radiation necrosis. Neurosurgery 2002;51:912-9; discussion 919-20.
131. Rock JP, Scarpace L, Hearshen D, et al. Associations among magnetic resonance spectroscopy, apparent diffu-sion coefficients, and image-guided histopathology with special attention to radiation necrosis. Neurosurgery 2004;54:1111-7; discussion 1117-19.
132. Chan YL, Yeung DK, Leung SF, et al. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in radiation-induced cerebral necrosis. Apparent diffusion coefficient in lesion compo-nents. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2003;27:674-80. (Pubitemid 37087735)
133. Hein PA, Eskey CJ, Dunn JF, et al. Diffusion-weighted imaging in the follow-up of treated high-grade gliomas: tumor recurrence versus radiation injury. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2004;25:201-9. (Pubitemid 38235296)
134. Zeng QS, Li CF, Liu H, et al. Distinction between recurrent glioma and radiation injury using magnetic resonance spectroscopy in combination with diffusion-weighted imaging. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007;68:151-8. (Pubitemid 46589825)
135. Ricci PE, Karis JP, Heiserman JE, et al. Differentiating recurrent tumor from radiation necrosis: time for re-evaluation of positron emission tomography? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1998;19:407-13. (Pubitemid 30422740)
136. Jain R, Scarpace L, Ellika S, et al. First-pass perfusion computed tomography: initial experience in differentiating recurrent brain tumors from radiation effects and radiation necrosis. Neurosurgery 2007;61:778-86; discussion 786-7. (Pubitemid 350073285)
137. Hu L, Baxter L, Smith K, et al. Relative Cerebral Blood Volume Values to Differentiate High-grade glioma recur-rence from posttreatment radiation effect: direct correlation between image-guided tissue histopathology and localized dynamic susceptibility-weighted contrast-enhanced perfu-sion MR imaging measurements. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2009;30:552-8.
138. Cao Y, Tsien CI, Nagesh V, et al. Survival prediction in high-grade gliomas by MRI perfusion before and during early stage of RT [corrected]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006;64:876-85. (Pubitemid 43183588)
139. Essig M, Waschkies M, Wenz F, et al. Assessment of brain metastases with dynamic susceptibility-weighted contrast-enhanced MR imaging: initial results. Radiology 2003; 228:193-9. (Pubitemid 36736090)
140. Lee MC, Cha S, Chang SM, et al. Dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion imaging of radiation effects in normal-appearing brain tissue: changes in the first-pass and recirculation phases. J Magn Reson Imaging 2005;21:683-93. (Pubitemid 40770859)
141. Fuss M, Wenz F, Scholdei R, et al. Radiation-induced regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) changes in normal brain and low-grade astrocytomas: quantification and time and dose-dependent occurrence. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000;48:53-8. (Pubitemid 30488212)
142. Price SJ, Jena R, Green HA, et al. Early radiotherapy dose response and lack of hypersensitivity effect in normal brain tissue: a sequential dynamic susceptibility imaging study of cerebral perfusion. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2007;19:577-87. (Pubitemid 47315500)
143. Cao Y, Tsien CI, Shen Z, et al. Use of magnetic resonance imaging to assess blood-brain/blood-glioma barrier open-ing during conformal radiotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2005;23: 4127-36. (Pubitemid 46211318)
144. Behrens PF, Ostertag CB, Warnke PC Regional cerebral blood flow in peritumoral brain edema during dexametha-sone treatment: a xenon-enhanced computed tomographic study. Neurosurgery 1998;43:235-40; discussion 240-1.
145. Bastin ME, Carpenter TK, Armitage PA, et al. Effects of dexamethasone on cerebral perfusion and water diffusion in patients with high-grade glioma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006;27:402-8. (Pubitemid 44897851)
146. Jager HR, Waldman AD, Benton C, et al. Differential chemosensitivity of tumor components in a malignant oligodendroglioma: assessment with diffusion-weighted, perfusion-weighted, and serial volumetric MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005;26:274-8. (Pubitemid 43073304)
147. Folkman J. Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implications. N Engl J Med 1971;285:1182-6.
148. Folkman J. Angiogenesis: an organizing principle for drug discovery? Nat Rev Drug Discov 2007;6:273-86. (Pubitemid 46505878)
149. Carmeliet P, Jain RK. Angiogenesis in cancer and other diseases. Nature 2000;407:249-57.
150. O'Connor JP, Jackson A, Parker GJ, et al. DCE-MRI biomarkers in the clinical evaluation of antiangiogenic and vascular disrupting agents. Br J Cancer 2007;96: 189-95. (Pubitemid 46160619)
151. Vredenburgh JJ, Desjardins A, Herndon JE, 2nd, et al. Phase II trial of bevacizumab and irinotecan in recurrent malignant glioma. Clin Cancer Res 2007;13:1253-9. (Pubitemid 46424067)
152. Sathornsumetee S, Cao Y, Marcello JE, et al. Tumor angio-genic and hypoxic profiles predict radiographic response and survival in malignant astrocytoma patients treated with bevacizumab and irinotecan. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:271-8.
153. Gossmann A, Helbich TH, Kuriyama N, et al. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging as a surrogate marker of tumor response to anti-angiogenic therapy in a xenograft model of glioblastoma multiforme. J Magn Reson Imaging 2002;15:233-40. (Pubitemid 34195118)
154. 2-weighted MR imaging of recurrent malignant gliomas treated with thalidomide and carboplatin. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21:881-90. (Pubitemid 30262835)
155. Akella NS, Twieg DB, Mikkelsen T, et al. Assessment of brain tumor angiogenesis inhibitors using perfusion magnetic resonance imaging: quality and analysis results of a phase I trial. J Magn Reson Imaging 2004;20:913-22. (Pubitemid 39577891)
156. Nabors LB, Mikkelsen T, Rosenfeld SS, et al. Phase I and correlative biology study of cilengitide in patients with recurrent malignant glioma. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:1651-7 (Pubitemid 46797943)
157. Batchelor TT, Sorensen AG, di Tomaso E, et al. AZD2171, a pan-VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, normalizes tumor vasculature and alleviates edema in glioblastoma patients. Cancer Cell 2007;11:83-95. (Pubitemid 46075199)
158. Schnell O, Krebs B, Carlsen J, Miederer L, Goetz C, Goldbrunner RH, et al. Imaging of integrin alpha(v)beta(3) expression in patients with malignant glioma by [18F] Galacto-RGD positron emission tomography. Neuro Oncol 2009;11:861-70.
159. Jain RK, di Tomaso E, Duda DG, Loeffler JS, Sorensen AG, Batchelor TT. Angiogenesis in brain tumours. Nat Rev Neurosci 2007;8:610-22. (Pubitemid 47093931)
160. O'Connor JP, Naish JH, Parker GJ, Waterton JC, Watson Y, Jayson GC, et al. Preliminary study of oxygen-enhanced longitudinal relaxation in MRI: a potential novel biomar-ker of oxygenation changes in solid tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009;75:1209-15.