Breeding for Dual-Purpose Hard White Wheat in the United States: Noodles and Pan Bread

Asian Noodles: Science, Technology, and Processing

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 25-55

  Carter, Arron H ^a   Walker, Carl A ^a   Kidwell, Kimberlee K ^b  

^a WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Department of Statistics   (United States)

Author keywords

Breeding for dual purpose hard white (HW) wheat in the United States noodles and pan bread; Cultivar release selection large scale end use quality tests; Seed traits and quality traits HW wheat, end use quality and superior agronomic performance, being commercially viable

Indexed keywords

EID: 84867099952     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470634370.ch2     Document Type: Chapter

References (112)

1. AACC International 2000. Approved Methods of the American Association of Cereal Chemists, 10th ed. American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, MN, USA.
2. Akashi, H., Takahashi, M., and Endo, S. 1999. Evaluation of starch properties of wheats used for Chinese yellow-alkaline noodles in Japan. Cereal Chem. 76:50-55.
3. Allard, R. W. 1960. Principles of Plant Breeding. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ.
4. Allard, R. W. 1999. Principles of Plant Breeding, 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ.
5. Anderson, J. A. Sorrells, M. E., and Tanksley, S. D. 1993. RFLP analysis of genomic regions associated with resistance to preharvest sprouting in wheat. Crop Sci. 33:453-459.
6. Anderson, J. V. and Morris, C. F. 2001. An improved whole-seed assay for screening wheat germplasm for polyphenol oxidase activity. Crop Sci. 41:1697-1705.
7. Avivi, L. 1978. High protein content in wild tetraploid Triticum dicoccoides Korn. In: S. Ramunujam (ed.), Proceedings of the 5th International Wheat Genetics Symposium. Indian Society of Genetics, and Plant Breeding (ISGPB), New Delhi, India, pp. 372-380.
8. Baik, B.-K., Czuchajowska, Z., and Pomeranz, Y. 1994a. Comparison of polyphenol oxidase in wheats, and flours from Australian, and U.S. cultivars. J. Cereal Sci. 19:291-296.
9. Baik, B.-K., Czuchajowska, Z., and Pomeranz, Y. 1994b. Role, and contribution of starch, and protein contents, and quality to texture profile analysis of Oriental noodles. Cereal Chem. 71:315-320.
10. Baik, B.-K., Czuchajowska, Z., and Pomeranz, Y. 1995. Discoloration of dough for Oriental noodles. Cereal Chem. 72:198-205.
11. Bass, E. J. 1988. Wheat flour milling. In: Y. Pomeranz (ed.), Wheat Chemistry, and Technology. American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, MN, USA, pp. 1-68.
12. Batey, I. L., Curtin, B. M., and Moore, S. A. 1997. Optimization of Rapid-Visco Analyzer test conditions for predicting Asian noodle quality. Cereal Chem. 74:497-501.
13. Bernardo, R. 2002. Breeding for Quantitative Traits in Plants, Stemma Press,Woodbury, MN, USA.
14. Bettge, A. D.,Morris, C. F., and Greenblatt, G. A. 1995. Assessing genotypic softness in single wheat kernels using starch granule-associated friabilin as a biochemical marker. Euphytica 86:65-72.
15. Bhatt, G. M. 1973. Comparison of various methods of selection parents for hybridization in common bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Australian J. Agric. Res. 24:457-464.
16. Boland, M., and Dhuyvetter, K. C. 2002. Economic issues with milling hard white wheat. Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
17. Briggle, L. W., and Curtis, B. C. 1987. Worldwide wheat. In: E. G. Heyne (ed.), Wheat, and Wheat Improvement, Agronomy Monograph 13. ASA/CSSA/SSSA, Madison, WI, USA, pp. 1-31.
18. Briney, A., Wilson, R., Potter, R. H., Barclay, I., Crosbie, G., Appels, R., and Jones, M. G. K. 1998. A PCR-based marker for selection of starch, and potential noodle quality in wheat. Mol. Breeding 4:427-433.
19. Carter,A., Blahnik, A.,Koenig, R., Shelton, G., DeMacon,V., and Kidwell, K. 2007. Assessing the impact of early senescence on grain protein content in spring wheat varieties (Triticum aestivum L.). Agronomy Abstracts. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, USA.
20. Carter, B. P., Morris, C. F., and, Anderson, J. A. 1999. Optimizing the SDS sedimentation test for end-use quality selection in a soft white, and club wheat breeding program. Cereal Chem. 76:907-911.
21. Chao, S., Sharp, P. J., Worland, A. J., Warham, E. J., Koebner, R. M. D., and Gale, M. D. 1989. RFLP-based genetic maps of wheat homoeologous group 7 chromosomes. Theor. Appl. Genetics 78:495-504.
22. Crosbie, G. B. 1991. The relationship between starch swelling properties, paste viscosity, and boiled noodle quality in wheat flours. J. Cereal Sci. 13:145-150.
23. Crosbie, G. B., Solah, V. A., Chiu, P., and Lambe, W. J. 1996. Selecting for improved colour stability in noodles. In: C. W. Wrigley (ed.), Proceedings of the 46th Australian Cereal Chemistry Conference. Royal Australian Chemistry Institute, Sydney, North Melbourne, VIC, Australia, pp. 120-122.
24. Crosbie, G. B., Ross, A. S., Moro, T., and Chiu, P. C. 1999. Starch, and protein quality requirements of Japanese alkaline noodles (Ramen). Cereal Chem. 76:328-334.
25. Davies, J., and Berzonsky,W. A. 2003. Evaluation of spring wheat quality traits, and genotypes for production of Cantonese Asian noodles. Crop Sci. 43:1313-1319.
26. Delwiche, S. R. 1995. Single wheat kernel analysis by near-infrared transmittance: protein content. Cereal Chem. 72:11-16.
27. DePauw, R.M., and Townley-Smith, T. F. 1988. Patterns of response for genotypes, grain yield, and protein content in seven environments. In: T. E. Miller, and R. M. D. Koebner (eds.), Proceedings of the 7th International Wheat Genetics Symposium. Institute of Plant Science Research, Cambridge, UK.
28. Derera, N. F. 1989. Preharvest field sprouting in cereals. N. F. Derera (ed.), CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 1-184.
29. Dexter, J. E., Preston, K. R., Matsuo, R. R., and Tipples, K. H. 1984. Development of a high extraction flow for the GRL PilotMill to evaluate Canadian wheat potential for the Chinese market. Can. Institute Food Sci. Technol. 14:253-259.
30. Eckert, B., Amend, T., and Belitz, H. D. 1993. The course of the SDS, and Zeleny sedimentation tests for gluten quality, and related phenomena studies using the light microscope. Z. Lebensm Unters Forsch. 196:122-125.
31. Epstein, J., Morris, C. F., and Huber, K. C. 2002. Instrumental texture of white salted noodles prepared from recombinant inbred lines of wheat differing in the three granule bound starch synthase (waxy) genes. J. Cereal Sci. 35:51-63.
32. Entz, M. H., and Fowler, D. B. 1991. Agronomic performance of winter versus spring wheat. Agronomy J. 83:527-532.
33. Faridi,H. 1988. Flat breads. In:Y. Pomeranz (ed.), WheatChemistry, and Technology.American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, MN, USA, pp. 457-506.
34. Finney, K. F. 1945. Methods of estimating, and the effect of variety, and protein level on the baking absorption of flour. Cereal Chem. 22:149-158.
35. Finney, K. F., and Barmore, M. A. 1945. Optimum vs. fixed mixing time at various potassium bromate levels in experimental bread baking. Cereal Chem. 22:244-254.
36. Finney, K. F., Yamazaki, W. T., Youngs, V. L., and Rubenthaler, G. L. 1987. Quality of hard, soft, and durum wheat. In: E. G. Heyne (ed.), Wheat, and Wheat Improvement. ASA/CSSA/SSSA, Madison, WI, USA, pp. 677-748.
37. Fowler, D. B. 2003. Crop nitrogen demand, and grain protein concentration of spring, and winter wheat. Agronomy J. 95:260-265.
38. Fu, D., Szucs, P., Yan, L., Hulguera, M., Skinner, J. S., von Zitzewitz, J., Hayes, P. M., and Dubcovsky, J. 2005. Large deletions in the first intron in VRN-1 are associated with spring growth habit in barley, and wheat. Mol. Genetics Genomics 273:54-65.
39. Gauer, L. E., Grant, C. A., Gehl, D. T., and Bailey, L. D. 1992. Effects of nitrogen fertilization on grain protein content, nitrogen uptake, and nitrogen use efficiency. in six spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, in relation to estimated moisture supply. Can. J. Plant Sci. 72:235-541.
40. Geera, B. P., Nelson, J. E., Souza, E., and Huber, K. C. 2006. Granule bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) gene effects related to soft wheat flour/starch characteristics, and properties. Cereal Chem. 83:544-550.
41. Groos, C., Gay, G., Perretant, M.-R., Gervais, L., Bernard, M., Dedryver, F., and Charmet, G. 2002. Study of the relationship between pre-harvest sprouting, and grain color by quantitative trait loc analysis in awhite×red grain bread-wheat cross. Theor. Appl.Genetics 104:39-47.
42. Hagemann, M. G., and Chia, A. J. 1987. Environmental x genotype effects on seed dormancy, and after-ripening in wheat. Agron. J. 79:192-196.
43. Hatcher, D.W., and Kruger, J. E. 1993. Distribution of polyphenol oxidase in flour millstreams of Canadian common wheat classes milled to three extraction rates. Cereal Chem. 70:51-55.
44. Heslop-Harrison, J. S. 2002. Exploiting novel germplasm. Australian J. Agric. Res. 53:873- 879.
45. Hou, G. 2001. Oriental noodles. Adv. Food Nutr. Res. 43:143-193.
46. Hou, G. 2007. Asian Products Collaborative Project Report. Wheat MarketingCenter, Portland, OR, USA.
47. Huang, S., and Morrison, W. R. 1988. Aspects of proteins in Chinese, and British common (hexaploid) wheats related to quality of white, and yellow Chinese noodles. J. Cereal Sci. 8:177-187.
48. Hurry, V.M., and Huner, N. P. A. 1991. Low growth temperature affects a differential inhibition of photosynthesis in spring, and winter wheat. Plant Physiol. 96:491-497.
49. Imtiaz, M., Ogbonnaya, F. C., Oman, J., and van Ginkel, M. 2008. Characterization of quantitative trait loci controlling genetic variation for preharvest sprouting in synthetic backcrossderived wheat lines. Genetics 178:1725-1736.
50. Jeffers, H. C., and Rubenthaler, G. L. 1979. Effect of roll temperature on flour yield with the Brabender Quadrumat experimental mills. Cereal Chem. 54:1018-1025.
51. Jimenez, M., and Dubcovsky, J. 1999. Chromosome location of genes affecting polyphenol oxidase activity in seeds of common, and durum wheat. Plant Breeding 118:395-398.
52. Joppa, L. R., Du, C., Hart, G. E., and Hareland, G. A. 1997. Mapping a QTL for grain protein in tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) using a population of recombinant inbred chromosome lines. Crop Sci. 37:1586-1589.
53. Kade,M. A., Barneix, J., Olmos, S., and Dubcovsky, J. 2005. Nitrogen uptake, and remobilization in tetraploid Langdon durum wheat, and a recombinant substitution line with the high grain protein gene Gpc-B1. Plant Breeding 124:343-349.
54. Kansas State University. 2001. Hard White Wheat Color Standard. Available at http//www.oznet.edu/prwrc/newbrief%203.htm (accessed October 19, 2007).
55. Kidwell, K. K., DeMacon, V. L., Shelton, G. B., Burns, J. W., Carter, B. P., Morris, C. F., Chen, X. M., and Bosque-Pérez, N. A. 2003. Registration of "Macon" wheat. Crop Sci. 43:1561-1563.
56. Kidwell, K. K., DeMacon, V. L., Shelton, G. B., Burns, J. W., Carter, B. P., Chen, X. M., Morris, C. F., and Bosque-Pérez, N. A. 2006. Registration of "Otis" wheat. Crop Sci. 46:1386-1387.
57. Konik, C. M., Miskelly, D. M., and Gras, P. W. 1992. Contribution of starch, and non-starch parameters to the eating quality of Japanese white salted noodles. J. Sci. Food Agric. 58:403-406.
58. Konik, C. M., Miskelly, D. M., and Gras, P. W. 1993. Starch swelling power, grain hardness, and protein: relationship to sensory properties of Japanese noodles. Starch 45:139-144.
59. Konik, C. M., Mikkelsen, L.M., Moss, R., and Gore, P. J. 1994. Relationships between physical starch properties, and yellow alkaline noodle quality. Starch 46:292-299.
60. Kruger, J. E. 1996. Noodle quality-what can we learn from the chemistry of breadmaking? In:J. E. Kruger, R. B. Matsuo, and J.W. Dick (eds.), Pasta, and Noodle Technology. American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, MN, USA, pp. 157-167.
61. Kuchel, H., Langridge, P., Mosionek, L., Williams, K., and Jefferies, S. P. 2006. The genetic control of milling yield, dough rheology, and baking quality of wheat. Theor. Appl. Genetics 112:1487-1495.
62. Kulwal, P. L., Kumar, N., Gaur, A., Khurana, P., Khurana, J. P., Tyagi, A. K., Balyan, H. S., and Gupta, P. K. 2005. Mapping of a major QTL for pre-harvest sprouting tolerance on chromosome 3A in bread wheat. Thero. Appl. Genetics 111:1052-1059.
63. Kuraparthy, V., Sood, S., and Gill, B. S. 2008. Targeted genomic mapping of a red seed color gene (R-A1) in wheat. Crop Sci. 48:S37-S48.
64. Lang, C. E., Lanning, S. P., Carlson, G. R., Kushnak, G. D., Bruckner, P. L., and Talbert, L. E. 1998. Relationship between baking, and noodle quality in hard white spring wheat. Crop Sci. 38:823-827.
65. Law, C. N., Young, C. F., Brown, J. W. S., Snape, J. W., and Worland, J. W. 1978. The study of grain protein control in wheat using whole chromosome substitution lines. In: Seed Protein Improvement by Nuclear Techniques. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, pp. 483-502.
66. Lyford, C. P., Kidd, W., Rayas-Duarte, P., and Deyoe, C. 2004. Prediction of flour extraction rate in hard red winter wheat using the single kernel characterization. J. Food Quality 28:279-288.
67. Manley, D. J. R. 2000. Technology of Biscuits, Crackers, and Cookies. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK.
68. Mansur, L. M., Qualset, C. O., Kasarda, D. D., and Morris, R. 1990. Effects of "Cheyenne" chromosomes on milling, and baking quality in "Chinese spring" wheat in relation to glutenin, and gliadin storage proteins. Crop Sci. 30:593-602.
69. Mares, D. J. 1987. Pre-harvest sprouting tolerance in white-grained wheat. In: S. J. Mares (ed.), Fourth international symposium on preharvest sprouting in cereals. Westview Press, Boulder, CO, USA, pp. 64-74.
70. Marsh, D. R., and Galliard, T. 1986. Measurement of polyphenol oxidase activity in wheatmilling fractions. J. Cereal Sci. 4:241-248.
71. Matus-Cádiz, M. A., Hucl, P., Perron, C. E., and Tyler, R. T. 2003. Genotype × environment interaction for grain color in hard white spring wheat. Crop Sci. 4:219-226.
72. Matuz, J. 1998. Inheritance of SDS sedimentation volume of flour in crosses of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Cereal Res. Commun. 26:203-210.
73. McCaig, T. N., and DePauw, R. M. 1992. Breeding for preharvest sprouting tolerance in wheat-seed-coat spring wheat. Crop Sci. 32:19-23.
74. McCallum, J. A., and Walker, J. R. L. 1990. O-diphenol oxidase activity, phenolic content, and colour of New Zealand wheats, flours, and milling streams. J. Cereal Sci. 12:83-96.
75. McLauchlan, A., Ogbonnaya, F. C., Holliingsworth, B., Carter, M., Gale, K. R., Henry, R. J., Holton, T. A., Morell, M. K., Rampling, L. R., Sharp, P. J., Shariflou, M. R., Jones, M. G. K., and Appels, R. 2001. Development of robust PCR-based DNA markers for each homoeo-allele of granule-bound starch synthase, and their application in wheat breeding programs. Australian J. Agric. Res. 52:1419-1416.
76. Mesfin, A., Frohberg, R. C., and, Anderson, J. A. 1999. RFLP markers associated with high grain protein from Triticum turgidum L. var. dicoccoides introgressed into hard red spring wheat. Crop Sci. 39:508-513.
77. Miskelly, D. M. 1996. The use of alkali for noodle processing. In: J. E. Kruger, R. B. Matsuo, and J. W. Dick (eds.), Pasta, and Noodle Technology. American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, MN, USA, pp. 227-273.
78. Miskelly, D. M., and Moss, H. J. 1985. Flour quality requirements for Chinese noodle manufacture. J. Cereal Sci. 3:379-387.
79. Morris, C. F. 2002. Puroindolines: the molecular genetic basis of wheat grain hardness. Plant Mol. Biol. 48:633-647.
80. Moss, H. J. 1980. The pasting properties of some wheat starches free of sprout damage. Cereal Res. Commun. 8:297-302.
81. Murai, J., Taira, T., and Ohta, D. 1999. Isolation, and characterization of the three Waxy genes encoding the granule-bound starch synthase in hexaploid wheat. Gene 234:71-79.
82. Nakamura, T., Yamamori, M., Hirano, H., Hidaka, S., and Nagamine, T. 1995. Production of waxy (amylose-free) wheats. Mol. Gen. Genetics 248:253-259.
83. Nieto-Taladrix, M. T., Perretant, M. R., and Rousset, M. 1994. Effect of gliadins, and HMW, andLMWsubunits of glutenin on dough properties in the F6 recombinant inbred lines from a bread wheat cross. Theor. Appl. Genetics 88:81-88.
84. O'Brien, L., and Panozzo, J. F. 1988. Breeding strategies for the simultaneous improvement of grain yield, and protein content. In: T. E. Miller, and R. M. D. Koebner (ed.), Proceedings of the 7th International Wheat Genetics Symposium. Institute of Plant Science Research, Cambridge, UK.
85. Oda, M., Yasuda, Y., Okazaki, S., Yamauchi Y., and Yokoyama, Y. 1980. A method of flour quality assessment for Japanese noodles. Cereal Chem. 57:253-254.
86. Olmos, S., Distelfeld, A., Chicaiza, O., Schlatter, A. R., Fahima, T., Echenique, V., and Dubcovsky, J. 2003. Precise mapping of a locus affecting grain protein content in durum wheat. Theor. Appl. Genetics 107:1243-1251.
87. Payne, P. I., Holt, L. M., Jackson, E. A., and Law, C. N. 1984. Wheat storage proteins: their genetics, and their potential for manipulation in plant breeding. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London B 304:359-371.
88. Peña, R. J., and Pfeiffer, W. H. 2005. Breeding methodologies, and strategies for durum wheat quality improvement. In: Durum Wheat Breeding. The Hawthorne Press, New York, NY, USA, pp. 663-702.
89. Raman, R., Raman, H., Johnstone, K., Lisle, C., Smith, A., Matin, P., and Allen, H. 2005. Genetic, and in silico comparative mapping of the polyphenol oxidase gene in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Functional Integrative Genomics 5:185-200.
90. Ross, A. S. 2006. Instrumental measurement of physical properties of cooked Asian wheat flour noodles. Cereal Chem. 83:42-51.
91. Seib, P. A., Liang, X., Guan, Y. T., Liang, Y. T., and Yang, H. C. 2000. Comparison of Asian noodles from some hard white, and hard red wheat flours. Cereal Chem. 77:816-822.
92. Simpson, G. M. 1990. Seed Dormancy in Grasses. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
93. Sleper, D. A., and Poehlman, J. M. 2006. Breeding self-pollinated crops. In: Breeding Field Crops, 5th edition. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, IA, USA, pp. 137-154.
94. Souza, E. J., Martin, J. M., Guttieri, M. J., O'Brien, K. M., Habernicht, D. K., Lanning, S. P., McLean, R., Carlson, G. R., and Talbert, L. E. 2004. Influence of genotype, environment, and nitrogen management on spring wheat quality. Crop Sci. 44:425-432.
95. Tanaka, Y., Miura, H., Fukushima,M., Ito, M., Nishio, Z., Kim, S.-J., Hashimoto, N., Noda, T., Takigawa, S., Matsuura-Endo, C., and Yamauchi, H. 2006. Physical properties of yellow alkaline noodles from near-isogenicwheat lines with differentWx protein deficiency. Starch 58:186-195.
96. Tanksley, S. D., and Nelson, J. C. 1996. Advanced backcross QTL analysis: a method for the simultaneous discovery, and transfer of valuable QTLs form unadapted germplasm into elite breeding lines. Theor. Appl. Genetics 92:191-203.
97. Uauy, C., Brevis, J. C., and Dubcovsky, J. 2006. The high grain protein content gene Gpc-B1 accelerates senescence, and has pleiotropic effects on protein content in wheat. J. Exp. Botany 57:2785-2794.
98. Upadhyay, M. P., Paulsen, G. M., Heyne, E. G., Sears, R. G., and Hoseney, R. C. 1984. Development of hard white winter wheats for a hard red winter region. Euphytica 33:865-874.
99. USDA-ARS. 2007. United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Western Wheat Quality Laboratory Wheat Analysis System. Available at http://www.wsu.edu/~wwql/php/index.php (accessed October 19, 2007).
100. USDA-FAS. 2007. World Agriculture Production: Current Report. Available at http://www.pecad.fas.usda.gov/wapcurrent.cfm# (accessed October 25, 2007).
101. USDA-NAAS. 2007. United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service. Available at http://www.nass.usda.gov/(accessed October 4, 2007).
102. Utz, H. F., Bohn, M., and Melchinger, A. E. 2001. Predicting progeny means, and variances of winter wheat crosses from phenotypic values of their parents. Crop Sci. 41:1470-1478.
103. Wang, D., Dowell, F. E., and Lacey, R. E. 1999. Predicting the number of dominant R alleles in single wheat kernels using visible, and near-infrared reflectance spectra. Cereal Chem. 76:6-8.
104. Wang, J., Eagles, H. A., Trethowan, R., and van Ginkel, M. 2005. Using computer simulation of the selection process, and known gene information to assist in parental selection in wheat quality breeding. Australian J. Agric. Res. 56:465-473.
105. Wheat Quality Council. 2019. Pacific Northwest Wheat Quality Council. January 27 to 29, Sacramento, CA.
106. Wicki, W., Winzeler, M., Schmid, J. E., Stamp, P., and Messmer, M. 1999. Inheritance of resistance to leaf, and glume blotch caused by Septoria nodorum Berk. in winter wheat. Theor. Appl. Genetics 99:1265-1272.
107. Wu, J., and Craver, B. F. 1999. Sprout damage, and preharvest sprout resistance in hard white winter wheat. Crop Sci. 39:441-447.
108. Yamamori, M., Nakamura, T., Endo, T. R., and Nagamine, T. 1994. Waxy protein deficiency, and chromosomal location of coding genes in common wheat. Theor. Appl. Genetics 89:179-184.
109. Yun, S.-H., Rema, G., and Quail, K. 1997. Instrumental assessments of Japanese white salted noodle quality. J. Sci. Food Agric. 74:81-88.
110. Zeng, M., Morris, C. F., Batey, I. L., and Wrigley, C. W. 1997. Sources of variation for starch gelatinization, pasting, and gelation properties in wheat. Cereal Chem. 74:63-71.
111. Zhang, Y., Quail, K., Mugford, D. C., and He, Z. 2005. Milling quality, and white salted noodle color of Chinese winter wheat cultivars. Cereal Chem. 82:633-638.
112. Zhao, L. F., and Seib, P. A. 2005. Alkaline-carbonate noodles for hard winter wheat flours varying in protein, swelling power, and polyphenol oxidase activity. Cereal Chem. 82:504-516.