Coxibs: Pharmacology, toxicity and efficacy in cancer clinical trials

Recent Results in Cancer Research

Volumn 191, Issue , 2013, Pages 67-93

  Garcia Rodriguez, Luis A ^a   Cea Soriano, Lucia ^a   Tacconelli, Stefania ^b   Patrignani, Paola ^b  

^a Department of Pharmacoepidemiology   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CHIETI   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; CELECOXIB; CYCLOOXYGENASE 1; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; DICLOFENAC; ETODOLAC; IBUPROFEN; LUMIRACOXIB; MELOXICAM; NAPROXEN; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PIROXICAM; PLACEBO; PROSTACYCLIN; PROSTAGLANDIN D2; PROSTAGLANDIN E2; PROSTAGLANDIN F2 ALPHA; ROFECOXIB; THROMBOXANE A2; TUMOR MARKER; VALDECOXIB;

ADENOMATOUS POLYP; ARTICLE; BLEEDING; BLOOD PRESSURE; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER RESEARCH; CARCINOGENESIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; COLON POLYP; COLON TUMOR; COLORECTAL ADENOMA; COLORECTAL CANCER; DISEASE MARKER; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ENZYME INHIBITION; GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; KIDNEY BLOOD FLOW; LOW DRUG DOSE; NEPHROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; OSTEOARTHRITIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHESIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SIDE EFFECT; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; THROMBOCYTE FUNCTION; THROMBOSIS;

EID: 84867090652     PISSN: 00800015     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-30331-9_4     Document Type: Article

References (149)

1. Andersohn F, Suissa S, Garbe E (2006) Use of first- and second-generation cyclooxygenase-2-selective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and risk of acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 113:1950-1957
2. Antman EM, Bennett JS, Daugherty A et al (2007) Use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: An update for clinicians: A scientific statement from the American heart association. Circulation 115:1634-1642
3. Anzellotti P, Capone ML, Jeyam A et al (2011) Low-dose naproxen interferes with the antiplatelet effects of aspirin in healthy subjects: Recommendations to minimize the functional consequences. Arthritis Rheum 63:850-859
4. Arber N (2008) Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in colorectal cancer prevention: Point. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17:1852-1857
5. Arber N, Eagle CJ, Spicak J et al (2006) Celecoxib for the prevention of colorectal adenomatous polyps. N Engl J Med 355:885-895
6. Arehart E, Stitham E, Asselbergs FW et al (2008) Acceleration of cardiovascular disease by a dysfunctional prost acyclin receptor mutation: Potential implications for cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition. Circ Res 102:986-993
7. Baek SJ, Kim KS, Nixon JB et al (2001) Cyclooxygenase inhibitors regulate the expression of a TGF-beta superfamily member that has proapoptotic and antitumorigenic activities. Mol Pharmacol 59:901-908
8. Baigent C, Blackwell L, Collins R et al (2009) Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: Collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet 373:1849-1860
9. Bhatt DL, Scheiman J, Abraham NS et al (2008) ACCF/ACG/AHA 2008 expert consensus document on reducing the gastrointestinal risks of antiplatelet therapy and NSAID use. In: A report of the American college of cardiology foundation task force on clinical expert consensus documents, vol 52, pp 1502-1517
10. Bak S, Andersen M, Tsiropoulos I et al (2003) Risk of stroke associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: A nested case-control study. Stroke 34:379-386
11. Baron JA, Sandler RS, Bresalier RS et al (2006) A randomized trial of rofecoxib for the chemoprevention of colorectal adenomas. Gastroenterology 131:1674-1682
12. Baron JA, Sandler RS, Bresalier RS et al (2008) Cardiovascular events associated with rofecoxib: Final analysis of the Approve trial. Lancet 372:1756-1764
13. Bautista D, Obrador A, Moreno V et al (1997) Ki-ras mutation modifies the protective effect of dietary monounsaturated fat and calcium on sporadic colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 6:57-61
14. Becker MC, Wang TH, Wisniewski L et al (2009) Rationale, design, and governance of prospective randomized evaluation of celecoxib integrated safety versus ibuprofen or naproxen (PRECISION), a cardiovascular end point trial of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents in patients with arthritis. Am Heart J 157:606-612
15. BennettA,Del TaccaM(1975) Proceedings: Prostaglandins in human colonic carcinoma. Gut 16:409
16. Bertagnolli MM, Eagle CJ, Zauber AG et al (2006) Celecoxib for the prevention of sporadic colorectal adenomas. N Engl J Med 355:873-884
17. Bisoendial RJ, Kastelein JJP, Peters SLM et al (2007) Effects of CRP infusion on endothelial function and coagulation in normocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic subjects. J Lipid Res 48:952-960
18. Bombardier C, Laine L, Reicin A et al (2000) Comparison of upper gastrointestinal toxicity of rofecoxib and naproxen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. VIGOR study group. N Engl J Med 343:1520-1528
19. Boursi B, Arber N (2007) Current and future clinical strategies in colon cancer prevention and the emerging role of chemoprevention. Curr Pharm Des 13:2274-2282
20. Bresalier RS, Sandler RS, Quan H et al (2005) Cardiovascular events associated with rofecoxib in colorectal adenoma. Chemoprevencion trial. N Engl J Med 352:1092-1102
21. Brun J, Jones R (2001) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-associated dyspepsia: The scale of the problem. Am J Med 110:12S - 13S
22. Buchanan FG, DuBois RN (2006) Connecting COX-2 and wnt in cancer. Cancer Cell 9:6-8
23. Bueno H, Bardají A, Patrignani P et al (2010) Spanish case-control study to assess NSAIDassociated ACS risk investigators. Use of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and typespecific risk of acute coronary syndrome. Am J Cardiol 105:1102-1106
24. Burke A, Smyth EM, FitzGerald GA (2006) Analgesic-antipyretic agents; pharmacotherapy of gout. In: Brunton LL, Lazo JS, Parker KL (eds) Goodman and Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 11th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York
25. Campos FG, Logullo Waitzberg AG et al (2005) Diet and colorectal cancer: Current evidence for etiology and prevention. Nutr Hosp 20:18-25
26. Capone ML, Sciulli MG, Tacconelli S et al (2005) Pharmacodynamic interaction of naproxen with low-dose aspirin in healthy subjects. J Am Coll Cardiol 45:1295-1301
27. Capone ML, Tacconelli S, Di Francesco L et al (2007) Pharmacodynamic of cyclooxygenase inhibitors in humans. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 82:85-94
28. Capone ML, Tacconelli S, Sciulli MG et al (2004) Clinical pharmacology of platelet, monocyte, and vascular cyclooxygenase inhibition by naproxen and low-dose aspirin in healthy subjects. Circulation 109:1468-1471
29. Catella-Lawson F, Reilly MP, Kapoor SC et al (2001) Cyclooxygenase inhibitors and the antiplatelet effects of aspirin. N Engl J Med 345:1809-1817
30. Cha YI, DuBois RN (2007) NSAIDs and cancer prevention: Targets downstream of COX-2. Annu Rev Med 58:239-252
31. Chan AT, Sima SS, Zauber AG (2011) C-reactive protein and risk of colorectal adenoma according to celecoxib treatment. Cancer Prev Res 4:1172-1180
32. Chang CH, Shau WY, Kuo CW et al (2010) Increased risk of stroke associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: A nationwide case-crossover study. Stroke 41:1884-1890
33. Chan FK, Chung SC, Suen BY et al (2001) Preventing recurrent upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection who are taking low-dose aspirin or naproxen. N Engl J Med 344:967-973
34. Chan TA (2002) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, apoptosis, and colon-cancer chemoprevention. Lancet Oncol 3:166-174
35. Cheng I, Caberto CP, Lum-Jones A et al (2011) Type two diabetes risk variants and colorectal cancer risk: The multiethnic cohort and PAGE studies. Gut (May 20 [Epub ahead of print])
36. Choi NK, Park BJ, Jeong SW et al (2008) Nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and hemorrhagic stroke risk: The acute brain bleeding analysis study. Stroke 39:845-849
37. Choti MA, Sitzmann JV, Tiburi MF et al (2002) Trends in long-term survival following liver resection for hepatic colorectal metastases. Ann Surg 235:759-766
38. Curtis JP, Wang Y, Portnay EL et al (2003) Aspirin, ibuprofen, and mortality after myocardial infarction: Retrospective cohort study. BMJ 327:1322-1323
39. Dannenberg AJ, Altorki NK, Boyle JO et al (2001) Cyclo-oxygenase 2: A pharmacological target for the prevention of cancer. Lancet Oncol 2:544-551
40. Danenberg H, Szalai A, Swaminathan R et al (2003) Increased thrombosis following injury in human C-reactive protein transgenic mice. Circulation 108:512-515
41. Di Francesco L, Totani L, Dovizio M et al (2009) Induction of prostacyclin by steady laminar shear stress suppresses tumor necrosis factor-alpha biosynthesis via heme oxygenase-1 in human endothelial cells. Circ Res 104:506-513
42. DuBois RN, Radhika A, Reddy BS et al (1996) Increased cyclooxygenase-2 levels in carcinogeninduced rat colonic tumors. Gastroenterology 110:1259-1262
43. Eberhart CE, Coffey RJ, Radhika Aet al (1994) Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase 2 gene expression in human colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas. Gastroenterology 107:1183-1188
44. Farkouh ME, Kirshner H, Harrington RA et al (2004) Comparison of lumiracoxib with naproxen and ibuprofen in the therapeutic arthritis research and gastrointestinal event trial (TARGET), cardiovascular outcomes: Randomised controlled trial. Lancet 364:675-684
45. FerrandezA, Prescott S,BurtRW(2003)COX-2 and colorectal cancer. Curr PharmDes 9:2229-2251
46. FischerLM, SchliengerRG, MatterCMet al (2004) Discontinuation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy and the risk of acute myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 164:2472-2476
47. FitzGerald GA, Patrono C (2001) The coxibs, selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2. N Engl J Med 345:433-442
48. Fuchs CS, Giovannucci EL, Colditz GA et al (1999) Dietary fiber and the risk of colorectal cancer and adenoma in women. N Engl J Med 340:169-176
49. Garcia Rodriguez LA, Ruigomez A, Wallander MA et al (2000) Detection of colorectal tumor and inflammatory bowel disease during follow-up of patients with initial diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome. Scand J Gastroenterol 35:306-311
50. García Rodríguez LA, Varas-Lorenzo C, Maguire A et al (2004) A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of myocardial infarction in the general population. Circulation 109:3000-3006
51. García-Rodríguez LA, Tacconelli S, Patrignani P (2008) Role of dose potency in the prediction of risk of myocardial infarction associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the general population. JACC 52:1628-1636
52. Giouleme O, Diamantidis MD, Marios Katsaros G (2011) Is diabetes a causal agent for colorectal cancer? Pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms. World J Gastroenterol 17:444-448
53. Giovannucci E (2002) Modifiable risk factors for colon cancer. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 31:925-943
54. Gislason GH, Jacobsen S, Rasmussen JN et al (2006) Risk of death or reinfarction associated with the use of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and nonselective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 113:2906-2913
55. Goel A, Chang DK, Ricciardiello L et al (2003) A novel mechanism for aspirin-mediated growth inhibition of human colon cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 9:383-390
56. Grad E, Golomb M, Koroukhov N et al (2009) Aspirin reduces the prothrombotic activity of C-reactive protein. J Thromb Haemost 7:1393-1400
57. Graham DJ, Campen D, Hui R et al (2005) Risk of acute myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death in patients treated with cyclo-oxygenase two selective and non-selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Nested case-control study. Lancet 365:4996-5002
58. Greenberg ER, Baron JA, Tosteson TD et al (1994) A clinical trial of antioxidant vitamins to prevent colorectal adenoma. Polyp prevention study group. N Engl J Med 331:141-147
59. Grosser T, Fries S, FitzGerald GA (2006) Biological basis for the cardiovascular consequences of COX-2 inhibition: Therapeutic challenges and opportunities. J Clin Invest 116:4-15
60. Haag MD, Bos MJ, Hofman A et al (2008) Cyclooxygenase selectivity of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and risk of stroke. Arch Intern Med 168:1219-1224
61. Hallak A, Alon-Baron L, Shamir R et al (2003) Rofecoxib reduces polyp recurrence in familial polyposis. Dig Dis Sci 48:1998-2002
62. Hao X, Bishop AE, Wallace M et al (1999) Early expression of cyclo-oxygenase-2 during sporadic colorectal carcinogenesis. J Pathol 187:295-301
63. Headrick JR, Miller DL, Nagorney DM et al (2001) Surgical treatment of hepatic and pulmonary metastases from colon cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 71:975-980
64. Helin-Salmivaara A, Virtanen A, Vesalainen R et al (2006) NSAID use and the risk of hospitalization for first myocardial infarction in the general population: A nationwide casecontrol study from Finland. Eur Heart J 27:1657-1663
65. Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE et al (1996) Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 334:1145-1159
66. Hernández-Díaz S, García Rodríguez LA (2000) Association between nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding/perforation. An overview of epidemiologic studies published in the 1990s. Arch Intern Med 160:2093-2099
67. Hernandez-Diaz S, Varas-Lorenzo C, Garcia Rodriguez LA (2006) Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and the risk of acute myocardial infarction. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 98:266-274
68. Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C (2005) Risk of myocardial infarction in patients taking cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors or conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Population based nested case-control analysis. BMJ 330:1366-1372
69. Hong WK, Lippman SM, Itri LM et al (1990) Prevention of second primary tumors with isotretinoin in squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. N Engl J Med 323:795-801
70. Hudson M, Baron M, Rahme E et al (2005) Ibuprofen may abrogate the benefits of aspirin when used for secondary prevention of myocardial infarction. J Rheumatol 32:1589-1593
71. Husain SS, Szabo IL, Tamawski AS (2002) NSAID inhibition of GI cancer growth: Clinical implications and molecular mechanisms of action. Am J Gastroenterol 97:542-553
72. Ilkhanoff L, Lewis JD, Hennessy S et al (2005) Potential limitations of electronic database studies of prescription non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NANSAIDs) and risk of myocardial infarction (MI). Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 14:513-522
73. Jaffe BM (1974) Prostaglandins and cancer: An update. Prostaglandins 6:453-461
74. Jana NR (2008) NSAIDs and apoptosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 65:1295-1301
75. Janne PA, Mayer RJ (2000) Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 342:1960-1968
76. JiangY,Ben Q, ShenHet al (2011)Diabetesmellitus and incidence andmortality of colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur J Epidemiol [Epub ahead of print]
77. Johnsen SP, Pedersen L, Friis S et al (2003) Nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of hospitalization for intracerebral hemorrhage: A population-based case-control study. Stroke 34:387-391
78. Johnsen SP, Larsson H, Tarone RE et al (2005) Risk of hospitalization for myocardial infarction among users of rofecoxib, celecoxib, and other NSAIDs. Arch Intern Med 165:978-984
79. Kargman SL, O'Neill GP, Vickers PJ et al (1995) Expression of prostaglandin G/H synthase-1 and -2 protein in human colon cancer. Cancer Res 55:2556-2559
80. Kearney PM, Baigent C, Godwin J et al (2006) Do selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors and traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increase the risk of atherothrombosis? Metaanalysis of randomised trials. BMJ 332:1302-1308
81. Kimmel SE, Berlin JA, Reilly M et al (2004) The effects of nonselective non-aspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications on the risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction and their interaction with aspirin. J Am Coll Cardiol 43:985-990
82. Kimmel SE, Berlin JA, Reilly M et al (2005) Patients exposed to rofecoxib and celecoxib have different odds of nonfatal myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med 142:157-164
83. King MC, Wieand S, Hale K et al (2001) National surgical adjuvant breast and bowel project tamoxifen and breast cancer incidence among women with inherited mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2: National surgical adjuvant breast and bowel project (NSABP-P1) breast cancer prevention trial. JAMA 286:2251-2256
84. Koehne CH, Dubois RN (2004) COX-2 inhibition and colorectal cancer. Semin Oncol 3:12-21
85. Kurth T, Glynn RJ, Walker AM et al (2003) Inhibition of clinical benefits on first myocardial infarction by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Circulation 108:1191-1195
86. Lai KC, Lam SK, Chu KM et al (2002) Lansoprazole for the prevention of recurrences of ulcer complications from long-term low-dose aspirin use. N Engl J Med 346:2033-2038
87. Laine L (2001) Approaches to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use in the high-risk patient. Gastroenterology 120:594-606
88. Lanas A, Scheiman J (2007) Low-dose aspirin and upper gastrointestinal damage: Epidemiology, prevention and treatment. Curr Med Res Opin 23:163-173
89. Larsson S, Orsini N, Wolk A (2005) Diabetes mellitus and risk of colorectal cancer: A metaanalysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 97:1679-1687
90. Lev-Ari S, Maimon Y, Strier L et al (2006) Down-regulation of prostaglandin E2 by curcumin is correlated with inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptosis in human colon carcinoma cell lines. J Soc Integr Oncol 4:21-26
91. Lévesque LE, Brophy JM, Zhang B (2005) The risk for myocardial infarction with cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors: A population study of elderly adults. Ann Internal Med 142:481-489
92. LinKJ, Hernandez-Diaz S, Garcia RodriguezLA(2011) Acid suppressants reduce risk of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients on antithrombotic or anti-inflammatory therapy. Gastroenterology 141:71-79
93. Lipkin M, Newmark H (1985) Effect of added dietary calcium on colonic epithelial-cell proliferation in subjects at high risk for familial colonic cancer. N Engl J Med 313:1381-1384
94. Livio M, Del Maschio A, Cerletti C et al (1982) Indomethacin prevents the long-lasting inhibitory effect of aspirin on human platelet cyclo-oxygenase activity. Prostaglandins 23:787-796
95. MacDonald TM, Wei L (2003) Effect of ibuprofen on cardioprotective effect of aspirin. Lancet 361:573-574
96. Mamdani M, Rochon P, Juurlink D et al (2003) Effect of selective cyclooxygenase two inhibitors and naproxen on short-term risk of acute myocardial infarction in the elderly. Arch Intern Med 163:481-486
97. Massó González EL, Patrignani P et al (2010) Variability among nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Arthritis Rheum 62:1592-1601
98. McGettigan P, Han P, Henry D (2006) Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and coronary occlusion: Exploring dose-response relationships. Br J Clin Pharmacol 62:358-365
99. McGettigan P, Henry D (2006) Cardiovascular risk and inhibition of cyclooxygenase: A systematic review of the observational studies of selective and nonselective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase 2. JAMA 296:1633-1644
100. Nussmeier NA, Whelton AA, Brown MT et al (2005) Complications of the COX-2 inhibitors parecoxib and valdecoxib after cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med 352:1081-1091
101. Oates JA (2011) Cardiovascular risk markers and mechanisms in targeting the COX pathway for colorectal cancer prevention. Cancer Prev Res 4:1145-1148
102. Pan MR, Chang HC, Hung WC (2008) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs suppress the ERK signaling pathway via block of Ras/c-Raf interaction and activation of MAP kinase phosphatases. Cell Signal 20:1134-1141
103. Parkin DM, Pisani P, Ferlay J (1999) Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 49:33-64
104. Patel TN, Goldberg KC (2004) Use of aspirin and ibuprofen compared with aspirin alone and the risk of myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 164:852-856
105. Patrignani P, Capone ML, Tacconelli S (2008a) NSAIDs and cardiovascular disease. Heart 94:395-397
106. Patrignani P, Tacconelli S, Capone ML (2008b) Risk management profile of etoricoxib: An example of personalized medicine. Ther Clin Risk Manage 4:983-997
107. Patrignani P, Panara MR, Greco A et al (1994) Biochemical and pharmacological characterization of the cyclooxygenase activity of human blood prostaglandin endoperoxide synthases. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 271:1705-1712
108. Patrignani P, Sciulli MG, Manarini S et al (1999) COX-2 is not involved in thromboxane biosynthesis by activated human platelets. J Physiol Pharmacol 50:661-667
109. Patrono C, Baigent C, Hirsh J et al (2008) Antiplatelet drugs: American college of chest physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (8th edn). Chest 133(6 Suppl):199S-233S.
110. Patrono C, Ciabattoni G, Pinca E et al (1980) Low dose aspirin and inhibition of thromboxane B2 production in healthy subjects. Thromb Res 17:317-327
111. Rao CV, Reddy BS (2004) NSAIDs and chemoprevention. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 4:29-42
112. Ray W, Stein C, Hall K et al (2002) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of serious coronary heart disease: An observational study. Lancet 359:118-123
113. Ray WA, Varas-Lorenzo C, Chung CP et al (2009) Cardiovascular risks of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs in patients following hospitalization for serious coronary heart disease. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2:155-163
114. Reilly IA, FitzGerald GA (1987) Inhibition of thromboxane formation in vivo and ex vivo: Implications for therapy with platelet inhibitory drugs. Blood 69:180-186
115. Renda G, Tacconelli S, Capone ML et al (2006) Celecoxib, ibuprofen and the antiplatelet effect of aspirin in patientswith osteoarthritis and ischemic heart disease.Clin Pharmacol Ther 80:264-274
116. Rhame E, Pilote L, LeLorier J (2002) Association between naproxen use and protection against acute myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 162:1111-1115
117. Rigas B, Goldman IS, Levine L (1993) Altered eicosanoid levels in human colon cancer. J Lab Clin Med 122:518-523
118. Roumie CL, Mitchel EFJ, Kaltenbach L, Arbogast PG, Gideon P, GriffinMRet al (2008) Nonaspirin NSAIDs, cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors, and the risk for stroke. Stroke 39:2037-2045
119. Schlienger R, Jick H, Meier C (2002) Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of first-time acute myocardial infarction. Br J Clin Pharmacol 54:327-332
120. Sciulli MG, Filabozzi P, Tacconelli S et al (2005) Platelet activation in patients with colorectal cancer. Prostaglandin Leukot Essent Fatty Acid 72:79-83
121. Sciulli MG, Seta F, Tacconelli S et al (2003) Effects of acetaminophen on constitutive and inducible prostanoid biosynthesis in human blood cells. Br J Pharmacol 138:634-641
122. Shiff SJ, Rigas B (1999) The role of cyclooxygenase inhibition in the antineoplastic effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). J Exp Med 190:445-450
123. Silverstein FE, Faich G, Goldstein JL et al (2000) Gastrointestinal toxicity with celecoxib vs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: The CLASS study: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 284:1247-1255
124. Simmons DL, Botting RM, Hla T (2004) Cyclooxygenase isozymes: The biology of prostaglandin synthesis and inhibition. Pharmacol Rev 56:387-437
125. Singh G, Mithal A, Triadafilopoulos G (2005) Both selective COX-2 inhibitors and non-selective NSAIDs increase the risk of acute myocardial infarction in patients with arthritis: Selectivity is with the patient not the drug class. Ann Rheum Dis 64(suppl III):85-86
126. SinghG,WuO,Langhorne P,MadhokR(2006)Risk of acutemyocardial infarction with nonselective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: A meta-analysis. Arthritis Res Ther 8:R153 - R161
127. Sinicrope FA (2006) Targeting cyclooxygenase-2 for prevention and therapy of colorectal cancer. Mol Carcinog 45:447-454
128. Smyth EM, Grosser T, Wang M, Yu Y et al (2009) Prostanoids in health and disease. J Lipid Res 50(Suppl):S423 - S428
129. Solomon D, Glynn R, Levin R (2002) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and acute myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 162:1099-1104
130. Solomon D, Schneeweiss S, Glynn R et al (2004) Relationship between selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and acute myocardial infarction in older adults. Circulation 109:2068-2073
131. Solomon DH, Avorn J, Sturmer T et al (2006a) Cardiovascular outcomes in new users of coxibs and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: high-risk subgroups and time course of risk. Arthritis Rheum 54:1378-1389
132. Solomon SD, McMurray JJ, Pfeffer MA et al (2005) Adenoma prevention with celecoxib (APC) study investigators. Cardiovascular risk associated with celecoxib in a clinical trial for colorectal adenoma prevention. N Engl J Med 352:1071-1080
133. Solomon SD, Pfeffer MA, McMurray JJ et al (2006b) Effect of celecoxib on cardiovascular events and blood pressure in two trials for the prevention of colorectal adenomas. Circulation 114:1028-1035
134. Steering Committee of the Physicians' Health Study Research Group (1989) Final report on the aspirin component of the ongoing physicians' health study. Steering committee of the physicians' health study research group. N Engl J Med 321:129-135
135. Steinbach G, Lynch PM, Phillips RK et al (2000) The effect of celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in familial adenomatous polyposis. N Engl J Med 342:1946-1952
136. Sturkenboom MCJM, Dieleman J, Verhamme K et al (2005) Cardiovascular events during use of COX-2 selective and non-selective NSAIDs. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 14:S57
137. Suissa S, Bernatsky S, Hudson M (2006) Antirheumatic drug use and the risk of acute myocardial infarction. Arthritis Rheum 55:531-536
138. Thrift AG, McNeil JJ, Forbes A et al (1999) Risk of primary intracerebral haemorrhage associated with aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Case-control study. BMJ 318:759-764
139. Trock B, Lanza E, Greenwald P (1990) Dietary fiber, vegetables, and colon cancer: Critical review and meta-analyses of the epidemiologic evidence. J Natl Cancer Inst 82:650-661
140. Vane R (1971) Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism of action for aspirin-like drugs. Nat New Biol 31:250-260
141. Varas-Lorenzo C, Castellsague J, Stang MR et al (2009) The use of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and the risk of acute myocardial infarction in Saskatchewan, Canada. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 18:1016-1025
142. Velentgas P, West W, Cannuscio CC et al (2006) Cardiovascular risk of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and other non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 15:641-652
143. Wactawski-Wende J, Kotchen JM, Anderson GL et al (2006) Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 354:684-696
144. Wang D, Dubois RN (2010a) Eicosanoids and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 10:181-193
145. Wang D, Dubois RN (2010b) The role of COX-2 in intestinal inflammation and colorectal cancer. Oncogene 29:781-788
146. Watson D, Rhodes T, Holmes R (2002) Lower risk of thromboembolic cardiovascular events with naproxen among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Intern Med 162:1105-1110
147. Weir HK, Thun MJ, Hankey BF et al (2003) Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2000, featuring the uses of surveillance data for cancer prevention and control. J Natl Cancer Inst 95:1276-1299
148. Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA et al (1990) Relation of meat, fat, and fiber intake to the risk of colon cancer in a prospective study among women. N Engl J Med 323:1664-1672
149. Wu K, Willett WC, Fuchs CS et al (2002) Calcium intake and risk of colon cancer in women and men. J Natl Cancer Inst 94:437-446