31st G. Heiner sell lectureship: Secondary medical consequences of spinal cord injury

Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation

Volumn 18, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 354-378

  Bauman, William ^a,b   Korsten, Mark ^a,b   Radulovic, Miroslav ^a,b   Schilero, Gregory ^a,b   Wech, Jill ^a,b   Spungen, Ann ^a,b  

^a VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

airway disease; anabolic hormones; cardiovascular risk; constipation; hypotension; insulin resistance; osteoporosis

Indexed keywords

8 ISOPROSTANE; CALCIUM; CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN; CISAPRIDE; DOCUSATE SODIUM; GLYCOPYRRONIUM BROMIDE; GROWTH HORMONE; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE; LACTULOSE; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; MACROGOL; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; NEOSTIGMINE; NICOTINIC ACID; OSTEOCLAST DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR; PLACEBO; PROLACTIN; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; SALBUTAMOL; SALMETEROL; TESTOSTERONE; VITAMIN D;

ANXIETY; ARTICLE; ATELECTASIS; BODY COMPOSITION; BONE DENSITY; BRADYCARDIA; BRONCHOSPASM; CARBOHYDRATE INTOLERANCE; CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECT; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COLONOSCOPY; CONSTIPATION; CORONARY ARTERY CALCIFICATION; COUGHING; DEPRESSION; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ENTERITIS; FATIGUE; FRAGILITY FRACTURE; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY; HEART INFARCTION; HOT FLUSH; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; IMMOBILIZATION; IMPOTENCE; INSOMNIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INTESTINAL DYSMOTILITY; INTESTINE PSEUDOOBSTRUCTION; IRRITABILITY; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; KIDNEY CLEARANCE; LIBIDO; LIPID METABOLISM; LUNG EMBOLISM; MEMORY DISORDER; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; MUSCLE TRAINING; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; MYASTHENIA GRAVIS; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY DISEASE; OSTEOLYSIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; PARALYSIS; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE; PNEUMONIA; PROLACTIN BLOOD LEVEL; QUADRIPLEGIA; RESPIRATORY FAILURE; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; SKELETAL MUSCLE; SOFT TISSUE; SPINAL CORD DISEASE; SPINAL CORD INJURY; TESTOSTERONE BLOOD LEVEL; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY;

EID: 84866706124     PISSN: 10820744     EISSN: 19455763     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1310/sci1804-354     Document Type: Article

References (222)

1. Wilmet E, Ismail AA, Heilporn A, Welraeds D, Bergmann P. Longitudinal study of bone mineral content and soft tissue composition after spinal cord section. Paraplegia. 1996;33:674-677.
2. Rossier AB, Favre H, Valloton MB. Body composition and endocrine profle in spinal cord injured patients. In: Lee BY, Ostrander E, George J, Cochran B, Shaw WW, eds. Comprehensive Management of the Spinal Cord Injured Patient. San Diego: WB Saunders Co; 1991:163-170.
3. Nuhlicek DN, Spurr GB, Barboriak JJ, Rooney CB, El Ghatt AZ, Bongard RD. Body composition of patients with spinal cord injury. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1988;42:765-773.
4. Spungen AM, Adkins RH, Stewart CA, Wang J, Pierson RN Jr, Waters RL, Bauman WA. Factors infuencing body composition in persons with spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional study. J Appl Physiol. 2003;95(6):2398-2407.
5. Spungen AM, Wang J, Pierson RN Jr, Bauman WA. Soft tissue body composition differences in monozygotic twins discordant for immobilization. J Applied Physiol. 2000;88:1310-1315.
6. Bauman WA, Spungen AM, Zhong YG, Mobbs CV. Plasma leptin is directly related to body adiposity in subjects with spinal cord injury. Horm Metab Res. 1997;28:732-736.
7. Kissebah AH Vydelingum N, Murray R, et al. Relation of body fat distribution to metabolic complications of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1982;54:254-260.
8. Maki KC, Briones ER, Lanbein WE, et al. Associations between serum lipids and indicators of adiposity in men with spinal cord injury. Paraplegia. 1995;33:102-109.
9. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486-2497.
10. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) fnal report. Circulation. 2002;106:3143-3421.
11. Bauman WA, Spungen AM. Disorders of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in veterans with paraplegia or quadriplegia: a model of premature aging. Metabolism. 1994;43:749-756.
12. Bauman WA, Adkins RH, Spungen AM, et al. The effect of residual neurological defcit on oral glucose tolerance in persons with chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 1999;37:765-771.
13. Bauman WA, Adkins RH, Spungen AM, et al. The effect of residual neurological deficit on serum lipoproteins in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 1998;36:13-17.
14. Bauman WA, Adkins RH, Spungen AM, et al. Is immobilization associated with an abnormal lipoprotein profle? Observations from a diverse cohort. Spinal Cord. 1999;37:485-493.
15. Bauman, WA, Spungen AM. Risk assessment for coronary heart disease in a veteran population with spinal cord injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2007;12:35-53.
16. Bauman WA, Spungen AM, Flanagan S, Zhong YG, Alexander LR, Tsitouras PD. Blunted growth hormone response to intravenous arginine in subjects with a spinal cord injury. Horm Metab Res. 1994;26(3):152-156.
17. Tsitouras PD, Zhong YG, Spungen AM, Bauman WA. Serum testosterone and growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-I in adults with spinal cord injury. Horm Metab Res. 1995;27(6):287-292.
18. Shetty KR, Sutton CH, Mattson DE, Rudman D. Hyposomatomedinemia in quadriplegic men. Am J Med Sci. 1993;305(2):95-100.
19. Bauman WA, La Fountaine M F, Spungen AM. Age-related prevalence of hypogonadism in men with spinal cord injury. Submitted for publication.
20. Wang YH, Huang TS, Lien IN. Hormone changes in men with spinal cord injuries. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1992;71(6):328-332.
21. Huang TS, Wang YH, Chiang HS, Lien YN. Pituitary-testicular and pituitary-thyroid axes in spinal cord-injured males. Metabolism. 1993;42(4):516-521.
22. Perrini S, Laviola L, Carreira MC, Cignarelli A, Natalicchio A, Giorgino F. The GH/IGF1 axis and signaling pathways in the muscle and bone: mechanisms underlying age-related skeletal muscle wasting and osteoporosis. J Endocrinol. 2010;205(3):201-210.
23. Giustina A, Mazziotti G, Canalis E. Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors, and the skeleton. Endocr Rev. 2008;29(5):535-559.
24. Janssen TW, van Oers CA, Rozendaal E P, Willemsen EM, Hollander AP, van der Woude LH. Changes in physical strain and physical capacity in men with spinal cord injuries. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996;28(5):551-559.
25. Gray A, Feldman HA, McKinlay JB, Longcope C. Age, disease, and changing sex hormone levels in middle-aged men: results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991;73(5):1016-1025.
26. Longcope C, Goldfeld SR, Brambilla DJ, McKinlay J. Androgens, estrogens, and sex hormone-binding globulin in middle-aged men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990;71(6):1442-1446.
27. Simon D, Preziosi P, Barrett-Connor E, et al. The infuence of aging on plasma sex hormones in men: the Telecom Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1992;135(7):783-791.
28. Harman SM, Metter EJ, Tobin JD, Pearson J, Blackman MR. Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men. Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(2):724-731.
29. Morley JE, Kaiser FE, Perry HM, 3rd, et al. Longitudinal changes in testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone in healthy older men. Metabolism. 1997;46(4):410-413.
30. Zmuda JM, Cauley JA, Kriska A, Glynn NW, Gutai JP, Kuller LH. Longitudinal relation between endogenous testosterone and cardiovascular disease risk factors in middle-aged men. A 13-year follow-up of former Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial participants. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;146(8):609-617.
31. Vermeulen A, Kaufman JM. Ageing of the hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular axis in men. Horm Res. 1995;43(1-3):25-28.
32. Reddy RG, Aung T, Karavitaki N, Wass JA. Opioid induced hypogonadism. BMJ. 2010;341:c4462.
33. Tenover JL. Testosterone and the aging male. J Androl. 1997;18(2):103-106.
34. LeBlanc ES, Nielson CM, Marshall LM, et al. The effects of serum testosterone, estradiol, and sex hormone binding globulin levels on fracture risk in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(9):3337-3346.
35. Clark MJ, Schopp LH, Mazurek MO, et al. Testosterone levels among men with spinal cord injury: relationship between time since injury and laboratory values. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;87(9):758-767.
36. Safarinejad MR. Level of injury and hormone profles in spinal cord-injured men. Urology. 2001;58(5):671-676.
37. Cortes-Gallegos V, Castaneda G, Alonso R, Arellano H, Cervantes C, Parra A. Diurnal variations of pituitary and testicular hormones in paraplegic men. Arch Androl. 1982;8(3):221-226.
38. Kikuchi TA, Skowsky WR, El-Toraei I, Swerdloff R. The pituitary-gonadal axis in spinal cord injury. Fertil Steril. 1976;27(10):1142-1145.
39. Bors E, Engle ET, Rosenquist RC, Holliger VH. Fertility in paraplegic males: a preliminary report of endocrine studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1950;10(4):381-398.
40. Nance PW, Shears AH, Givner ML, Nance DM. Gonadal regulation in men with faccid paraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1985;66(11):757-759.
41. Ver Voort SM. Infertility in spinal-cord injured male. Urology. 1987;29(2):157-165.
42. Linsenmeyer TA, Perkash I. Infertility in men with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991;72(10):747-754.
43. Bauman WA, La Fountaine M F, Christopher M. Cirnigliaro CM, Emmons RR, Kirshblum SC, Spungen AM. Provocative stimulation of the pituitary-gonadal axis in men with spinal cord injury. Submitted for publication.
44. Spungen AM, Bauman WA, Wang J, Pierson RN Jr. The relationship between total body potassium and resting energy expenditure in individuals with paraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993;783:965-968.
45. Mollinger LA, Spurr GB, El Ghatit AZ, et al. Daily energy expenditure and basal metabolic rates of patients with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1985;66:420-426.
46. Mauras N, Hayes V, Welch S, et al. Testosterone defciency in young men: marked alterations in whole body protein kinetics, strength, and adiposity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83(6):1886-1892.
47. Sonmez A, Haymana C, Bolu E, et al. Metabolic syndrome and the effect of testosterone treatment in young men with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Eur J Endocrinol. 2011;164(5):759-764.
48. Bauman WA, Cirnigliaro CM, La Fountaine M F, et al. A small-scale clinical trial to determine the safety and effcacy of testosterone replacement therapy in hypogonadal men with spinal cord injury. Horm Metab Res. 2011;43(8):574-579.
49. Duckworth WC, Solomon SS, Jallepalli P, et al. Glucose intolerance due to insulin resistance in patients with spinal cord injuries. Diabetes. 1980;29:906-910.
50. Tharion G, Prasad KR, Gopalan L, Bhattacharji S. Glucose intolerance and dyslipidaemias in persons with paraplegia and tetraplegia in South India. Spinal Cord. 1998;36:228-230.
51. WHO Expert Committee on Diabetes Mellitus: second report. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 1980;646:1-80.
52. Haffner SM, Stern MP, Hazuda HP, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in confrmed prediabetic individuals. Does the clock for coronary heart disease start ticking before the onset of clinical diabetes? JAMA. 1990;263:2893-2898.
53. Castelli WP, Leaf A. Identifcation and assessment of cardiac risk-an overview. Cardiol Clin. 1985;3:171-178.
54. Grundy SM, DeWitt S, Goodman MD, et al. The place of HDL cholesterol management. A perspective from the National Cholesterol Education Program. Arch Intern Med. 1989;149:505-510.
55. Brenes G, Dearwater S, Shapera R, et al. High density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in physically active and sedentary spinal cord injured patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1986;67:445-450.
56. Rader, DJ. High-density lipoproteins and atherosclerosis. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90 (suppl):62i-70i.
57. Campbell PJ, Mandarino LJ, Gerich JE. Quantifcation of the relative impairment in actions of insulin on hepatic glucose production and peripheral glucose uptake in NIDDM. Metabolism. 1988;37:15-21.
58. Johansson J, Walldius G, Carlson LA. Close correlation between high-density lipoprotein and triglycerides in normotriglyceridemia. J Int Med. 1992;232:43-51.
59. Golay A, Zech L, Shi MZ, et al. High density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: measurement of fHDL turnover using tritiated HDL. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987;65:512-518.
60. Emmons RR, Garber CE, Cirnigliaro CM, et al. The infuence of visceral fat on the postprandial lipemic response in men with paraplegia. J Am Coll Nutr. 2010;29(5): 476-481.
61. LaPorte RE, Brenes G, Dearwater S, et al. HDL cholesterol across a spectrum of physical activity from quadriplegia to marathon running [letter]. Lancet. 1983;1212-1213.
62. Kraus WE, Houmard JA, Duscha BD, et al. Effects of the amount and intensity of exercise on plasma lipoproteins. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1483-1492.
63. Nash MS, Jacobs PL, Mendex AJ, Goldberg RB. Circuit resistance training improves the atherogenic lipid profles of persons with chronic paraplegia. J Spinal Cord Med. 2001; 24:2-9.
64. Stampfer MJ, Sacks FM, Salvini S, Willett WC, Hennekens CH. A prospective study of cholesterol, apolipoproteins, and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1992; 325:373-381.
65. Bauman A, Owen N. Habitual physical activity and cardiovascular risk factors. Med J Aust. 1991;154:22-28.
66. Nash MS, Lewis JE, Dyson-Hudson TA, Szlachcic Y, Yee F, Mendez AJ, Spungen AM, Bauman WA. Safety, tolerance, and effcacy of extended-release niacin monotherapy for treating dyslipidemia risks in persons with chronic tetraplegia: a randomized multicenter controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92(3):399-410.
67. Mureddu GF, Brandimarte F, De Luca L. High density lipoprotein levels and risk of cardiovascular events: a review [published online ahead of print October 7, 2011]. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown).
68. Voight B F, et al. Plasma HDL cholesterol and risk of myocardial infarction: a mendelian randomisation study [published online ahead of print May 17, 2012]. Lancet.
69. Fleg JL, Gerstenblith G, Zonderman AB, et al. Prevalence of and prognostic signifcance of exercise induced silent myocardial ischemia detected by thallium scintigraphy. Circulation. 1990;81:428-436.
70. Lee CS, Lu YH, Lee ST, Lin CC, Ding HJ. Evaluating the prevalence of silent coronary artery disease in asymptomatic patients with spinal cord injury. Int Heart J. 2006;47:325-330.
71. Whiteneck GG, Charlifue SW, Frankel HL, et al. Mortality, morbidity, and psychosocial outcomes of persons spinal cord injured more than 20 years ago. Paraplegia. 1992;30:617-630.
72. Bauman WA, Raza M, Spungen AM, et al. Cardiac stress testing with thallium-201 imaging reveals silent ischemia in individuals with paraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75:946-950.
73. Bauman WA, Raza M, Machac J. Tomograhic thallium myocardial perfusion imaging after intravenous dipyridamole in asymptomatic subjects with quadriplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993;174:740-744.
74. Orakzai SH, Orakzai RH, Ahmadi N, et al. Measurement of coronary artery calcification by electron beam computerized tomography in persons with chronic spinal cord injury: evidence for increased atherosclerotic burden. Spinal Cord. 2007; 45:775-779.
75. Naghavi M, Falk E, Hecht HS, Shah PK; SHAPE Task Force. The frst SHAPE (Screening for Heart Attack Prevention and Education) guideline. Crit Pathw Cardiol. 2006;5(4):187-190.
76. Stewart AF, Adler M, Byers CM, Segre GV, Broadus AE. Calcium homeostasis in immobilization: an example of resorptive hypercalciuria. N Engl J Med. 1982;306(19):1136-1140.
77. Naftchi NE, Viau AT, Sell GH, Lowman EW. Mineral metabolism in spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1980;61(3):139-142.
78. Szollar SM, Martin EM, Sartoris DJ, Parthemore JG, Deftos LJ. Bone mineral density and indexes of bone metabolism in spinal cord injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;77(1):28-35.
79. Garland DE, Adkins RH, Kushwaha V, Stewart C. Risk factors for osteoporosis at the knee in the spinal cord injury population. J Spinal Cord Med. 2004;27(3):202-206.
80. Warden SJ, Bennell KL, Matthews B, Brown DJ, McMeeken JM, Wark JD. Quantitative ultrasound assessment of acute bone loss following spinal cord injury: a longitudinal pilot study. Osteoporos Int. 2002;13(7):586-592.
81. Vico L, Collet P, Guignandon A, et al. Effects of long-term microgravity exposure on cancellous and cortical weight-bearing bones of cosmonauts. Lancet. 2000;355(9215):1607-1611.
82. Leblanc AD, Schneider VS, Evans HJ, Engelbretson DA, Krebs JM. Bone mineral loss and recovery after 17 weeks of bed rest. J Bone Miner Res. 1990;5(8):843-850.
83. Recker R, Davies K, Heaney R. Characterization of perimenopausal bone loss: a prospective study. J Bone Miner Res. 2000;15(10):1965-1973
84. Qin W, Bauman WA, Cardozo CP. Evolving concepts in neurogenic osteoporosis. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2010;8(4):212-218.
85. Bauman WA, Spungen AM, Wang J, Pierson RN Jr, Schwartz E. Continuous loss of bone during chronic immobilization: a monozygotic twin study. Osteoporos Int. 1999;10(2):123-127.
86. de Bruin ED, Dietz V, Dambacher MA, Stussi E. Longitudinal changes in bone in men with spinal cord injury. Clin Rehabil. 2000;14(2):145-152.
87. Dauty M, Perrouin Verbe B, Maugars Y, Dubois C, Mathe J F. Supralesional and sublesional bone mineral density in spinal cord-injured patients. Bone. 2000;27(2):305-309.
88. Biering-Sorensen F, Bohr HH, Schaadt O P. Longitudinal study of bone mineral content in the lumbar spine, the forearm and the lower extremities after spinal cord injury. Eur J Clin Invest. 1990;20(3):330-335.
89. Finsen V, Indredavik B, Fougner KJ. Bone mineral and hormone status in paraplegics. Paraplegia. 1992;30(5):343-347.
90. Frey-Rindova P, de Bruin ED, Stussi E, Dambacher MA, Dietz V. Bone mineral density in upper and lower extremities during 12 months after spinal cord injury measured by peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Spinal Cord. 2000;38(1):26-32.
91. Eser P, Frotzler A, Zehnder Y, Wick L, Knecht H, Denoth J, Schiessl H. Relationship between the duration of paralysis and bone structure: a pQCT study of spinal cord injured individuals. Bone. 2004;34(5):869-880.
92. Lifshitz F, Maclaren NK. Vitamin D-dependent rickets in institutionalized, mentally retarded children receiving long-term anticonvulsant therapy. I. A survey of 288 patients. J Pediatr. 1973;83(4):612-620.
93. Hahn TJ, Hendin BA, Scharp CR, Haddad JG Jr. Effect of chronic anticonvulsant therapy on serum 25-hydroxycalciferol levels in adults. N Engl J Med. 1972;287(18):900-904.
94. Walters JL, Buchholz AC, Martin Ginis KA. Evidence of dietary inadequacy in adults with chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2009;47(4):318-322.
95. Bauman WA, Zhong YG, Schwartz E. Vitamin D defciency in veterans with chronic spinal cord injury. Metabolism. 1995;44(12):1612-1616.
96. Oleson CV, Patel PH, Wuermser LA. Influence of season, ethnicity, and chronicity on vitamin D defciency in traumatic spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2010;33(3):202-213.
97. Nemunaitis GA, Mejia M, Nagy JA, Johnson T, Chae J, Roach MJ. A descriptive study on vitamin D levels in individuals with spinal cord injury in an acute inpatient rehabilitation setting. Phys Med Rehabil. 2010;2(3):202-208; quiz 28.
98. Dawson-Hughes B, Heaney RP, Holick M F, Lips P, Meunier PJ, Vieth R. Estimates of optimal vitamin D status. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16(7):713-716.
99. Bauman WA, Emmons RR, Cirnigliaro CM, Kirshblum SC, Spungen AM. An effective oral vitamin D replacement therapy in persons with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord. 2011;34(5):455-460.
100. Bauman WA, Wecht JM, Kirshblum S, Spungen AM, Morrison N, Cirnigliaro C, Schwartz E. Effect of pamidronate administration on bone in patients with acute spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2005;42(3):305-313.
101. Bryson JE, Gourlay ML. Bisphosphonate use in acute and chronic spinal cord injury: a systematic review. J Spinal Cord Med. 2009;32(3):215-225.
102. Kearns AE, Khosla S, Kostenuik PJ. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand and osteoprotegerin regulation of bone remodeling in health and disease. Endocr Rev. 2008;29(2):155-192.
103. Clark MJ, Schopp LH, Mazurek MO, et al. Testosterone levels among men with spinal cord injury: relationship between time since injury and laboratory values. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;87(9):758-767.
104. Bracken MB, Holford TR. Neurological and functional status 1 year after acute spinal cord injury: estimates of functional recovery in National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study II from results modeled in National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study III. J Neurosurg. 2002;96(3 suppl):259-266.
105. Qin W, Pan J, Wu Y, Bauman WA, Cardozo C. Protection against dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy is related to modulation by testosterone of FOXO1 and PGC-1alpha. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010;403(3-4):473-478.
106. Wu Y, Zhao W, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Qin W, Pan J, Bauman WA, Blitzer RD, Cardozo C. REDD1 is a major target of testosterone action in preventing dexamethasone-induced muscle loss. Endocrinology. 2010;151(3):1050-1059.
107. Crawford BA, Liu PY, Kean MT, Bleasel J F, Handelsman DJ. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of androgen effects on muscle and bone in men requiring long-term systemic glucocorticoid treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(7):3167-3176.
108. Steins SA, Fajardo NR, Korsten MA. The gastrointestinal system after spinal cord injury. In: Lin VW, ed. Spinal Cord Medicine. New York: Demos Medical Publishers; 2003:321-348.
109. Banwell JG, Graham HC, Aggarwal AC, et al. Management of the neurogenic bowel in patients with spinal cord injury. Urologic Clin North Am. 1993;20:517-526.
110. Glick ME, Meshkinpour H, Haldeman S, et al. Colonic dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury. Gastroenterology. 1984;86:287-294.
111. Steins SA, Bergman SB, Gowtz LL. Neurogenic bowel dysfunction after spinal cord injury: clinical evaluation and rehabilitative management. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78:S86-102.
112. Christensen J. The motor function of the colon. In: Yamada T, ed. Textbook of Gastroenterology, vol 1. Philadelphia, JB Lippincott; 1991: 180-194.
113. Adams RD, Victor M. Diseases of the spinal cord, peripheral nerve, and muscle. In: Adams RD, Victor M, eds. Principles of Neurology. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishers; 1993:1178-1180.
114. Cook IJ, Brookes SJ. Motility of large intestine. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Sleisenger MH, eds. Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2002:1679-1690.
115. Rajendran SK, Reiser JR, Bauman W, et al. Gastrointestinal transit after spinal cord injury: effect of cisapride. Am J Gastroenterol 1992;87:1614-1617.
116. Arhan P, Devroede G, Jehanin B, et al. Segmental colonic transit time. Dis Colon Rectum. 1981;24:625-629.
117. Menardo G, Bausano G, Corazziari E, et al. Large bowel transit in paraplegic patients. Dis Colon Rectum. 1987;30:924-928.
118. Beuret-Blanquart F, Weber J, Gouverneur JP, et al. Colonic transit time and anorectal manometric anomalies in 19 patients with complete transection of the spinal cord. J Auton Nerv Syst. 1990;30:199-208.
119. Ancha HR, Fajardo NR, Bauman WA, Rosman AS, Galea M, Creasey G, Korsten MA. Absence of high amplitude propagating contractions in subjects with chronic spinal cord injury. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(43):5435-5439.
120. Stone JM, Nino-Murcia M, Wolfe VA, et al. Chronic gastrointestinal problems in spinal cord injury patients: a prospective analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1990;85:1114-1119.
121. Wrenn K. Fecal impaction. N Engl J Med. 1989;321:658-662.
122. Kewalramani LS. Autonomic dysrefexia in traumatic myelopathy. Am J Phys Med. 1979;59:1-21.
123. Johnson B, Pallares V, Thomason R, et al. Autonomic hyperrefexia: a review. Mil Med. 1975;140:345-349.
124. Kursh ED, Freehafer A, Persky L. Complications of autonomic dysrefexia. J Urol. 1977;118:70-72.
125. Thomas J. Neurogenic Bowel Management. Spinal Cord Injury Clinical Guidelines. Washington, DC: Paralyzed Veterans of America; 1997.
126. American Association of Spinal Cord Injury Nurses. American Association of Spinal Cord Injury Nurses standards of practice-revised 2003-2004. SCI Nurs. 2004;21(4):228-232.
127. Shafk A, El-Sibai D, Shafk I. Physiologic basis of digital rectal stimulation for bowel evacuation in patients with spinal cord injury: identifcation of an anorectal excitatory refex. J Spinal Cord Med. 2000;23:270-275.
128. Korsten MA, Monga A, Chaparala G, et al. Digital rectal stimulation causes increased left sided colonic motility in patients with SCI. Gastroenterology. 2003;124:A115.
129. Nelson A, Malassigne P, Amerson T, et al. Descriptive study of bowel care practices and equipment in spinal cord injury. SCI Nursing. 1993;10:65-67.
130. Chapman R, Sillery J Fontana D. Effect of oral dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate on intake-output studies of the human small and large intestine. Gastroenterology. 1985;89:489-493.
131. Pietrusko RG. Use and abuse of laxatives. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1977;34:291-300.
132. Spiller RC. Pharmacology of dietary fber. Pharmacol Ther. 1994;62:407-427.
133. Hillemeier C. An overview of the effects of dietary fber on gastrointestinal transit [review]. Pediatrics. 1995;96:997-999.
134. Longo WE, Woolsey R, Vernava A, et al. Cisapride for constipation in spinal cord injured patients: a preliminary report. J Spinal Cord Med. 1995;18:240-244.
135. Wysowski DK, Bacsanyi J. Cisapride and fatal arrythmia. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:290-291.
136. Ponec RJ, Saunders MD, Kimmey MB, et al. Neostigmine for the treatment of acute pseudo-obstruction. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:137-141.
137. Korsten MA, Rosman AS, Ng A, et al. Infusion of neostigmine- glycopyrrolate for bowel evacuation in persons with spinal cord injury. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:1560-1565.
138. Saltzstein RJ, Romano J. The effcacy of colostomy as a bowel management alternative in selected spinal cord injury patients. J Am Paraplegia Soc. 1990;13:9-13.
139. Stone JM, Wolfe VA, Nino-Murcia M, et al. Colostomy as treatment for complications of spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1990;71:514-518.
140. Vignes JR, Bauchet L, Ohanna F. Dorsal rhizotomy combined with anterior sacral root stimulation for neurogenic bladder. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2007;97(pt 1):323-331.
141. Zauber AG, Winawer SJ, O'Brien MJ, et al. Colonoscopic polypectomy and long-term prevention of colorectal-cancer deaths. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(8):687-696
142. Shaheen S, Huq MM, Radulovic M, et al. Adjunctive neostigmine/ glycopyrrolate improves colonoscopic bowel preparation and effcacy in subjects with spinal cord injury. Gastroenterology. 2012;142(5 suppl 1):S219.
143. DeVivo MJ, Black KJ, Stover SL. Causes of death during the frst 12 years after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993;74(3):248-254.
144. DeVivo MJ, Krause JS, Lammertse D P, Recent trends in mortality and causes of death among persons with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80(11): 1411-1419.
145. Spungen AM, et al. Self-reported prevalence of pulmonary symptoms in subjects with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 1997;35(10):652-657
146. Spungen AM, et al. Relationship of respiratory symptoms with smoking status and pulmonary function in chronic spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2002;25(1):23-27.
147. Jackson AB, Groomes TE. Incidence of respiratory complications following spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75(3):270-275.
148. De Troyer A, Estenne M, Heilporn A. Mechanism of active expiration in tetraplegic subjects. N Engl J Med. 1986;314(12):740-744.
149. Fujiwara T, Hara Y, Chino N. Expiratory function in complete tetraplegics: study of spirometry, maximal expiratory pressure, and muscle activity of pectoralis major and latissimus. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;78(5):464-469.
150. Ledsome JR., Sharp JM. Pulmonary function in acute cervical cord injury. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1981;124(1):41-44.
151. Haas F, Axen K, Pineda H, Gandino D, Haas A. Temporal pulmonary function changes in cervical cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1985;66(3):139-144.
152. Anke A, Aksnes AK, Stanghelle JK, Hjeltnes N. Lung volumes in tetraplegic patients according to cervical spinal cord injury level. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1993;25(2):73-77.
153. Mueller G, de Groot S, Van der Woude L, Hopman MT. Time-courses of lung function and respiratory muscle pressure generating capacity after spinal cord injury: a prospective cohort study. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40(4):269-276.
154. McMichan JC, Michel L, Westbrook PR. Pulmonary dysfunction following traumatic quadriplegia. Recognition, prevention, and treatment. JAMA. 1980;243(6):528-531.
155. Axen K, Pineda H, Shunfenthal I, Haas F. Diaphragmatic function following cervical cord injury: neurally mediated improvement. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1985;66(4):219-222.
156. Oo T, Watt JW, Soni BM, Sett PK. Delayed diaphragm recovery in 12 patients after high cervical spinal cord injury. A retrospective review of the diaphragm status of 107 patients ventilated after acute spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 1999;37(2):117-122.
157. Roth EJ, Nussbaum SB, Berkowitz M, et al. Pulmonar y function testing in spinal cord injury: correlation with vital capacity. Paraplegia. 1995;33(8):454-457.
158. Linn WS, Adkins RH, Gong H Jr, Waters RL. Pulmonary function in chronic spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional survey of 222 southern California adult outpatients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81(6):757-763.
159. Linn WS, Spungen AM, Gong H Jr, Adkins RH, Bauman WA, Waters RL. Forced vital capacity in two large outpatient populations with chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2001;39(5):263-268.
160. Stolzmann KL, Gagnon DR, Brown R, Tun CG, Garshick E. Longitudinal change in FEV1 and FVC in chronic spinal cord injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;177(7):781-786.
161. Hemingway A, Bors E, Hobby RP. An investigation of the pulmonary function of paraplegics. J Clin Invest. 1958;37:773-782.
162. Fugl-Meyer AR, Grimby G. Ventilatory function in tetraplegic patients. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1971;3:151-160.
163. Fugl-Meyer AR. A model for treatment of impaired ventilatory function in tetraplegic patients. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1971;3(4):168-177
164. Ohry A, Molho M, Rozin R. Alterations of pulmonary function in spinal cord injured patients. Paraplegia. 1975;13(2):101-108.
165. Kokkola K, Möller K, Lehtonen T. Pulmonary function in tetraplegic and paraplegic patients. Ann Clin Res. 1975;7(2):76-79.
166. Forner JV. Lung volumes and mechanics of breathing in tetraplegics. Paraplegia. 1980;18(4):258-266.
167. Almenoff PL, Alexander LR, Spungen AM, Lesser MD, Bauman WA. Bronchodilatory effects of ipratropium bromide in patients with tetraplegia. Paraplegia. 1995;33(5):274-277.
168. Schilero GJ, Grimm D, Spungen AM, Lenner R, Lesser M. Bronchodilator responses to metaproterenol sulfate among subjects with spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2004;41(1):59-64.
169. Schilero GJ, Grimm DR, Bauman WA, Lesser M. Assessment of airway caliber and bronchodilator responsiveness in subjects with spinal cord injury. Chest. 2012;127:149-155.
170. Schilero GJ, Spungen AM, Bauman WA, Radulovic M, Lesser M. Pulmonary function and spinal cord injury [review]. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2009;166(3):129-141.
171. Grimm DR, et al. Airway hyperreactivity in subjects with tetraplegia is associated with reduced baseline airway caliber. Chest. 2000;118(5):1397-1404.
172. Cockcroft DW, Davis BE. Mechanisms of airway hyperresponsiveness. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;118(3):551-559; quiz 560-561.
173. Garshick E, Stolzmann KL, Gagnon DR, Morse LR, Brown R. Systemic infammation and reduced pulmonary function in chronic spinal cord injury. Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;3(5):433-439.
174. Radulovic M, Schilero GJ, Wecht JM, LaFountaine M, Rosado Rivera D, Bauman W. Exhaled nitric oxide levels are elevated in persons with tetraplegia and comparable to that in mild asthmatics. Lung. 2010;188(3):259-262.
175. Di Maria GU, et al. Role of endogenous nitric oxide in asthma. Allergy. 2000;55(suppl 61):31-35.
176. Radulovic M, Schilero GJ, Wecht JM, LaFountaine M, Rosado Rivera D, Bauman W. Comparison of exhaled breath condensate infammatory biomarker profles among persons with tetraplegia, asthma and able-bodied controls. Presented at: Paralyzed Veterans of America's Summit; 2011; Orlando, Florida.
177. Shimizu Y, Dobashi K, Mori M. Exhaled breath marker in asthma patients with gastroesophageal refux disease. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2007;41(3):147-153.
178. Shimizu Y, et al. Assessment of airway infammation by exhaled breath condensate and impedance due to gastroesophageal refux disease (GERD). Infamm Allergy Drug Targets. 2009;8(4):292-296.
179. Shimizu Y, et al. Proton pump inhibitor improves breath marker in moderate asthma with gastroesophageal refux disease. Respiration. 2007;74(5):558-564.
180. Estenne M. Knoop C, Vanvaerenbergh J, Heilporn A, De Troyer A. The effect of pectoralis mascle training in tetraplegic subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989;139;1218-1222
181. DiMarco A F. Restoration of respiratory muscle function following spinal cord injury. Review of electrical and magnetic stimulation techniques. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2005;147(2-3):273-287.
182. Caruso J F, Signorile J F, Perry AC, et al. The effects of albuterol and isokinetic exercise on the quadriceps muscle group. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995;11:1471-1476.
183. Kissel JT, McDermott MP, Natarajan R, et al. Pilot trial of albuterurol in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Neurology. 1998;50:1402-1406.
184. Signorile JF, Banlovac K, Gomez M, et al. Increased muscle strength in paralyzed patients after spinal cord injury: effect of a beta-2 adrenergic agonist. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1995;76:55-58.
185. Murphy RJL, Hartkopp A, Gardiner PF, et al. Salbutamol effect in spinal cord injured individuals undergoing functional electrical stimulation training. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80:1264-1267.
186. Grimm DR, et al. Salmeterol improves pulmonary function in persons with tetraplegia. Lung. 2006;184(6):335-339.
187. Faghri PD, Yount JP, Pesce WJ, Seetharama S, Votto JJ. Circulatory hypokinesis and functional electric stimulation during standing in persons with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;82(11):1587-1595.
188. Takahashi M, Sakaguchi A, Matsukawa K, Komine H, Kawaguchi K, Onari K. Cardiovascular control during voluntary static exercise in humans with tetraplegia. J Appl Physiol. 2004;97(6):2077-2082.
189. Wecht JM, Weir JP, Bauman WA. Blunted heart rate response to vagal withdrawal in persons with tetraplegia. Clin Auton Res. 2006;16(6):378-383.
190. Myers JN, Hsu L, Hadley D, Lee MY, Kiratli BJ. Post-exercise heart rate recovery in individuals with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2010;48(8):639-644.
191. Rosado-Rivera D, Radulovic M, Handrakis JP, et al. Comparison of 24-hour cardiovascular and autonomic function in paraplegia, tetraplegia, and control groups: implications for cardiovascular risk. J Spinal Cord Med. 2011;34(4):395-403.
192. Palatini P. Elevated heart rate in cardiovascular diseases: A target for treatment? Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2009;52(1):46-60.
193. Tomiyama H, Hashimoto H, Tanaka H, et al. Synergistic relationship between changes in the pulse wave velocity and changes in the heart rate in middle-aged Japanese adults: a prospective study. J Hypertension. 2010;28(4):687-694.
194. Wecht JM, Weir JP, DeMeersman RE, Spungen AM, Bauman WA. Arterial stiffness in persons with paraplegia. J Spinal Cord Med. 2004;27(3):255-259.
195. Miyatani M, Masani K, Oh PI, Miyachi M, Popovic MR, Craven BC. Pulse wave velocity for assessment of arterial stiffness among people with spinal cord injury: a pilot study. J Spinal Cord Med. 2009;32(1):72-78.
196. Claydon VE, Krassioukov AV. Orthostatic hypotension and autonomic pathways after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 2006;23(12):1713-1725.
197. Claydon VE, Steeves JD, Krassioukov A. Orthostatic hypotension following spinal cord injury: understanding clinical pathophysiology. Spinal Cord. 2006;44(6):341-351.
198. Krassioukov A, Eng JJ, Warburton DE, Teasell R. A systematic review of the management of orthostatic hypotension after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90(5):876-885.
199. Wecht JM, Radulovic M, Rosado-Rivera D, Zhang RL, Lafountaine M F, Bauman WA. Orthostatic effects of midodrine versus L-NAME on cerebral blood fow and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in tetraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92(11):1789-1795.
200. Wecht JM, Rosado-Rivera D, Handrakis JP, Radulovic M, Bauman WA. Effects of midodrine hydrochloride on blood pressure and cerebral blood fow during orthostasis in persons with chronic tetraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010;91(9):1429-1435.
201. Wecht JM, Weir JP, Goldstein DS, et al. Direct and refexive effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on blood pressure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008;294(1):H190-197.
202. Wecht JM, Radulovic M, Lafountaine M F, Rosado-Rivera D, Zhang RL, Bauman WA. Orthostatic responses to nitric oxide synthase inhibition in persons with tetraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90(8):1428-1434.
203. Duschek S, Matthias E, Schandry R. Essential hypotension is accompanied by defcits in attention and working memory. Behav Med. 2005;30(4):149-158.
204. Duschek S, Schandry R. Cognitive performance and cerebral blood fow in essential hypotension. Psychophysiology. 2004;41(6):905-913.
205. Duschek S, Schandry R. Reduced brain perfusion and cognitive performance due to constitutional hypotension. Clin Auton Res. 2007;17(2):69-76.
206. Duschek S, Weisz N, Schandry R. Reduced cognitive performance and prolonged reaction time accompany moderate hypotension. Clin Auton Res. 2003;13(6):427-432.
207. Davidoff G, Morris J, Roth E, Bleiberg J. Cognitive dysfunction and mild closed head injury in traumatic spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1985;66(8):489-491.
208. Davidoff G, Roth E, Thomas P, et al. Depression and neuropsychological test performance in acute spinal cord injury patients: lack of correlation. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 1990;5(1):77-88.
209. Davidoff GN, Roth EJ, Haughton JS, Ardner MS. Cognitive dysfunction in spinal cord injury patients: sensitivity of the Functional Independence Measure subscales vs neuropsychologic assessment. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1990;71(5):326-329.
210. Roth E, Davidoff G, Thomas P, et al. A controlled study of neuropsychological defcits in acute spinal cord injury patients. Paraplegia. 1989;27(6):480-489.
211. Wilmot CB, Cope DN, Hall KM, Acker M. Occult head injury: its incidence in spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1985;66(4):227-231.
212. Dowler RN, O'Brien SA, Haaland KY, Harrington DL, Feel F, Fiedler K. Neuropsychological functioning following a spinal cord injury. Appl Neuropsychol. 1995;2(3-4):124-129.
213. Richards JS, Brown L, Hagglund K, Bua G, Reeder K. Spinal cord injury and concomitant traumatic brain injury. Results of a longitudinal investigation. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1988;67(5):211-216.
214. Davidoff G, Thomas P, Johnson M, Berent S, Dijkers M, Doljanac R. Closed head injury in acute traumatic spinal cord injury: incidence and risk factors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1988;69(10):869-872.
215. Dowler RN, Harrington DL, Haaland KY, Swanda RM, Fee F, Fiedler K. Profles of cognitive functioning in chronic spinal cord injury and the role of moderating variables. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 1997;3(5):464-472.
216. Jegede AB, Rosado-Rivera D, Bauman WA, et al. Cognitive performance in hypotensive persons with spinal cord injury Clin Auton Res. 2010;20(1):3-9.
217. Houtman S, Oeseburg B, Hughson RL, Hopman MT. Sympathetic nervous system activity and cardiovascular homeostatis during head-up tilt in patients with spinal cord injuries. Clin Auton Res. 2000;10(4):207-212.
218. Jacobs PL, Mahoney ET, Robbins A, Nash M. Hypokinetic circulation in persons with paraplegia. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34(9):1401-1407.
219. Schmid A, Huonker M, Barturen JM, et al. Catecholamines, heart rate, and oxygen uptake during exercise in persons with spinal cord injury. J Appl Physiol. 1998;85(2):635-641.
220. Triantafyllidi H, Arvaniti C, Lekakis J, et al. Cognitive impairment is related to increased arterial stiffness and microvascular damage in patients with never-treated essential hypertension. Am J Hypertension. 2009;22(5):525-530.
221. Waldstein SR, Rice SC, Thayer J F, Najjar SS, Scuteri A, Zonderman AB. Pulse pressure and pulse wave velocity are related to cognitive decline in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Hypertension. 2008;51(1):99-104.
222. Wecht JM, Rosado-Rivera D, Jegede A, et al. Systemic and cerebral hemodynamics during cognitive testing. Clin Auton Res. 2012;22(1):25-33.