Risk assessment for coronary heart disease in a veteran population with spinal cord injury

Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation

Volumn 12, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 35-53

  Bauman, William A ^a,b,c   Spungen, Ann M ^a,b,c  

^a Veterans Affairs Rehabilitation Research and Development Center of Excellence

^b VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Body mass index; Coronary heart disease; Hyperinsulinemia; Insulin resistance; Lipid profile; Paraplegia; Spinal cord injury; Tetraplegia

Indexed keywords

CARBOHYDRATE; LIPID; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE DURATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIPID METABOLISM; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PARAPLEGIA; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; QUADRIPLEGIA; RISK ASSESSMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURY; VETERAN;

EID: 46749116970     PISSN: 10820744     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1310/sci1204-35     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Whiteneck CC, Charlifue SW, Frankel HL, et al. Mortality, morbidity, and psychosocial outcomes of persons spinal cord injured more than 20 years ago. Paraplegia, 1992;30:617-630.
2. Duckworth WC, Solomon SS, Jallepalli P, et al. Glucose intolerance due to insulin resistance in patients with spinal cord injuries. Diabetes. 1980;29:906-910.
3. Duckworth WC, Jallepalli P, Solomon SS. Glucose tolerance in spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1983;64:107-110.
4. Bauman WA, Spungen AM. Disorders of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in veterans with paraplegia or quadriplegia: a model of premature aging. Metabolism. 1994;43:949-956.
5. Bauman WA, Adkins RH, Spungen AM, et al. The effect of residual neurological deficit on oral glucose tolerance in persons with chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 1999;37:765-771.
6. Bauman WA, Spungen AM, Zhong YG, et al. Depressed serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in veterans with spinal cord injury. Paraplegia. 1992;30:697-703.
7. Bauman WA, Adkins RH, Spungen AM, et al. The effect of residual neurological deficit on serum lipoproteins in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 1998;36:13-17.
8. Bauman WA, Adkins RH, Spungen AM, et al. Is immobilization associated with an abnormal lipoprotein profile? Observations from a diverse cohort. Spinal Cord. 1999;37:485-493.
9. Spungen AM, Wang J, Pierson, Jr., RN, Bauman WA. Soft tissue body composition differences in monozygotic twins discordant for immobilization. J Applied Physiol. 2000;88:1310-1315.
10. Spungen AM, Adkins RH, Stewart CA, Wang J, Pierson RN Jr, Waters RL, Bauman WA. Factors influencing body composition in persons with spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional study. J Appl Physiol. 2003;95(6):2398-2407. Epub 2003 Aug 08.
11. Yekutiel M, Brooks ME, Ohry A, et al. The prevalence of hypertension, ischemic heart disease and diabetes in traumatic spinal cord injured patients and amputees. Paraplegia. 1989;27:58-62.
12. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486-2496.
13. The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care. 1997;20:1183-1197.
14. The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Follow-up Report on the Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:3160-3167.
15. Friedewald WT, Levy RJ, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972;18:499-502.
16. Fleg JL, Gerstenblith G, Zonderman AB, et al. Prevalence of and prognostic significance of exercise induced silent myocardial ischemia detected by thallium scintigraphy. Circulation. 1990;81:428-436.
17. Otvos JD, Jeyarajah EJ, Cromwell WC. Measurement issues related to lipoprotein heterogeneity. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90(suppl):22i-29i.
18. Lamarche B, Tchernof A, Moorjani S, Cantin B, Dagnais GR, Lupien PJ, Despres JP. Small, dense low-density lipoprotein particles as a predictor of the risk of ischemic heart disease in men. Prospective results from the Quebec Cardiovascular Study. Circulation. 1997;95:69-75.
19. Gardner CD, Fortmann SP, Krauss RM. Association of small low-density lipoprotein particles with the incidence of coronary artery disease in men and women. JAMA. 1996;276:875-878.
20. Walldius G, Jungner I, Holme I, Aastveit AH, Kolar W, Steiner E. High apolipoprotein B, low apolipoprotein A-I, and improvement in the prediction of fatal myocardial infarction (AMORIS study): a prospective study. Lancet. 2001;258:2026-2033.
21. Hooker SP, Wells CL. Effects of low- and moderate-intensity training in spinal cord-injured persons. Med Sci Sports Exer. 1989;21:18-22.
22. Nash MS, Jacobs PL, Mendex AJ, Goldberg RB. Circuit resistance training improves the atherogenic lipid profiles of persons with chronic paraplegia. J Spinal Cord Med. 2001;24:2-9.
23. Stampfer MJ, Sacks FM, Salvini S, Willett WC, Hennekens CH. A prospective study of cholesterol, apolipoproteins, and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Eng J Med. 1991;325:373-381.
24. deGroot PC, Hjeltnes N, Heijboer AC, Stal W, Birkeland K. Effect of training intensity on physical capacity, lipid profile and insulin sensitivity in early rehabilitation of spinal cord injured individuals. Spinal Cord. 2003;41:673-679.
25. Zedler BK, Kinser R, Oey J, et al. Biomarkers of exposure and potential harm in adult smokers of 3-7 mg tar yield (Federal Trade Commission) cigarettes and in adult nonsmokers. Biomarkers. 2006;11:201-220.
26. Haustein KO, Krause J, Haustein H, et al. Comparison of the effects of combined nicotine replacement therapy vs. cigarette smoking in males. Nicotine Tob Res. 2003;5:141-144.
27. Nilsson P, Lungren H, Soderstrom M, et al. Effects of smoking cessation on insulin and cardiovascular risk factors - a controlled study of 4 months duration. J Intern Med. 1996;240:189-194.
28. Nash MS, Johnson BM, Jacobs PL. Combined hyperlipidemia in a single subject with tetraplegia: ineffective risk reduction after atorvastatin monotherapy. J Spinal Cord Med. 2004;27:484-487.
29. Frick MH, Elo O, Haapa K, et al. Helsinki Heart Study: primary prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:1237-1245.
30. Kreisberg RA. Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: what does it mean, what can we do about it, and what should we do about it? Am J Med. 1993;94:1-6.
31. Guyton JR, Blazing MA, Hagar J, et al. Extended-release niacin vs. gemfibrozil for the treatment of low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Niaspan-Gemfibrozil Study Group. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:1177-1184.
32. Grimm DR, Almenoff PL, Bauman WA, DeMeersman RE. Baroreceptor sensitivity response to phase IV of the valsalva maneuver in spinal cord injury. Clin Autonomic Res. 1998;8:111-118.
33. Trimarco B, Volpe M, Ricciardelli B, et al. Valsalva maneuver in the assessment of baroreflex reponsiveness in borderline hypertensives. Cardiology. 1983;70:4-14.
34. Kshirsagar AV, Carpenter M, Bang H, Wyatt SB, Colindres RE. Blood pressure usually considered normal is associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease. Am J Med. 2006;119:133-141.
35. Mathias CJ, Christensen NJ, Frankel HL, et al. Renin release during head-up tilt occurs independently of sympathetic nervous activity in tetraplegic man. Clin Sci. 1980;59:251-256.
36. Sutters M, Wakefield C, O'Neil K, et al. The cardiovascular, endocrine and renal response of tetraplegic and paraplegic subjects to dietary sodium restriction. J Physiol. 1992;457:515-523.
37. He Z, Way KJ, Arikawa E, et al. Differential regulation of angiotensin II-induced expression of connective tissue growth factor by protein kinase C isoforms in the myocardium. J Biol Chem. 2005;280:15719-15726.
38. Xiao F, Puddefoot JR, Barker S, et al. Mechanism for aldosterone potentiation of angiotensin II-stimulated rat arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation. Hypertension. 2004;44:340-345.
39. Yang X, Zhu MJ, Sreejayan N, et al. Angiotensin II promotes smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration through release of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor and activation of EGF-receptor pathway. Mol Cells. 2005;20:263-270.
40. Zhang Y, Griendling KK, Dikalova A, et al. Vascular hypertrophy in angiotensin II-induced hypertension is mediated by vascular smooth muscle cell-derived H2O2. Hypertension. 2005;46:732-737.
41. Hitomi H, Fukui T, Moriwaki K, et al. Synergistic effect of mechanical stretch and angiotensin II on superoxide production via NADPH oxidase in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Hypertens. 2006;24:1089-1095.
42. Douillette A, Bibeau-Poirier A, Gravel SP, et al. The proinflammatory actions of angiotensin II are dependent on p65 phosphorylation by the IkappaB kinase comples. J Biol Chem. 2006;281:13275-13284.
43. Wang Z, Rao PJ, Shillcutt SD, et al. Angiotensin II induced proliferation of human cerebral artery smooth muscle cells through a basic fibroblastic growth factor (bFGF) dependent mechanism. Neurosci Lett. 2005;373:38-41.
44. Jarvinen HY, Koivisto VA. Effects of body composition on insulin sensitivity. Diabetes. 1983;32:965-968.
45. de Vegt F, Dekker JM, Ruhe HG, et al. Hyperglycemia is associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the Hoorn population: the Hoorn Study. Diabetologia. 1999;42:926-931.
46. Meigs JB, Nathan DM, D'Agostino RB Sr, Wilson PWF. Fasting and postchallenge glycemia and cardiovascular disease risk: the Framingham Offspring Study. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:1845-1850.
47. Shaw JE, Hodge AM, de Courten M, et al. Isolated postchallenge hyperglycemia confirmed as a risk factor for mortality. Pacific and Indian Ocean Study. Diabetologia. 1999;43:1050-1054.
48. Glucose tolerance and mortality: comparison of WHO and ADA diagnostic criteria. The DECODE study group. European Diabetes Epidemiology Group. Diabetes Epidemiology Collaborative Analysis of Diagnostic Criteria in Europe. Lancet. 1999;354:617-621.
49. Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1343-1350.
50. Buchanan TA, Xiang AH, Peters RK, et al. Preservation of pancreatic b-cell function and prevention of type 2 diabetes by pharmacological treatment of insulin resistance in high-risk Hispanic women. Diabetes. 2002;51:2796-2803.
51. Xiang AH, et al. Effect of pioglitazone on pancreatic b-cell function and diabetes risk in Hispanic women with prior gestational diabetes. Diabetes. 2006;55:517-522.
52. Chiasson JL, Josse RG, Gomis R, et al. Acarbose for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the STOP_NIDDM randomized trial. Lancet. 2002;359:2072-2077.
53. Reaven GM. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes. 1988;37:1595-1607.
54. Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Final report. Circulation. 2002;106:3143-3421.
55. World Health Organization. Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications: Report of a WHO Consultation. Part I: Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1999. Available at : http://whqlidoc.who.int/hq/1999/ WHO_NCD_NCS_99.2pdf.
56. Einhorn D, Reaven GM, Cobin RH, et al. American College of Enocrinology position statement on the insulin resistance syndrome. Endocr Pract. 2003;9:237-252.
57. Joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2289-2304.