Species of Cronobacter - A review of recent advances in the genus and their significance in infant formula milk

International Dairy Journal

Volumn 27, Issue 1-2, 2012, Pages 3-12

  Strydom, Amy ^a   Cawthorn, Donna Mareè ^b   Cameron, Michelle ^b   Witthuhn, R Corli ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE   (South Africa)

^b STELLENBOSCH UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DESICCATION TOLERANCE; DETECTION METHODS; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; ENTEROBACTER; FOOD INDUSTRIES; FOOD SOURCES; FOODBORNE INFECTIONS; INFANT FORMULA;

FOOD PRODUCTS;

BACTERIA;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); ENTEROBACTER SAKAZAKII;

EID: 84866294352     PISSN: 09586946     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2012.06.005     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Adamson D.H., Rogers J.R. Enterobacter sakazakii meningitis with sepsis. Clinical Microbiology Newsletter 1981, 3:19-20.
2. Al-Holy M., Castro L.F., Al-Qadiri H. Inactivation of Cronobacter spp. (Enterobacter sakazakii) in infant formula using lactic acid, copper sulfate and monolaurin. Letters in Applied Microbiology 2009, 50:246-251.
3. Al-Nabulsi A., Osaili T.M., Al-Holy M., Shaker R.R., Ayyash M.M., Olaimat A.N., et al. Influence of desiccation on the sensitivity of Cronobacter spp. to lactoferrin or nisin in broth and powdered infant formula. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2009, 136:221-226.
4. Arroyo C., Condon S., Pagan R. Thermobacteriological characterisation of Enterobacter sakazakii. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2009, 136:110-118.
5. Baumgartner A., Grand M., Liniger M., Iversen C. Detection and frequency of Cronobacter spp. (Enterobacter sakazakii) in different categories of ready-to-eat foods other than infant formula. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2009, 136:189-192.
6. Beuchat L.R., Kim H., Gurtler J.B., Lin L.C., Ryu J.H., Richards G.M. Cronobacter sakazakii in foods and factors affecting its survival, growth, and inactivation. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2009, 136:204-213.
7. Breeuwer P., Lardeau A., Peterz M., Joosten H.M. Desiccation and heat tolerance of Enterobacter sakazakii. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2003, 95:967-973.
8. Brenner D.J. DNA reassociation for the clinical differentiation of enteric bacteria. Public Health Lab 1974, 32:118-130.
9. Buchanan R.L., Edelson S.G. Culturing enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in the presence and absence of glucose as a simple means of evaluating the acid tolerance of stationery-phase cells. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1996, 62:4009-4013.
10. Buchanan R.L., Edelson S.G. Effect of pH-dependent, stationary phase acid resistance on the thermal tolerance of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Food Microbiology 1999, 16:447-458.
11. Buchanan R.L., Golden M.H. Interactions between pH and malic acid concentration on the inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes. Journal of Food Safety 1998, 18:37-48.
12. CAC Codex Alimentarius Commission recommended international code of hygienic practice for foods for infants and children (CAC/RCP 21-1979) 1979, http://fao.org/codex/standard/en/CXP021e.pdf.
13. CAC Codex Alimentarius Commission code of hygienic practice for powdered formulae for infants and young children (CAC/RCP 66-2008) 2008, http://fao.org/codex/standard/en/cxp066e.pdf.
14. Cawthorn D.-M., Botha S., Witthuhn R.C. Evaluation of different methods for the detection and identification of Enterobacter sakazakii isolated from South African infant formula milks and the processing environment. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2008, 127:129-138.
15. Chang C., Chiang M., Chou C. The effect of temperature and length of heat shock treatment on the thermal tolerance and cell leakage of Cronobacter sakazakii BCRC 13988. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2009, 134:184-189.
16. Chenu J.W., Cox J.M. Cronobacter (" Enterobacter sakazakii" ): current status and future prospects. Letters in Applied Microbiology 2009, 49:153-159.
17. Daniels R.W. Applying HACCP to new-generation refrigerated foods and beyond. Food Technology 1991, 45:122-124.
18. Dennison S.K., Morris J. Multiresistant Enterobacter sakazakii wound infection in an adult. Infections in Medicine 2002, 19:533-535.
19. Drudy D., O'Rourke M., Murphy M., Mullane N.R., O'Mahony R., Kelly L., et al. Characterization of a collection of Enterobacter sakazakii isolates from environmental and food sources. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2006, 110:127-134.
20. Druggan P., Iversen C. Culture media for the isolation of Cronobacter spp. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2009, 136:169-178.
21. EC European Commission regulation (EC) number 1441/2007 of 5 December 2007 amending regulation No 2073/2005 on microbiological criteria for foodstuffs. Official Journal of European Union 2007, L322:12-29.
22. Edelson-Mammel S., Buchanan R.L. Thermal inactivation of Enterobacter sakazakii in rehydrated infant formula. Journal of Food Protection 2004, 67:60-63.
23. Edelson-Mammel S., Porteous M.K., Buchanan R.L. Acid resistance of twelve strains of Enterobacter sakazakii, and the impact of habituating the cells to an acidic environment. Journal of Food Science 2006, 71:201-207.
24. El-Sharoud W.M., O'Brien S., Negredo C., Iversen C., Fanning S., Healy B. Characterization of Cronobacter recovered from dried milk and related products. BMC Microbiology 2009, 9:24.
25. Fanjat N., Leclercq A., Joosten H., Robichon D. Comparison of the phenotyping methods ID 32E and VITEK 2 compact GN with 16S rRNA gene sequencing for the identification of Enterobacter sakazakii. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2007, 45:2048-2050.
26. FAO/WHO Enterobacter sakazakii and other microorganisms in powdered infant formula: Meeting report, MRA series 6 2004, Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. http://www.who.int/foodsafety/micro/meetings/feb2004/en/.
27. FAO/WHO Enterobacter sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.) in powdered follow-up formulae: Meeting report, MRA series 15 2008, Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization, Rome, Italy. http://www.who.int/foodsafety/micro/meetings/2008/en/.
28. Farmer J.J., Asbury M.A., Hickman F.W., Brenner D.J., The Enterobacteriaceae Study Group Enterobacter sakazakii, new species of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from clinical specimens. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 1980, 30:569-584.
29. FDA Isolation and enumeration of Enterobacter sakazakii from dehydrated powdered infant formula 2002, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC USA. http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/%7Ecomm/mmesakaz.html.
30. Forsythe S.J. Enterobacter sakazakii and other bacteria in powdered infant milk formula. Maternal Child Nutrition 2005, 1:44-50.
31. Frank J.F., Ehlers J., Wicker L. Removal of Listeria monocytogenes and poultry soil-containing biofilms using chemical cleaning and sanitizing agents under static conditions. Food Protection Trends 2003, 23:654-663.
32. Gallagher P.G., Ball W.S. Cerebral infarctions due to CNS infection with Enterobacter sakazakii. Paediatric Radiology 1991, 21:135-136.
33. Gassem M.A.A. Study of the microorganisms associated with the fermented bread (khamir) produced from sorghum in Gizan region, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Applied Microbiology 1999, 86:221-225.
34. Gassem M.A.A. A microbiological study of Sobia: a fermented beverage in the Western province of Saudi Arabia. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 2002, 18:173-177.
35. Gorden J., Small P.L.C. Acid resistance in enteric bacteria. Infection and Immunity 1993, 61:364-367.
36. Gurtler J.B., Beuchat L.R. Survival of Enterobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula as affected by composition, water activity, and temperature. Journal of Food Protection 2007, 70:1579-1586.
37. Gurtler J.B., Kornacki J.L., Beuchat L.R. Enterobacter sakazakii: a coliform of increased concern to infant health. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2005, 104:1-34.
38. Hamilton J.V., Lehane M.J., Braig H.R. Isolation of Enterobacter sakazakii from midgut of Stomoxys calcitrans. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2003, 9:1355-1356.
39. Harris L.S., Oriel P.J. Heteropolysaccharide produced by Enterobacter sakazakii. US Patent 1989, 4:806636.
40. Havelaar A.H., Zwietering M. On the risk of Enterobacter sakazakii in infant formula milk. Trends in Food Science and Technology 2004, 15:99-100.
41. Healy B., Huynh S., Mullane N., O'Brien S., Iversen C., Lehner A., et al. Microarray-based comparative genomic indexing of the Cronobacter genus (Enterobacter sakazakii). International Journal of Food Microbiology 2009, 136:159-164.
42. Himelright I., Harris E., Lorch V., Anderson M., Jones T., Craig A., et al. Enterobacter sakazakii infections associated with the use of powdered infant formula - Tennessee, 2001. Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report 2002, 51:298-300.
43. Hoffmann M., Keys C.E., Song K.Y., Brown E.W., Fry F.S., Whittaker P. Evaluation of multiple strains of Enterobacter sakazakii using fatty acid profiles. Food Chemistry 2008, 107:1623-1628.
44. Hurrelle E., Kucerova E., Loughlin M., Caubilla-Barron S., Forsythe S.J. Biofilm formation on enteral feeding tubes by Cronobacter sakazakii, Salmonella serovars and other Enterobacteriaceae. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2009, 136:227-231.
45. ICMSF Consideration for microbiological criteria for powdered infant formula 2004, International Commission for Microbiological Specifications for Foods, Report from the 37th Annual Meeting. http://www.icmfs.org.
46. Iversen C., Dale H., Druggan P., Waddington M., Crawford J., Forsythe S.J. The identification of Enterobacter sakazakii using partial 16S sequencing and biochemical techniques. 104th General meeting of American society of microbiology, Washington, DC, USA 2004, Abstract 037.
47. Iversen C., Druggan P., Forsythe S. A selective differential medium for Enterobacter sakazakii, a preliminary study. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2004, 96:133-139.
48. Iversen C., Druggan P., Schumacher S., Lehner A., Feer C., Gschwend K., et al. Development of a novel screening method for the isolation of 'Cronobacter' spp. [Enterobacter sakazakii]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2008, 74:2550-2553.
49. Iversen C., Forsythe S. Risk profile of Enterobacter sakazakii, an emergent pathogen associated with infant milk formula. Trends in Food Science and Technology 2003, 14:443-454.
50. Iversen C., Lane M., Forsythe S.J. The growth profile, thermotolerance and biofilm formation of Enterobacter sakazakii grown in infant formula milk. Letters in Applied Microbiology 2004, 38:378-382.
51. Iversen C., Lehner A., Mullane N., Bidlas E., Cleenwerck I., Marugg J., et al. The taxonomy of Enterobacter sakazakii: proposal of a new genus Cronobacter gen. nov. and descriptions of Cronobacter sakazakii comb. nov. Cronobacter sakazakii subsp. sakazakii, comb. nov., Cronobacter sakazakii subsp. malonaticus subsp. nov., Cronobacter turicensis sp. nov., Cronobacter muytjensii sp. nov., Cronobacter dublinensis sp. nov., Cronobacter genomospecies 1. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2007, 7:64.
52. Iversen C., Lehner A., Mullane N., Marugg J., Fanning S., Stephan R., et al. Identification of 'Cronobacter' spp. [Enterobacter sakazakii]. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2007, 45:3814-3816.
53. Iversen C., Mullane N., McCardell B., Tall B.D., Lehner A., Fanning S., et al. Cronobacter gen. nov., a new genus to accommodate the biogroups of Enterobacter sakazakii, and proposal of Cronobacter sakazakii gen. nov., comb. nov., Cronobacter malonaticus sp. nov., Cronobacter turicensis sp. nov., Cronobacter muytjensii sp. nov., Cronobacter dublinensis sp. nov., Cronobacter genomospecies 1, and of three subspecies, Cronobacter dublinensis subsp. dublinensis subsp. nov., Cronobacter dublinensis subsp. lausannensis subsp. nov. and Cronobacter dublinensis subsp. lactardi subsp. nov. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 2008, 58:1442-1447.
54. Iversen C., Waddington M., Farmer J.J., Forsythe S.J. The biochemical differentiation of Enterobacter sakazakii genotypes. BMC Microbiology 2006, 6:94.
55. Jang H.I., Rhee S.M. Inhibitory effect of caprylic acid and mild heat on Cronobacter spp. (Enterobacter sakazakii) in reconstituted infant formula and determination of injury by flow cytometry. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2009, 133:113-120.
56. Johnson B. OSHA infectious dose white paper. Applied Biosafety 2003, 8:160-165.
57. Joosten H., Marugg J., Stephan R., Klijn A., Jackson T., Iversen C. A rapid and reliable alternative to ISO 21528-1:2004 for detection of Enterobacteriaceae. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2008, 125:344-346.
58. Jøker R.N., Norholm T., Siboni K.E. A case of neonatal meningitis caused by a yellow Enterobacter. Danish Medical Bulletin 1965, 128-130.
59. Kandhai M.C., Reij M.W., Gorris L.G.M., Guillaume-Gentil O., Schothorst M. Occurrence of Enterobacter sakazakii in food production environments and households. Lancet 2004, 363:39-40.
60. Kandhai M.C., Reij M.W., Grognou C., van Schothorst M., Gorris L.G.M., Zwietering M.H. Effects of preculturing conditions on lag time and specific growth rate of Enterobacter sakazakii in reconstituted powdered infant formula. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2006, 72:2721-2729.
61. Khan A.A., Jones R.A., Cerniglia C.E. Rapid method for the detection of genetically engineered microorganisms by polymerase chain reaction from soil and sediments. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 1998, 20:90-94.
62. Kim H., Beuchat L.R. Survival and growth of Enterobacter sakazakii on fresh-cut fruits and vegetables and in unpasteurized juices as affected by storage temperature. Journal of Food Protection 2005, 68:2541-2552.
63. Kim H., Ryu J.-H., Beuchat L.R. Attachment and biofilm formation by Enterobacter sakazakii on stainless steel and enteral feeding tubes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2006, 73:5846-5856.
64. Kim H., Ryu J.H., Beuchat L.R. Effectiveness of disinfectants in killing Enterobacter sakazakii in suspension, dried on the surface of stainless steel, and in a biofilm. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2007, 73:1256-1265.
65. Kindle G., Busse A., Kampa D., Meyer-Koenig U., Daschner F.D. Killing activity of microwaves in milk. Journal of Hospital Infections 1996, 33:273-278.
66. Kothary M.H., McCardell B.A., Frazar C.D., Deer D., Tall B.D. Characterization of the zinc-containing metalloprotease encoded by zpx and development of a species-specific detection method for Enterobacter sakazakii. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2007, 73:4142-4151.
67. Kucerova E., Clifton S.W., Xia X., Long F., Porwollik S., Fulton L., et al. Genome sequence of Cronobacter sakazakii BAA-894 and comparative genomic hybridisation analysis with other Cronobacter species. PLoS ONE 2010, 5:e9556.
68. Kuzina L.V., Peloquin J.J., Vacek D.C., Miller T.A. Isolation and identification of bacteria associated with adult laboratory Mexican fruit flies, Anastrepha ludens. Current Microbiology 2001, 42:290-294.
69. Lai K.K. Enterobacter sakazakii infections among neonates, infants, children, and adults: case reports and a review of the literature. Medicine Baltimore 2001, 80:113-122.
70. Lampel K.A., Chen Y. Method for the isolation and detection of Enterobacter sakazakii (Cronobacter) from powdered infant formula. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2009, 136:179-184.
71. Lehner A., Riedel K., Rattei T., Ruepp A., Frishman D., Breeuwer P., et al. Molecular characterization of the α-glucosidase activity in Enterobacter sakazakii reveals the presence of a putative gene cluster for palatinose metabolism. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 2006, 29:609-625.
72. Lin M., Al-Holy M., Al-Qadiri H., Kong F., Rasco B.A., Setiady D. Detection and discrimination of Enterobacter sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.) by mid-infrared spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analyses. Journal of Food Safety 2009, 29:531-545.
73. Lin L.C., Beuchat L.R. Survival and growth of Enterobacter sakazakii in infant cereal as affected by composition, reconstitution liquid, and storage temperature. Journal of Food Protection 2007, 70:1410-1422.
74. Liu Y., Cai X., Zhang X., Gao Q., Yang X., Zheng Z., et al. Real time PCR using TaqMan and SYBR Green for detection of Enterobacter sakazakii in infant formula. Journal of Microbiological Methods 2006, 65:21-31.
75. Liu Y., Gao Q., Zhang X., Hou Y., Yang J., Huang X. PCR and oligonucleotide array for detection of Enterobacter sakazakii in infant formula. Molecular and Cellular Probes 2006, 20:11-17.
76. Lockwood D.E., Kreger A.S., Richardson S.H. Detection of toxins produced by Vibrio fluvialis. Infection and Immunity 1982, 35:702-708.
77. MacLean L.L., Pagotto F., Farber J.M., Perry M.B. The structure of the O-antigen in the endotoxin of the emerging food pathogen Cronobacter (Enterobacter) muytjensii strain 3270. Carbohydrate Research 2009, 344:667-671.
78. Malorny B., Wagner M. Detection of Enterobacter sakazakii strains by real-time PCR. Journal of Food Protection 2005, 68:1623-1627.
79. Mensah P., Yeboah-Manu D., Owusu-Darko K., Ablordey A. Street foods in Accra, Ghana: how safe are they?. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2002, 80:546-554.
80. Nair M.K.M., Venkitanarayanan K.S. Cloning and sequencing of the ompA gene of Enterobacter sakazakii and development of an ompA-targeted PCR for rapid detection of Enterobacter sakazakii in infant formula. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2006, 72:2539-2546.
81. Mullane N., Healy B., Meade J., Whyte P., Wall P.G., Fanning S. Dissemination of Cronobacter spp. [Enterobacter sakazakii] in a powdered milk protein manufacturing facility. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2008, 74:5913-5917.
82. Mullane N.R., Murray J., Drudy D., Prentice N., Whyte P., Wall P.G., et al. Detection of Enterobacter sakazakii in dried infant milk formula by cationic-magnetic-bead capture. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2006, 72:6325-6330.
83. Mullane N.R., Whyte P., Wall P.G., Quinn T., Fanning S. Application of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to characterise and trace the prevalence of Enterobacter sakazakii in an infant formula processing facility. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2007, 116:73-81.
84. Muytjens H.L., Kollee L.A. Enterobacter sakazakii meningitis in neonates: causative role of formula?. Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 1990, 9:372-373.
85. Muytjens H.L., Roelofs-Willemse H., Jaspar G.H. Quality of powdered substitutes for breast milk with regard to members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1988, 26:743-746.
86. Muytjens H.L., van der Ros-van der Repe J. Comparative studies of 13 β-lactam antibiotics. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 1982, 21:925-934.
87. Muytjens H.L., Zanen C.H., Sonderkamp J.H., Kollee L.A., Wachsmuth K., Farmer J.J. Analysis of eight cases of neonatal meningitis and sepsis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1983, 18:115-120.
88. Najdovski L., Dragas A.Z., Kotnik V. The killing activity of microwaves on some non-sporogenic and sporogenic medically important bacterial strains. Journal of Hospital Infections 1991, 19:239-247.
89. Naqvi S.H., Maxwell M.A., Schwalbe R.S. Nosocomial bacteremia caused by Enterobacter sakazakii and Leuconostoc mesenteroides resulting from extrinsic contamination of infant formula. Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 1990, 9:447-449.
90. Nazarowec-White M., Farber J.M. Thermal resistance of Enterobacter sakazakii in reconstituted dried-infant formula. Letters in Applied Microbiology 1997, 24:9-13.
91. Nazarowec-White M., Farber J.M. Enterobacter sakazakii: a review. International Journal of Food Microbiology 1997, 34:103-113.
92. Nazarowec-White M., Farber J.M. Incidence, survival, and growth of Enterobacter sakazakii in infant formula. Journal of Food Protection 1997, 60:226-230.
93. Nazarowec-White M., Farber J.M. Phenotypic and genotypic typing of food and clinical isolates of Enterobacter sakazakii. Journal of Medical Microbiology 1999, 48:559-567.
94. Norwood D.E., Gilmour A. The growth and resistance to sodium hypochlorite of Listeria monocytogenes in a steady-state multispecies biofilm. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2000, 88:512-520.
95. Oh S.-W., Chen P.C., Kang D.H. Biofilm formation by Enterobacter sakazakii grown in artificial broth and infant milk formula on plastic surface. Journal of Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology 2007, 15:311-319.
96. Oh S.-W., Kang D.-K. Fluorogenic selective and differential medium for isolation of Enterobacter sakazakii. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2004, 70:5692-5694.
97. Osaili T., Forsythe S. Desiccation resistance and persistence of Cronobacter species in infant formula. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2009, 136:214-220.
98. Pagotto F.J., Farber J.M. Cronobacter spp. (Enterobacter sakazakii): advice, policy and research in Canada. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2009, 136:238-245.
99. Pagotto F.J., Nazarowec-White M., Bidawid S., Farber J.M. Enterobacter sakazakii: infectivity and enterotoxin production in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Food Protection 2003, 66:370-375.
100. Pribyl C., Salzer R., Beskin J., Haddad R.J., Pollock B., Beville R., et al. Aztreozam in the treatment of serious orthopedic infections. American Journal of Medicine 1985, 78:51-56.
101. Proudy I., Bougle D., Leclercq R., Vergnaud M. Tracing of Enterobacter sakazakii isolates in infant milk formula processing by BOX-PCR genotyping. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2008, 15:550-558.
102. Raghav M., Aggarwal P.K. Purification and characterisation of Enterobacter sakazakii enterotoxin. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 2007, 53:750-755.
103. Riedel K., Lehner A. Identification of proteins involved in osmotic stress response of Enterobacter sakazakii by proteonomics. Proteonomics 2007, 7:1217-1231.
104. Schmid M., Iversen C., Gontia I., Stephan R., Hofmann A., Hartmann A., et al. Evidence for a plant-associated natural habitat for Cronobacter spp. Research in Microbiology 2009, 160:608-614.
105. Seo K.H., Brackett R.E. Rapid, specific detection of Enterobacter sakazakii in infant formula using a real-time PCR assay. Journal of Food Protection 2005, 68:59-63.
106. Simmons B.P., Gelfand M.S., Haas M., Metts L., Ferguson J. Enterobacter sakazakii infections in neonates associated with intrinsic contamination of a powdered infant formula. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 1989, 10:398-401.
107. Skladal P., Mascini M., Salvadori C., Zannoni G. Detection of bacterial contamination in sterile UHT milk using a L-lactate biosensor. Enzyme Microbial Technology 1993, 15:508-512.
108. Stoop B., Lehner A., Iversen C., Fanning S., Stephan R. Development and evaluation of rpoB based PCR systems to differentiate the six proposed species within the genus Cronobacter. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2009, 136:165-168.
109. Strydom A., Cameron M., Witthuhn R.C. PCR-RFLP analysis of the rpoB gene to distinguish the five species of Cronobacter. Food Microbiology 2011, 28:1472-1477.
110. Urmenyi A.M.C., Franklin A.W. Neonatal death from pigmented coliform infection. Lancet 1961, 1:313-315.
111. Van Acker J., de Smet F., Muyldermans G., Bougatef A., Naessens A., Lauwers S. Outbreak of necrotizing enterocolitis associated with Enterobacter sakazakii in powdered milk formula. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2001, 39:293-297.
112. Wakabayashi H., Yamauchi K., Takase M. Inhibitory effects of bovine lactoferrin and lactoferricin B on Enterobacter sakazakii. Biocontrol Science 2008, 13:29-32.
113. Witthuhn R.C., Kemp F., Britz T.J. Isolation and PCR detection of Enterobacter sakazakii in South African food products, specifically infant formula milks. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 2006, 23:151-157.