Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender-Nonconforming People, Version 7

International Journal of Transgenderism

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 165-232

  Coleman, Eli ^a   Bockting, W ^b   Botzer, M ^b   Cohen Kettenis, P ^b   DeCuypere, G ^b   Feldman, J ^b   Fraser, L ^b   Green, J ^b   Knudson, G ^b   Meyer, W J ^b   Monstrey, S ^b   Adler, R K ^b   Brown, G R ^b   Devor, A H ^b   Ehrbar, R ^b   Ettner, R ^b   Eyler, E ^b   Garofalo, R ^b   Karasic, D H ^b   Lev, A I ^b   Mayer, G ^b   Meyer Bahlburg, H ^b   Hall, B P ^b   Pfaefflin, F ^b   Rachlin, K ^b   Robinson, B ^b   Schechter, L S ^b   Tangpricha, V ^b   van Trotsenburg, M ^b   Vitale, A ^b   Winter, S ^b   Whittle, S ^b   Wylie, K R ^b   Zucker, K ^b   more..

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

gender dysphoria; Standards of Care; Transexual; transgender

Indexed keywords

EID: 84865463840     PISSN: 15532739     EISSN: 14344599     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15532739.2011.700873     Document Type: Article

References (265)

1. Abramowitz, S. I. 1986. Psychosocial outcomes of sex reassignment surgery. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54(2): 183-189. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.54.2.183
2. ACOG Committee of Gynecologic Practice. 2005. Committee opinion #322: Compounded bioidentical hormones. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 106(5): 139-140.
3. Adler, R. K., Hirsch, S. and Mordaunt, M. 2006. Voice and communication therapy for the transgender/transsexual client: A comprehensive clinical guide, San Diego, CA: Plural Pub.
4. American Academy of Family Physicians. 2005. Definition of family medicine Retrieved fromhttp://www.aafp.org/online/en/home/policy/policies/f/fammeddef.html
5. American Medical Association. 2008. Resolution 122 (A-08) Retrieved fromhttp://www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/471/122.doc
6. American Psychiatric Association. 2000. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-IV-TR, 4th ed., text rev., Washington, DC: Author.
7. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. 2011. Scope of practice Retrieved fromwww.asha.org
8. Anton, B. S. 2009. Proceedings of the American Psychological Association for the legislative year 2008: Minutes of the annual meeting of the council of representatives, February 22-24, 2008, Washington, DC, and August 13 and 17, 2008, Boston, MA, and minutes of the February, June, August, and December 2008 meetings of the board of directors. American Psychologist, 64: 372-453. doi:10.1037/a0015932
9. Asscheman, H., Giltay, E. J., Megens, J. A. J., de Ronde, W., van Trotsenburg, M. A. A. and Gooren, L. J. G. 2011. A long-term follow-up study of mortality in transsexuals receiving treatment with cross-sex hormones. European Journal of Endocrinology, 164(4): 635-642. doi:10.1530/EJE-10-1038
10. Baba, T., Endo, T., Honnma, H., Kitajima, Y., Hayashi, T., Ikeda, H. and Saito, T. 2007. Association between polycystic ovary syndrome and female-to-male transsexuality. Human Reproduction, 22(4): 1011-1016. doi:10.1093/humrep/del474
11. Bakker, A., Van Kesteren, P. J., Gooren, L. J. and Bezemer, P. D. 1993. The prevalence of transsexualism in the Netherlands. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 87(4): 237-238. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1993.tb03364.x
12. Balen, A. H., Schachter, M. E., Montgomery, D., Reid, R. W. and Jacobs, H. S. 1993. Polycystic ovaries are a common finding in untreated female to male transsexuals. Clinical Endocrinology, 38(3): 325-329. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1993.tb01013.x
13. Basson, R. 2001. Towards optimal hormonal treatment of male to female gender identity disorder. Journal of Sexual and Reproductive Medicine, 1(1): 45-51.
14. Basson, R. and Prior, J. C. 1998. "Current concepts in transgender identity". In Hormonal therapy of gender dysphoria: The male-to-female transsexual, Edited by: Denny, D. 277-296. New York, NY: Garland.
15. Benjamin, H. 1966. The transsexual phenomenon, New York, NY: Julian Press.
16. Besnier, N. 1994. "Third sex, third gender: Beyond sexual dimorphism in culture and history". In Polynesian gender liminality through time and space, Edited by: Herdt, G. 285-328. New York, NY: Zone Books.
17. Bockting, W. O. 1999. From construction to context: Gender through the eyes of the transgendered. Siecus Report, 28(1): 3-7.
18. Bockting, W. O. 2008. Psychotherapy and the real-life experience: From gender dichotomy to gender diversity. Sexologies, 17(4): 211-224. doi:10.1016/j. sexol.2008.08.001
19. Bockting, W. O. and Coleman, E. 2007. "Principles of transgender medicine and surgery". In Developmental stages of the transgender coming out process: Toward an integrated identity, Edited by: Ettner, R., Monstrey, S. and Eyler, A. 185-208. New York, NY: Haworth Press.
20. Bockting, W. O. and Goldberg, J. M. 2006. Guidelines for transgender care [Special issue]. International Journal of Transgenderism, 9(3/4)
21. Bockting, W. O., Knudson, G. and Goldberg, J. M. 2006. Counseling and mental health care for transgender adults and loved ones. International Journal of Transgenderism, 9(3/4): 35-82. doi:10.1300/J485v09n03_03
22. Bolin, A. 1988. In search of Eve, 189-192. New York, NY: Bergin & Garvey.
23. Bolin, A. 1994. "Third sex, third gender: Beyond sexual dimorphism in culture and history". In Transcending and transgendering: Male-to-female transsexuals, dichotomy and diversity, Edited by: Herdt, G. 447-486. New York, NY: Zone Books.
24. Bornstein, K. 1994. Gender outlaw: On men, women, and the rest of us, New York, NY: Routledge.
25. Bosinski, H. A. G., Peter, M., Bonatz, G., Arndt, R., Heidenreich, M., Sippell, W. G. and Wille, R. 1997. A higher rate of hyperandrogenic disorders in female-to-male transsexuals. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 22(5): 361-380. doi:10.1016/S0306-4530(97)00033-4
26. Brill, S. A. and Pepper, R. 2008. The transgender child: A handbook for families and professionals, Berkeley, CA: Cleis Press.
27. Brown, G. R. 2009. Recommended revisions to The World Professional Association for Transgender Health's Standards of Care section on medical care for incarcerated persons with gender identity disorder. International Journal of Transgenderism, 11(2): 133-139. doi:10.1080/15532730903008073
28. Brown, G. R. 2010. Autocastration and autopenectomy as surgical self-treatment in incarcerated persons with gender identity disorder. International Journal of Transgenderism, 12(1): 31-39. doi:10.1080/1553273100 3688970
29. Bullough, V. L. and Bullough, B. 1993. Cross dressing, sex, and gender, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
30. Callen Lorde Community Health Center. 2000. Transgender health program protocols Retrieved fromhttp://www.callen-lorde.org/documents/TG_Protocol_Request_Form2.pdf
31. Callen Lorde Community Health Center. 2011. Transgender health program protocols Retrieved fromhttp://www.callen-lorde.org/documents/TG_Protocol_Request_Form2.pdf
32. Canadian Association of Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists. (n.d.).CASLPA clinical certification program. Retrieved fromhttp://www.caslpa.ca/
33. Carew, L., Dacakis, G. and Oates, J. 2007. The effectiveness of oral resonance therapy on the perception of femininity of voice in male-to-female transsexuals. Journal of Voice, 21(5): 591-603. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice. 2006.05.005
34. Carnegie, C. 2004. Diagnosis of hypogonadism: Clinical assessments and laboratory tests. Reviews in Urology, 6(Suppl 6): S3-8.
35. Cattrall, F. R. and Healy, D. L. 2004. Long-term metabolic, cardiovascular and neoplastic risks with polycystic ovary syndrome. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 18(5): 803-812. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2004.05.005
36. Center of Excellence for Transgender Health, UCSF. 2011. Primary care protocol for transgender health care Retrieved fromhttp://transhealth.ucsf.edu/trans?page = protocol-00-00
37. Chiñas, B. 1995. "Latin American male homosexualities". In Isthmus Zapotec attitudes toward sex and gender anomalies, Edited by: Murray, S. O. 293-302. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
38. Clements, K., Wilkinson, W., Kitano, K. and Marx, R. 1999. HIV prevention and health service needs of the transgender community in San Francisco. International Journal of Transgenderism, 3(1): 2-17.
39. Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. 2001. Gender identity disorder in DSM?. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(4): 391-391. doi:10.1097/ 00004583-200104000-00006
40. Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. 2005. Gender change in 46,XY persons with 5α-reductase-2 deficiency and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-3 deficiency. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34(4): 399-410. doi:10.1007/s10508-005-4339-4
41. Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. 2006. "A clinician's handbook of child and adolescent psychiatry". In Gender identity disorders, Edited by: Gillberg, C., Harrington, R. and Steinhausen, H. C. 695-725. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
42. Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. 2010. Psychosocial and psychosexual aspects of disorders of sex development. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 24(2): 325-334. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2009.11.005
43. Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. and Kuiper, A. J. 1984. Transseksualiteit en psychothérapie. Tìjdschrift Voor Psychotherapie, 10: 153-166.
44. Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Owen, A., Kaijser, V. G., Bradley, S. J. and Zucker, K. J. 2003. Demographic characteristics, social competence, and behavior problems in children with gender identity disorder: A cross-national, cross-clinic comparative analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31(1): 41-53. doi:10. 1023/A:1021769215342
45. Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. and Pfäfflin, F. 2003. Transgenderism and intersexuality in childhood and adolescence: Making choices, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
46. Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. and Pfäfflin, F. 2010. The DSM diagnostic criteria for gender identity disorder in adolescents and adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(2): 499-513. doi:10.1007/s10508-009-9562-y
47. Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Schagen, S. E. E., Steensma, T. D., de Vries, A. L. C. and Delemarre-van de Waal, H. A. 2011. Puberty suppression in a gender-dysphoric adolescent: A 22-year follow-up. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40(4): 843-847. doi:0.1007/s10508-011-9758-9
48. Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Wallien, M., Johnson, L. L., Owen-Anderson, A. F. H., Bradley, S. J. and Zucker, K. J. 2006. A parent-report gender identity questionnaire for children: A cross-national, cross-clinic comparative analysis. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 11(3): 397-405. doi:10.1177/1359104506059135
49. Cole, C. M., O'Boyle, M., Emory, L. E. and Meyer, W. J., III 1997. Comorbidity of gender dysphoria and other major psychiatric diagnoses. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 26(1): 13-26.
50. Coleman, E. 2009a. Toward version 7 of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health's Standards of Care. International Journal of Transgenderism, 11(1): 1-7. doi:10.1080/15532730902799912
51. Coleman, E. 2009b. Toward version 7 of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health's Standards of Care: Hormonal and surgical approaches to treatment. International Journal of Transgenderism, 11(3): 141-145. doi:10.1080/15532730903383740
52. Coleman, E. 2009c. Toward version 7 of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health's Standards of Care: Medical and therapeutic approaches to treatment. International Journal of Transgenderism, 11(4): 215-219. doi:10.1080/15532730903439450
53. Coleman, E. 2009d. Toward version 7 of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health's Standards of Care: Psychological assessment and approaches to treatment. International Journal of Transgenderism, 11(2): 69-73. doi:10.1080/15532730903008008
54. Coleman, E., Colgan, P. and Gooren, L. 1992. Male cross-gender behavior in Myanmar (Burma): A description of the acault. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 21(3): 313-321.
55. Costa, L. M. and Matzner, A. 2007. Male bodies, women's souls: Personal narratives of Thailand's transgendered youth, Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press.
56. Currah, P., Juang, R. M. and Minter, S. 2006. Transgender rights, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
57. Currah, P. and Minter, S. 2000. Unprincipled exclusions: The struggle to achieve judicial and legislative equality for transgender people. William and Mary Journal of Women and Law, 7: 37-60.
58. Dacakis, G. 2000. Long-term maintenance of fundamental frequency increases in male-to-female transsexuals. Journal of Voice, 14(4): 549-556. doi:10.1016/S0892-1997(00)80010-7
59. Dahl, M., Feldman, J. L., Goldberg, J. M. and Jaberi, A. 2006. Physical aspects of transgender endocrine therapy. International Journal of Transgenderism, 9(3): 111-134. doi:10.1300/J485v09n03_06
60. Darney, P. D. 2008. "Williams textbook of endocrinology". In Hormonal contraception, Edited by: Kronenberg, H. M., Melmer, S., Polonsky, K. S. and Larsen, P. R. 615-644. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.
61. Davies, S. and Goldberg, J. M. 2006. Clinical aspects of transgender speech feminization and masculinization. International Journal of Transgenderism, 9(3-4): 167-196. doi:10.1300/J485v09n03_08
62. de Bruin, M. D., Coerts, M. J. and Greven, A. J. 2000. Speech therapy in the management of male-to-female transsexuals. Folia Phoniatrica Et Logopaedica, 52(5): 220-227.
63. De Cuypere, G., T'Sjoen, G., Beerten, R., Selvaggi, G., De Sutter, P., Hoebeke, P. and Rubens, R. 2005. Sexual and physical health after sex reassignment surgery. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34(6): 679-690. doi:10.1007/s10508-005-7926-5
64. De Cuypere, G., Van Hemelrijck, M., Michel, A., Carael, B., Heylens, G., Rubens, R. and Monstrey, S. 2007. Prevalence and demography of transsexualism in Belgium. European Psychiatry, 22(3): 137-141. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2006.10.002
65. De Cuypere, G. and Vercruysse, H. 2009. Eligibility and readiness criteria for sex reassignment surgery: Recommendations for revision of the WPATH standards of care. International Journal of Transgenderism, 11(3): 194-205. doi:10.1080/15532730903383781
66. Delemarre-van de Waal, H. A. and Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. 2006. Clinical management of gender identity disorder in adolescents: A protocol on psychological and paediatric endocrinology aspects. European Journal of Endocrinology, 155(Suppl 1): S131-S137. doi:10.1530/eje.1.02231
67. Delemarre-van de Waal, H. A., van Weissenbruch, M. M. and Cohen Kettenis, P. T. 2004. Management of puberty in transsexual boys and girls. Hormone Research in Paediatrics, 62(Suppl 2): 75-75. doi:10.1159/000081145
68. de Lignières, B. 1999. Oral micronized progesterone. Clinical Therapeutics, 21(1): 41-60. doi:10.1016/S0149-2918(00)88267-3
69. Derrig-Palumbo, K. and Zeine, F. 2005. Online therapy: A therapist's guide to expanding your practice, New York, NY: W.W. Norton.
70. Dessens, A. B., Slijper, F. M. E. and Drop, S. L. S. 2005. Gender dysphoria and gender change in chromosomal females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34(4): 389-397. doi:10.1007/s10508-005-4338-5
71. De Sutter, P. 2009. Reproductive options for transpeople: Recommendations for revision of the WPATH's standards of care. International Journal of Transgenderism, 11(3): 183-185. doi:10.1080/15532730903383765
72. De Sutter, P., Kira, K., Verschoor, A. and Hotimsky, A. 2002. The desire to have children and the preservation of fertility in transsexual women: A survey. International Journal of Transgenderism, 6(3) Retrieved fromhttp://www.wpath.org/journal/www.iiav.nl/ezines/web/IJT/97-03/numbers/symposion/ijtvo06no03_02.htm
73. Devor, A. H. 2004. Witnessing and mirroring: A fourteen stage model. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy, 8(1/2): 41-67.
74. de Vries, A. L. C., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. and Delemarre-van de Waal, H. A. 2006. Clinical management of gender dysphoria in adolescents. International Journal of Transgenderism, 9(3-4): 83-94. doi:10. 1300/J485v09n03_04
75. de Vries, A. L. C., Doreleijers, T. A. H., Steensma, T. D. and Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. 2011. Psychiatric comorbidity in gender dysphoric adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry., Advance online publication. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610. 2011.02426.x
76. de Vries, A. L. C., Noens, I. L. J., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., van Berckelaer-Onnes, I. A. and Doreleijers, T. A. 2010. Autism spectrum disorders in gender dysphoric children and adolescents. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(8): 930-936. doi:10.1007/s10803-010-0935-9
77. de Vries, A. L. C., Steensma, T. D., Doreleijers, T. A. H. and Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. 2010. Puberty suppression in adolescents with gender identity disorder: A prospective follow-up study. Journal of Sexual Medicine., Advance online publication. doi:10.1111/ j.1743-6109.2010.01943.x
78. Dhejne, C., Lichtenstein, P., Boman, M., Johansson, A. L. V., Langstrom, N. and Landen, M. 2011. Long-term follow-up of transsexual persons undergoing sex reassignment surgery: Cohort study in Sweden. PloS ONE, 6(2): 1-8. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.00 16885
79. Diamond, M. 2009. Human intersexuality: Difference or disorder?. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38(2): 172-172. doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9438-6
80. Di Ceglie, D. and Thümmel, E. C. 2006. An experience of group work with parents of children and adolescents with gender identity disorder. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 11(3): 387-396. doi:10.1177/ 1359104506064983
81. Dobs, A. S., Meikle, A. W., Arver, S., Sanders, S. W., Caramelli, K. E. and Mazer, N. A. 1999. Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of a permeation-enhanced testosterone transdermal system in comparison with bi-weekly injections of testosterone enanthate for the treatment of hypogonadal men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 84(10): 3469-3478. doi:10.1210/jc.84.10.3469
82. Docter, R. F. 1988. Transvestites and transsexuals: Toward a theory of cross-gender behavior, New York, NY: Plenum Press.
83. Drummond, K. D., Bradley, S. J., Peterson-Badali, M. and Zucker, K. J. 2008. A follow-up study of girls with gender identity disorder. Developmental Psychology, 44(1): 34-45. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.44.1.34
84. Ehrbar, R. D. and Gorton, R. N. 2010. Exploring provider treatment models in interpreting the standards of care. International Journal of Transgenderism, 12(4): 198-210. doi:10.1080/15532739.2010.544235
85. Ekins, R. and King, D. 2006. The transgender phenomenon, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
86. Eklund, P. L., Gooren, L. J. and Bezemer, P. D. 1988. Prevalence of transsexualism in the Netherlands. British Journal of Psychiatry, 152(5): 638-640.
87. Eldh, J., Berg, A. and Gustafsson, M. 1997. Long-term follow up after sex reassignment surgery. Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery, 31(1): 39-45.
88. Emerson, S. and Rosenfeld, C. 1996. Stages of adjustment in family members of transgender individuals. Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 7(3): 1-12. doi:10.1300/J085V07N03_01
89. Emory, L. E., Cole, C. M., Avery, E., Meyer, O. and Meyer, W. J. III 2003, September. Client's view of gender identity: Life, treatment status and outcome, Gent, Belgium: Paper presented at the 18th Biennial Harry Benjamin Symposium.
90. Ettner, R., Monstrey, S. and Eyler, A. 2007. Principles of transgender medicine and surgery, Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press.
91. Eyler, A. E. 2007. "Principles of transgender medicine and surgery". In Primary medical care of the gender-variant patient, Edited by: Ettner, R., Monstrey, S. and Eyler, E. 15-32. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press.
92. Factor, R. J. and Rothblum, E. 2008. Exploring gender identity and community among three groups of transgender individuals in the United States: MTFs, FTMs, and genderqueers. Health Sociology Review, 17(3): 235-253.
93. Feinberg, L. 1996. Transgender warriors: Making history from Joan of Arc to Dennis Rodman, Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
94. Feldman, J. 2005, April. Masculinizing hormone therapy with testosterone 1% topical gel, Bologna, Italy: Paper presented at the 19th Biennial Symposium of the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association.
95. Feldman, J. 2007. "Principles of transgender surgery and medicine". In Preventive care of the transgendered patient, Edited by: Ettner, R., Monstrey, S. and Eyler, E. 33-72. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press.
96. Feldman, J. and Goldberg, J. 2006. Transgender primary medical care. International Journal of Transgenderism, 9(3): 3-34. doi:10.1300/J485v09n03_02
97. Feldman, J. and Safer, J. 2009. Hormone therapy in adults: Suggested revisions to the sixth version of the standards of care. International Journal of Transgenderism, 11(3): 146-182. doi:10.1080/15532730903383757
98. Fenichel, M., Suler, J., Barak, A., Zelvin, E., Jones, G., Munro, K. and Walker-Schmucker, W. 2004. Myths and realities of online clinical work, observations on the phenomena of online behavior, experience, and therapeutic relationships. A 3rd-year report from ISMHO's clinical case study group Retrieved fromhttps://www.ismho.org/myths_n_realities.asp
99. Fenway Community Health Transgender Health Program. 2007. Protocol for hormone therapy Retrieved fromhttp://www.fenwayhealth.org/site/DocServer/Fenway_Protocols.pdf?docID=2181
100. Fisk, N. M. 1974. Editorial: Gender dysphoria syndrome-the conceptualization that liberalizes indications for total gender reorientation and implies a broadly based multi-dimensional rehabilitative regimen. Western Journal of Medicine, 120(5): 386-391.
101. Fitzpatrick, L. A., Pace, C. and Wiita, B. 2000. Comparison of regimens containing oral micronized progesterone or medroxyprogesterone acetate on quality of life in postmenopausal women: A cross-sectional survey. Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine, 9(4): 381-387.
102. Frank, J. D. and Frank, J. B. 1993. Persuasion and healing: A comparative study of psychotherapy, 3rd ed., Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
103. Fraser, L. 2009a. Depth psychotherapy with transgender people. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 24(2): 126-142. doi:10.1080/1468199090300 3878
104. Fraser, L. 2009b. Etherapy: Ethical and clinical considerations for version 7 of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health's Standards of Care. International Journal of Transgenderism, 11(4): 247-263. doi:10.1080/15532730903439492
105. Fraser, L. 2009c. Psychotherapy in the World Professional Association for Transgender Health's Standards of Care: Background and recommendations. International Journal of Transgenderism, 11(2): 110-126. doi:10.1080/15532730903008057
106. Garaffa, G., Christopher, N. A. and Ralph, D. J. 2010. Total phallic reconstruction in female-to-male transsexuals. European Urology, 57(4): 715-722. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2009.05.018
107. Gelder, M. G. and Marks, I. M. 1969. "Transsexualism and sex reassignment". In Aversion treatment in transvestism and transsexualism, Edited by: Green, R. and Money, J. 383-413. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
108. Gelfer, M. P. 1999. Voice treatment for the male-to-female transgendered client. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 8(3): 201-208.
109. Gharib, S., Bigby, J., Chapin, M., Ginsburg, E., Johnson, P., Manson, J. and Solomon, C. 2005. Menopause: A guide to management, Boston, MA: Brigham and Women's Hospital.
110. Gijs, L. and Brewaeys, A. 2007. Surgical treatment of gender dysphoria in adults and adolescents: Recent developments, effectiveness, and challenges. Annual Review of Sex Research, 18: 178-224.
111. Gold, M. and MacNish, M. 2011. Adjustment and resiliency following disclosure of transgender identity in families of adolescents and young adults: Themes and clinical implications, Washington, DC: American Family Therapy Academy.
112. Gómez-Gil, E., Trilla, A., Salamero, M., Godás, T. and Valdés, M. 2009. Sociodemographic, clinical, and psychiatric characteristics of transsexuals from Spain. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38(3): 378-392. doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9307-8
113. Gooren, L. 2005. Hormone treatment of the adult transsexual patient. Hormone Research in Paediatrics, 64(Suppl 2): 31-36. doi:10.1159/000087751
114. Gorton, R. N., Buth, J. and Spade, D. 2005. Medical therapy and health maintenance for transgender men: A guide for health care providers, San Francisco, CA: Lyon-Martin Women's Health Services.
115. Green, R. 1987. "The "sissy boy syndrome". In " and the development of homosexuality, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
116. Green, R. and Fleming, D. 1990. Transsexual surgery follow-up: Status in the 1990s. Annual Review of Sex Research, 1(1): 163-174.
117. Greenson, R. R. 1964. On homosexuality and gender identity. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 45: 217-219.
118. Grossman, A. H., D'Augelli, A. R., Howell, T. J. and Hubbard, S. 2006. Parent's reactions to transgender youth's gender-nonconforming expression and identity. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 18(1): 3-16. doi:10.1300/J041v18n01_02
119. Grossman, A. H., D'Augelli, A. R. and Salter, N. P. 2006. Male-to-female transgender youth: Gender expression milestones, gender atypicality, victimization, and parents' responses. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 2(1): 71-92.
120. Grumbach, M. M., Hughes, I. A. and Conte, F. A. 2003. "Disorders of sex differentiation". In Williams textbook of endocrinology, 10th ed., Edited by: Larsen, P. R., Kronenberg, H. M., Melmed, S. and Polonsky, K. S. 842-1002. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.
121. Hage, J. J. and De Graaf, F. H. 1993. Addressing the ideal requirements by free flap phalloplasty: Some reflections on refinements of technique. Microsurgery, 14(9): 592-598. doi:10.1002/micr.1920140910
122. Hage, J. J. and Karim, R. B. 2000. Ought GIDNOS get nought? Treatment options for nontranssexual gender dysphoria. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 105(3): 1222-1227.
123. Hancock, A. B., Krissinger, J. and Owen, K. 2010. Voice perceptions and quality of life of transgender people. Journal of Voice, Advance online publication doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2010.07.013
124. Hastings, D. W. 1974. Postsurgical adjustment of male transsexual patients. Clinics in Plastic Surgery, 1(2): 335-344.
125. Hembree, W. C., Cohen-Kettenis, P., Delemarre-van de Waal, H. A., Gooren, L. J., Meyer, W. J. III, Spack, N. P. and Montori, V. M. 2009. Endocrine treatment of transsexual persons: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 94(9): 3132-3154. doi:10.1210/jc.2009-0345
126. Hill, D. B., Menvielle, E., Sica, K. M. and Johnson, A. 2010. An affirmative intervention for families with gender-variant children: Parental ratings of child mental health and gender. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 36(1): 6-23. doi:10.1080/0092623090337 5560
127. Hoebeke, P., Selvaggi, G., Ceulemans, P., De Cuypere, G. D., T'Sjoen, G., Weyers, S. and Monstrey, S. 2005. Impact of sex reassignment surgery on lower urinary tract function. European Urology, 47(3): 398-402. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2004.10.008
128. Hoenig, J. and Kenna, J. C. 1974. The prevalence of transsexualism in England and Wales. British Journal of Psychiatry, 124(579): 181-190. doi:10.1192/bjp.124.2. 181
129. Hughes, I. A., Houk, C. P., Ahmed, S. F., Lee, P. A. and LWPES/ESPE Consensus Group. 2006. Consensus statement on management of intersex disorders. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 91(7): 554-563. doi:10.1136/adc.2006.098319
130. Hunter, M. H. and Sterrett, J. J. 2000. Polycystic ovary syndrome: It's not just infertility. American Family Physician, 62(5): 1079-1095.
131. Institute of Medicine. 2011. The health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people: Building a foundation for better understanding, Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
132. Jackson, P. A. and Sullivan, G. 1999. Lady boys, tom boys, rent boys: Male and female homosexualities in contemporary Thailand, Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press.
133. Jockenhövel, F. 2004. Testosterone therapy-what, when and to whom?. The Aging Male, 7(4): 319-324. doi:10.1080/13685530400016557
134. Johansson, A., Sundbom, E., Höjerback, T. and Bodlund, O. 2010. A five-year follow-up study of Swedish adults with gender identity disorder. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(6): 1429-1437. doi:10.1007/s10508-009-9551-1
135. Joint LWPES/ESPE CAH Working Group, Clayton, P. E., Miller, W. L., Oberfield, S. E., Ritzen, E. M., Sippell, W. G. and Speiser, P. W. 2002. Consensus statement on 21-hydroxylase deficiency from the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society and the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 87(9): 4048-4053. doi:10.1210/jc.2002-020611
136. Jurgensen, M., Hiort, O., Holterhus, P. M. and Thyen, U. 2007. Gender role behavior in children with XY karyotype and disorders of sex development. Hormones and Behavior, 51(3): 443-453. doi:0.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.01.001
137. Kanagalingam, J., Georgalas, C., Wood, G. R., Ahluwalia, S., Sandhu, G. and Cheesman, A. D. 2005. Cricothyroid approximation and subluxation in 21 male-to-female transsexuals. The Laryngoscope, 115(4): 611-618. doi:10.1097/01.mlg.0000161357.12826.33
138. Kanhai, R. C. J., Hage, J. J., Karim, R. B. and Mulder, J. W. 1999. Exceptional presenting conditions and outcome of augmentation mammaplasty in male-to-female transsexuals. Annals of Plastic Surgery, 43(5): 476-483.
139. Kimberly, S. 1997. I am transsexual-hear me roar. Minnesota Law & Politics, June,: 21-49.
140. Klein, C. and Gorzalka, B. B. 2009. Sexual functioning in transsexuals following hormone therapy and genital surgery: A review (CME). The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6(11): 2922-2939. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01370.x
141. Knudson, G., De Cuypere, G. and Bockting, W. 2010a. Process toward consensus on recommendations for revision of the DSM diagnoses of gender identity disorders by the World Professional Association for Transgender Health. International Journal of Transgenderism, 12(2): 54-59. doi:10.1080/15532739.2010.509213
142. Knudson, G., De Cuypere, G. and Bockting, W. 2010b. Recommendations for revision of the DSM diagnoses of gender identity disorders: Consensus statement of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health. International Journal of Transgenderism, 12(2): 115-118. doi:10.1080/15532739.2010.509215
143. Kosilek, v. 2002. Massachusetts Department of Corrections/Maloney, C.A. No. 92-12820-MLW (U.S. Federal District Court Boston, MA
144. Krege, S., Bex, A., Lümmen, G. and Rübben, H. 2001. Male-to-female transsexualism: A technique, results and long-term follow-up in 66 patients. British Journal of Urology, 88(4): 396-402. doi:10.1046/j.1464-410X.2001.02323.x
145. Kuhn, A., Bodmer, C., Stadlmayr, W., Kuhn, P., Mueller, M. D. and Birkhäuser, M. 2009. Quality of life 15 years after sex reassignment surgery for transsexualism. Fertility and Sterility, 92(5): 1685-1689. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.08.126
146. Kuhn, A., Hiltebrand, R. and Birkhauser, M. 2007. Do transsexuals have micturition disorders?. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 131(2): 226-230. doi:10.1016/j. ejogrb.2006.03.019
147. Landén, M., Wålinder, J. and Lundström, B. 1998. Clinical characteristics of a total cohort of female and male applicants for sex reassignment: A descriptive study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 97(3): 189-194. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1998.tb09986.x
148. Lawrence, A. A. 2003. Factors associated with satisfaction or regret following male-to-female sex reassignment surgery. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32(4): 299-315. doi:10.1023/A:1024086814364
149. Lawrence, A. A. 2006. Patient-reported complications and functional outcomes of male-to-female sex reassignment surgery. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 35(6): 717-727. doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9104-9
150. Lev, A. I. 2004. Transgender emergence: Therapeutic guidelines for working with gender-variant people and their families, Binghamton, NY: Haworth Clinical Practice Press.
151. Lev, A. I. 2009. The ten tasks of the mental health provider: Recommendations for revision of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health's Standards of Care. International Journal of Transgenderism, 11(2): 74-99. doi:10.1080/1553273090300 8032
152. Levy, A., Crown, A. and Reid, R. 2003. Endocrine intervention for transsexuals. Clinical Endocrinology, 59(4): 409-418. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01821.x
153. MacLaughlin, D. T. and Donahoe, P. K. 2004. Sex determination and differentiation. New England Journal of Medicine, 350(4): 367-378.
154. Maheu, M. M., Pulier, M. L., Wilhelm, F. H., McMenamin, J. P. and Brown-Connolly, N. E. 2005. The mental health professional and the new technologies: A handbook for practice today, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
155. Malpas, J. 2011. Between pink and blue: A multi-dimensional family approach to gender nonconforming children and their families. Family Process, 50(4): 453-470. doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2011.01371.x
156. Mazur, T. 2005. Gender dysphoria and gender change in androgen insensitivity or micropenis. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34(4): 411-421. doi:10.1007/s10508-005-4341-x
157. McNeill, E. J. M. 2006. Management of the transgender voice. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology, 120(07): 521-523. doi:10.1017/S0022215106001174
158. McNeill, E. J. M., Wilson, J. A., Clark, S. and Deakin, J. 2008. Perception of voice in the transgender client. Journal of Voice, 22(6): 727-733. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2006.12.010
159. Menvielle, E. J. and Tuerk, C. 2002. A support group for parents of gender-nonconforming boys. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(8): 1010-1013. doi:10.1097/00004583-200208000-00021
160. Meyer, I. H. 2003. Prejudice as stress: Conceptual and measurement problems. American Journal of Public Health, 93(2): 262-265.
161. Meyer, J. K. and Reter, D. J. 1979. Sex reassignment: Follow-up. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36(9): 1010-1015.
162. Meyer, W. J. III 2009. World Professional Association for Transgender Health's standards of care requirements of hormone therapy for adults with gender identity disorder. International Journal of Transgenderism, 11(2): 127-132. doi:10.1007/15532730903008065
163. Meyer, W. J. III, Webb, A., Stuart, C. A., Finkelstein, J. W., Lawrence, B. and Walker, P. A. 1986. Physical and hormonal evaluation of transsexual patients: A longitudinal study. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 15(2): 121-138. doi:10.1007/BF01542220
164. Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L. 2002. Gender assignment and reassignment in intersexuality: Controversies, data, and guidelines for research. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 511: 199-223. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0621-8_12
165. Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L. 2005. Gender identity outcome in female-raised 46,XY persons with penile agenesis, cloacal exstrophy of the bladder, or penile ablation. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34(4): 423-438. doi:10.1007/s10508-005-4342-9
166. Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L. 2008. Treatment guidelines for children with disorders of sex development. Neuropsychiatrie de l'Enfance et de l'Adolescence, 56(6): 345-349. doi:10.1016/j.neurenf.2008.06.002.
167. Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L. 2009. Variants of gender differentiation in somatic disorders of sex development. International Journal of Transgenderism, 11(4): 226-237. doi:10.1080/15532730903439476
168. Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L. 2010. From mental disorder to iatrogenic hypogonadism: Dilemmas in conceptualizing gender identity variants as psychiatric conditions. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(2): 461-476. doi:10.1007/s10508-009-9532-4
169. Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L. 2011. Gender monitoring and gender reassignment of children and adolescents with a somatic disorder of sex development. Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 20(4), 639-649. doi: 10.1016/j.ch.2011.07.002
170. Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L. and Blizzard, R. M. 2004. Conference proceedings: Research on intersex-Summary of a planning workshop. The Endocrinologist, 14(2): 59-69. doi:10.1097/01.ten.0000123701.61007.4e
171. Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L., Dolezal, C., Baker, S. W., Carlson, A. D., Obeid, J. S. and New, M. I. 2004. Prenatal androgenization affects gender-related behavior but not gender identity in 5-12-year-old girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 33(2): 97-104. doi:10.1023/B:ASEB.0000014324. 25718.51
172. Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L., Dolezal, C., Baker, S. W., Ehrhardt, A. A. and New, M. I. 2006. Gender developmentin women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia as a function of disorder severity. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 35(6): 667-684. doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9068-9
173. Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L., Migeon, C. J., Berkovitz, G. D., Gearhart, J. P., Dolezal, C. and Wisniewski, A. B. 2004. Attitudes of adult 46,XY intersex persons to clinical management policies. The Journal of Urology, 171(4): 1615-1619. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000117761.94734.b7
174. Money, J. and Ehrhardt, A. A. 1972. Man and woman, boy and girl, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
175. Money, J. and Russo, A. J. 1979. Homosexual outcome of discordant gender identity/role in childhood: Longitudinal follow-up. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 4(1): 29-41. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/4.1.29
176. Monstrey, S., Hoebeke, P., Selvaggi, G., Ceulemans, P., Van Landuyt, K., Blondeel, P. and De Cuypere, G. 2009. Penile reconstruction: Is the radial forearm flap really the standard technique?. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 124(2): 510-518.
177. Monstrey, S., Selvaggi, G., Ceulemans, P., Van Landuyt, K., Bowman, C., Blondeel, P. and De Cuypere, G. 2008. Chest-wall contouring surgery in female-to-male transsexuals: A new algorithm. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 121(3): 849-859. doi:10.1097/01.prs. 0000299921.15447.b2
178. Moore, E., Wisniewski, A. and Dobs, A. 2003. Endocrine treatment of transsexual people: A review of treatment regimens, outcomes, and adverse effects. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 88(8): 3467-3473. doi:10.1210/jc.2002-021967
179. More, S. D. 1998. The pregnant man-an oxymoron?. Journal of Gender Studies, 7(3): 319-328. doi:10.1080/09589236.1998.9960725
180. Mount, K. H. and Salmon, S. J. 1988. Changing the vocal characteristics of a postoperative transsexual patient: A longitudinal study. Journal of Communication Disorders, 21(3): 229-238. doi:10.1016/0021-9924(88)90031-7
181. Mueller, A., Kiesewetter, F., Binder, H., Beckmann, M. W. and Dittrich, R. 2007. Long-term administration of testosterone undecanoate every 3 months for testosterone supplementation in female-to-male transsexuals. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 92(9): 3470-3475. doi:10.1210/jc.2007-0746
182. Murad, M. H., Elamin, M. B., Garcia, M. Z., Mullan, R. J., Murad, A., Erwin, P. J. and Montori, V. M. 2010. Hormonal therapy and sex reassignment: A systematic review and meta-analysis of quality of life and psychosocial outcomes. Clinical Endocrinology, 72(2): 214-231. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03625.x
183. Nanda, S. 1998. Neither man nor woman: The hijras of India, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
184. Nestle, J., Wilchins, R. A. and Howell, C. 2002. Genderqueer: Voices from beyond the sexual binary, Los Angeles, CA: Alyson.
185. Neumann, K. and Welzel, C. 2004. The importance of voice in male-to-female transsexualism. Journal of Voice, 18(1): 153-167.
186. Newfield, E., Hart, S., Dibble, S. and Kohler, L. 2006. Female-to-male transgender quality of life. Quality of Life Research, 15(9): 1447-1457. doi:10.1007/s11136-006-0002-3
187. Nieschlag, E., Behre, H. M., Bouchard, P., Corrales, J. J., Jones, T. H., Stalla, G. K. and Wu, F. C. W. 2004. Testosterone replacement therapy: Current trends and future directions. Human Reproduction Update, 10(5): 409-419. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmh035
188. North American Menopause Society. 2010. Estrogen and progestogen use in postmenopausal women: 2010 position statement. Menopause, 17(2): 242-255. doi:10.1097/gme.0b013e3181d0f6b9
189. Nuttbrock, L., Hwahng, S., Bockting, W., Rosenblum, A., Mason, M., Macri, M. and Becker, J. 2010. Psychiatric impact of gender-related abuse across the life course of male-to-female transgender persons. Journal of Sex Research, 47(1): 12-23. doi:10.1080/00224490903062258
190. Oates, J. M. and Dacakis, G. 1983. Speech pathology considerations in the management of transsexualism-a review. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 18(3): 139-151. doi:10. 3109/13682828309012237
191. Olyslager, F. and Conway, L. 2007, September. On the calculation of the prevalence of transsexualism, Chicago, IL: Paper presented at the World Professional Association for Transgender Health 20th International Symposium. Retrieved fromhttp://www.changelingaspects.com/PDF/2007-09-06-Prevalence_of_Transsexualism.pdf
192. Oriel, K. A. 2000. Clinical update: Medical care of transsexual patients. Journal of the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association, 4(4): 185-194. doi:1090-7173/00/1200-0185$18.00/1
193. Pauly, I. B. 1965. Male psychosexual inversion: Transsexualism: A review of 100 cases. Archives of General Psychiatry, 13(2): 172-181.
194. Pauly, I. B. 1981. Outcome of sex reassignment surgery for transsexuals. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 15(1): 45-51. doi:10.3109/ 00048678109159409
195. Payer, A. F., Meyer, W. J. III and Walker, P. A. 1979. The ultrastructural response of human leydig cells to exogenous estrogens. Andrologia, 11(6): 423-436. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0272.1979.tb02232.x
196. Peletz, M. G. 2006. Transgenderism and gender pluralism in southeast Asia since early modern times. Current Anthropology, 47(2): 309-340. doi:10.1086/498947
197. Pfäfflin, F. 1993. Regrets after sex reassignment surgery. Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality, 5(4): 69-85.
198. Pfäfflin, F. and Junge, A. 1998. Sex reassignment. Thirty years of international follow-up studies after sex reassignment surgery: A comprehensive review, 1961-1991. International Journal of Transgenderism, Retrieved fromhttp://web.archive.org/web/20070503090247/http://www.symposion.com/ijt/pfaefflin/1000.htm
199. 2007. Physicians' desk reference, (61st ed., Montvale, NJ: PDR.
200. 2010. Physicians' desk reference, (65th ed., Montvale, NJ: PDR.
201. Pleak, R. R. 1999. "Sissies and tomboys: Gender nonconformity and homosexual childhood". In Ethical issues in diagnosing and treating gender-dysphoric children and adolescents, Edited by: Rottnek, M. 34-51. New York: New York University Press.
202. Pope, K. S. and Vasquez, M. J. 2011. Ethics in psychotherapy and counseling: A practical guide, 4th ed., Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
203. Prior, J. C., Vigna, Y. M. and Watson, D. 1989. Spironolactone with physiological female steroids for presurgical therapy of male-to-female transsexualism. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 18(1): 49-57. doi:10.1007/BF01579291
204. Prior, J. C., Vigna, Y. M., Watson, D., Diewold, P. and Robinow, O. 1986. Spironolactone in the presurgical therapy of male to female transsexuals: Philosophy and experience of the Vancouver Gender Dysphoria Clinic. Journal of Sex Information & Education Council of Canada, 1: 1-7.
205. Rachlin, K. 1999. Factors which influence individual's decisions when considering female-to-male genital reconstructive surgery. International Journal of Transgenderism, 3(3) Retrieved fromhttp://www.WPATH.org
206. Rachlin, K. 2002. Transgendered individuals' experiences of psychotherapy. International Journal of Transgenderism, 6(1) Retrieved fromhttp://www.wpath.org/journal/www.iiav.nl/ezines/web/IJT/97-03/numbers/symposion/ijtvo06no01_03.htm
207. Rachlin, K., Green, J. and Lombardi, E. 2008. Utilization of health care among female-to-male transgender individuals in the United States. Journal of Homosexuality, 54(3): 243-258. doi:10.1080/00918360801982124
208. Rachlin, K., Hansbury, G. and Pardo, S. T. 2010. Hysterectomy and oophorectomy experiences of female-to-male transgender individuals. International Journal of Transgenderism, 12(3): 155-166. doi:10. 1080/15532739.2010.514220
209. Reed, B., Rhodes, S., Schofield, P. and Wylie, K. 2009. Gender variance in the UK: Prevalence, incidence, growth and geographic distribution Retrieved fromhttp://www.gires.org.uk/assets/Medpro-Assets/GenderVarianceUK-report.pdf
210. Rehman, J., Lazer, S., Benet, A. E., Schaefer, L. C. and Melman, A. 1999. The reported sex and surgery satisfactions of 28 postoperative male-to-female transsexual patients. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 28(1): 71-89. doi:10.1023/A:1018745706354
211. Robinow, O. 2009. Paraphilia and transgenderism: A connection with Asperger's disorder?. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 24(2): 143-151. doi:10.1080/14681990902951358
212. Rosenberg, M. 2002. Children with gender identity issues and their parents in individual and group treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(5): 619-621. doi:10.1097/00004583-200205000-00020
213. Rossouw, J. E., Anderson, G. L., Prentice, R. L., LaCroix, A. Z., Kooperberg, C., Stefanick, M. L. and Johnson, K. C. 2002. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: Principal results from the women's health initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 288(3): 321-333. s
214. Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists, United Kingdom. Retrieved fromhttp://www.rcslt.org/
215. Ruble, D. N., Martin, C. L. and Berenbaum, S. A. 2006. "Handbook of child psychology". In Gender development, 6th ed., Edited by: Eisenberg, N., Damon, W. and Lerner, R. M. 858-932. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
216. Sausa, L. A. 2005. Translating research into practice: Trans youth recommendations for improving school systems. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Issues in Education, 3(1): 15-28. doi:10.1300/J367v03n01_04
217. Simpson, J. L., Cruz de la, F., Swerdloff, R. S., Samango-Sprouse, C., Skakkebaek, N. E., Graham, J. M. J. and Willard, H. F. 2003. Klinefelter syndrome: Expanding the phenotype and identifying new research directions. Genetics in Medicine, 5(6): 460-468. doi:10.1097/01.GIM.0000095626.54201.D0
218. Smith, Y. L. S., Van Goozen, S. H. M., Kuiper, A. J. and Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. 2005. Sex reassignment: Outcomes and predictors of treatment for adolescent and adult transsexuals. Psychological Medicine, 35(1): 89-99. doi:10.1017/S0033291704002776
219. Sood, R., Shuster, L., Smith, R., Vincent, A. and Jatoi, A. 2011. Counseling postmenopausal women about bioidentical hormones: Ten discussion points for practicing physicians. Journal of the American Board of Family Practice, 24(2): 202-210. doi:10. 3122/jabfm.2011.02.100194
220. Speech Pathology Australia. Retrieved fromhttp://www.speechpathologyaustralia.org.au/
221. Speiser, P. W., Azziz, R., Baskin, L. S., Ghizzoni, L., Hensle, T. W., Merke, D. P. and Oberfield, S. E. 2010. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency: An endocrine society clinical practice guideline. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 95(9): 4133-4160. doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2631
222. Steensma, T. D., Biemond, R., de Boer, F. and Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. 2011. Desisting and persisting gender dysphoria after childhood: A qualitative follow-up study. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Advance online publication. doi:10. 1177/1359104510378303
223. Steensma, T. D. and Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. 2011. Gender transitioning before puberty?. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40(4): 649-650. doi:10.1007/s10508-011-9752-2
224. Stikkelbroeck, N. M. M. L., Beerendonk, C., Willemsen, W. N. P., Schreuders-Bais, C. A., Feitz, W. F. J., Rieu, P. N. M. A. and Otten, B. J. 2003. The long term outcome of feminizing genital surgery for congenital adrenal hyperplasia: Anatomical, functional and cosmetic outcomes, psychosexual development, and satisfaction in adult female patients. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 16(5): 289-296. doi:10.1016/S1083-3188(03)00155-4
225. Stoller, R. J. 1964. A contribution to the study of gender identity. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 45: 220-226.
226. Stone, S. 1991. "Body guards: The cultural politics of gender ambiguity". In The empire strikes back: A posttransexual manifesto, Edited by: Epstein, J. and Straub, K. 280-304. London, UK: Routledge.
227. Tangpricha, V., Ducharme, S. H., Barber, T. W. and Chipkin, S. R. 2003. Endocrinologic treatment of gender identity disorders. Endocrine Practice, 9(1): 12-21.
228. Tangpricha, V., Turner, A., Malabanan, A. and Holick, M. 2001. Effects of testosterone therapy on bone mineral density in the FTM patient. International Journal of Transgenderism, 5(4)
229. Taywaditep, K. J., Coleman, E. and Dumronggittigule, P. 1997. "International encyclopedia of sexuality". In Thailand (Muang Thai), Edited by: Francoeur, R. New York, NY: Continuum.
230. Thole, Z., Manso, G., Salgueiro, E., Revuelta, P. and Hidalgo, A. 2004. Hepatotoxicity induced by antiandrogens: A review of the literature. Urologia Internationalis, 73(4): 289-295. doi:10.1159/00008 1585
231. Tom Waddell Health Center. 2006. Protocols for hormonal reassignment of gender Retrieved fromhttp://www.sfdph.org/dph/comupg/oservices/medSvs/hlthCtrs/TransGendprotocols122006.pdf
232. Tsoi, W. F. 1988. The prevalence of transsexualism in Singapore. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 78(4): 501-504. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb06373.x
233. Van den Broecke, R., Van der Elst, J., Liu, J., Hovatta, O. and Dhont, M. 2001. The female-to-male transsexual patient: A source of human ovarian cortical tissue for experimental use. Human Reproduction, 16(1): 145-147. doi:10.1093/humrep/16.1.145
234. Vanderburgh, R. 2009. Appropriate therapeutic care for families with prepubescent transgender/gender-dissonant children. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 26(2): 135-154. doi:10.1007/s10560-008-0158-5
235. van Kesteren, P. J. M., Asscheman, H., Megens, J. A. J. and Gooren, L. J. G. 1997. Mortality and morbidity in transsexual subjects treated with cross-sex hormones. Clinical Endocrinology, 47(3): 337-343. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.1997.2601068.x
236. van Kesteren, P. J. M., Gooren, L. J. and Megens, J. A. 1996. An epidemiological and demographic study of transsexuals in the Netherlands. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 25(6): 589-600. doi:10.1007/BF0243 7841
237. van Trotsenburg, M. A. A. 2009. Gynecological aspects of transgender healthcare. International Journal of Transgenderism, 11(4): 238-246. doi:10.1080/ 15532730903439484
238. Vilain, E. 2000. Genetics of sexual development. Annual Review of Sex Research, 11: 1-25.
239. Wålinder, J. 1968. Transsexualism: Definition, prevalence and sex distribution. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 43(S203): 255-257.
240. Wålinder, J. 1971. Incidence and sex ratio of transsexualism in Sweden. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 119(549): 195-196.
241. Wallien, M. S. C. and Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. 2008. Psychosexual outcome of gender-dysphoric children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(12): 1413-1423. doi:10. 1097/CHI.0b013e31818956b9
242. Wallien, M. S. C., Swaab, H. and Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. 2007. Psychiatric comorbidity among children with gender identity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(10): 1307-1314. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3181373848
243. Warren, B. E. 1993. Transsexuality, identity and empowerment. A view from the frontlines. SIECUS Report, February/March,: 14-16.
244. Weitze, C. and Osburg, S. 1996. Transsexualism in Germany: Empirical data on epidemiology and application of the German Transsexuals' Act during its first ten years. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 25(4): 409-425.
245. Wilson, J. D. 1999. The role of androgens in male gender role behavior. Endocrine Reviews, 20(5): 726-737. doi:10.1210/er.20.5.726
246. Winter, S. 2009. Cultural considerations for the World Professional Association for Transgender Health's standards of care: The Asian perspective. International Journal of Transgenderism, 11(1): 19-41. doi:10.1080/15532730902799938
247. Winter, S., Chalungsooth, P., Teh, Y. K., Rojanalert, N., Maneerat, K., Wong, Y. W. and Macapagal, R. A. 2009. Transpeople, transprejudice and pathologization: A seven-country factor analytic study. International Journal of Sexual Health, 21(2): 96-118. doi:10.1080/19317610902922537
248. Wisniewski, A. B., Migeon, C. J., Malouf, M. A. and Gearhart, J. P. 2004. Psychosexual outcome in women affected by congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. The Journal of Urology, 171(6, Part 1): 2497-2501. doi:10.1097/ 01.ju.0000125269.91938.f7
249. World Health Organization. 2007. International classification of diseases and related health problems-10th revision, Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
250. World Health Organization. 2008. The world health report 2008: Primary health care-now more than ever, Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
251. World Professional Association for Transgender Health, Inc. 2008. WPATH clarification on medical necessity of treatment, sex reassignment, and insurance coverage in the U.S.A Retrieved fromhttp://www.wpath.org/documents/Med%20Nec%20on%202008%20Letterhead.pdf
252. WPATH Board of Directors. 2010. De-psychopathologisation statement released May 26, 2010 Retrieved fromhttp://wpath.org/announcements_detail.cfm?pk_announcement = 17
253. Xavier, J. M. 2000. The Washington, D.C. transgender needs assessment survey: Final report for phase two, Washington, DC: Administration for HIV/AIDS of District of Columbia Government.
254. Zhang, G., Gu, Y., Wang, X., Cui, Y. and Bremner, W. J. 1999. A clinical trial of injectable testosterone undecanoate as a potential male contraceptive in normal Chinese men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 84(10): 3642-3647. doi:10.1210/jc.84.10.3642
255. Zitzmann, M., Saad, F. and Nieschlag, E. 2006, April. Long term experience of more than 8 years with a novel formulation of testosterone undecanoate (nebido) in substitution therapy of hypogonadal men, Glasgow, UK: Paper presented at European Congress of Endocrinology.
256. Zucker, K. J. 1999. Intersexuality and gender identity differentiation. Annual Review of Sex Research, 10(1): 1-69.
257. Zucker, K. J. 2004. Gender identity development and issues. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 13(3): 551-568. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2004.02.006
258. Zucker, K. J. 2006. "DSM-IV-TR casebook, volume 2". In "I'm half-boy, half-girl": Play psychotherapy and parent counseling for gender identity disorder, Edited by: Spitzer, R. L., First, M. B., Williams, J. B. W. and Gibbons, M. 321-334. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric.
259. Zucker, K. J. 2010. The DSM diagnostic criteria for gender identity disorder in children. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(2): 477-498. doi:10.1007/s10508-009-9540-4
260. Zucker, K. J. and Bradley, S. J. 1995. Gender identity disorder and psychosexual problems in children and adolescents, New York, NY: Guilford Press.
261. Zucker, K. J., Bradley, S. J., Owen-Anderson, A., Kibblewhite, S. J. and Cantor, J. M. 2008. Is gender identity disorder in adolescents coming out of the closet?. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 34(4): 287-290. doi:10.1080/00926230802096192
262. Zucker, K. J., Bradley, S. J., Owen-Anderson, A., Kibblewhite, S. J., Wood, H., Singh, D. and Choi, K. 2012. Demographics, behavior problems, and psychosexual characteristics of adolescents with gender identity disorder or transvestic fetishism. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 38 2: 151-189.
263. Zucker, K. J. and Lawrence, A. A. 2009. Epidemiology of gender identity disorder: Recommendations for the standards of care of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health. International Journal of Transgenderism, 11(1): 8-18. doi:10.1080/15532730902799946
264. Zucker, K. J., Owen, A., Bradley, S. J. and Ameeriar, L. 2002. Gender-dysphoric children and adolescents: A comparative analysis of demographic characteristics and behavioral problems. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 7(3): 398-411.
265. Zuger, B. 1984. Early effeminate behavior in boys: Outcome and significance for homosexuality. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 172(2): 90-97.