Surgical treatment of gender dysphoria in adults and adolescents: Recent developments, effectiveness, and challenges

Annual Review of Sex Research

Volumn 18, Issue , 2007, Pages 178-224

  Gijs, Luk ^a   Brewaeys, Anne ^a  

^a VU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Gender dysphoria; Gender identity disorder; Sex reassignment; Sex reassignment surgery; Transsexualism

Indexed keywords

EID: 73449096617     PISSN: 10532528     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10532528.2007.10559851     Document Type: Article

References (138)

1. Abramowitz, S. I. (1986). Psychosocial outcomes of sex reassignment surgery. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 183-189.
2. ä Campo, J., Nijman, H., Merckelbach, H., & Evers, C. (2003). Psychiatric comorbidity of gender identity disorders: A survey among Dutch psychiatrists. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1332-1336.
3. American Psychiatric Association. (1952). Diagnostic and statistical manual. Washington, DC: Author.
4. American Psychiatric Association. (1968). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
5. American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
6. American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
7. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manuai of mentai disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
8. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text-rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
9. American Psychological Presidential Task Force on Evidence-Based Practice. (2006). Evidence- based practice in psychology. American Psychologist, 61, 271-285.
10. Bailey, M. (2003). The man who would be queen. Washington, DC: Joseph Harry Press.
11. Balsma, A., Wouda, J., Vessies, D., Bakker, O., van de Wiel, H., & Weymar-Schultz, W. (1995). Onderzoek van de doorbloeding van de wand van de neovagina na erotische prikkeling bij man-vrouw transseksuelen [Blood flow in the neovagina after erotic stimulation in male-to-female transsexuals]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, 139, 1713-1714.
12. Barlow, D. H., Abel, G. G., & Blanchard, E. B. (1977). Gender identity change in a transsexual: An exorcism. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 6, 387-395.
13. Barlow, D. H., Abel, G. G., & Blanchard, E.B. (1979). Gender identity change in transsexuals. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 1001-1007.
14. Barlow, D. H., Reynolds, E. J., Agras, S. & Miss, J. (1973). Gender identity change in a transsexual. Archives of General Psychiatry, 28, 569-576.
15. Barrett, J. (1998). Psychological and social function before and after phalloplasty. International Journal of Transgenderism, 2. Retrieved December 28, 2005, from http://www.symposion.com/ijt/ijtc0301.htm
16. Blanchard, R. (2005). Early history of the concept of autogynephilia. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34, 439-446.
17. Blanchard, R., & Sheridan, P. M. (1990). Gender reorientation and psychosocial adjustment. In R. Blanchard & B. W. Steiner (Eds.), Clinical management of gender identity disorders in children and adults (pp. 161-189). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
18. Blanchard, R., Steiner, B.W., Clemmensen, L. H., & Dickey, R. (1989). Prediction of regrets in postoperative transsexuals. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 34, 43-45.
19. Bockting, W. O., Knudson, G., & Goldberg, J. M. (2006). Counseling and mental health care for transgender adults and loved ones. International Journal of Transgenderism, 9, 35-82.
20. Bodlund, O., & Kullgren, G. (1996). Transsexualism - General outcome and prognostic factors: A five-year follow-up study of nineteen transsexuals in the process of changing sex. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 25, 303-316.
21. Brotto, L. A., Gehring, D., Klein, C, Gorzalka, B. B., Thomson, S., & Knudson, G. (2005). Psychophysiological and subjective sexual arousal to visual stimuli in new women. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, 26, 237-244.
22. Byne, W. (2007). Biology and sexual minority status. In I. H. Meyer & M. E. Northridge (Eds.), The health of sexual minorities. Public health perspectives on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender populations (pp. 65-90). New York: Springer.
23. Carroll, R. A. (2007). Gender dysphoria and transgender experiences. In S. L. Leiblum (Ed.). Principles and practice of sex therapy (pp. 477-508). New York: Guilford Press.
24. Chivers, M. L., & Bailey, J. M. (2000). Sexual orientation of female-to-male transsexuals: A comparison of homosexual and nonhomosexual types. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 29, 259-278.
25. Chivers, M. L., Rieger, G., Latty, E., & Bailey, J. M. (2004). A sex difference in the specificity of sexual arousal. Psychological Science, 15, 736-744.
26. Cohen-Kettenis P. T. (2001). Gender identity disorder in DSM? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 391.
27. Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., & Gooren, L. J. G. (1999). Transsexualism: A review of etiology, diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 46, 315-333.
28. Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., & van Goozen, S. H. M. (1997). Sex reassignment of adolescent transsexuals: A follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 263-271.
29. Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., & van Goozen, S. H. M. (1998). Pubertal delay as an aid in diagnosis and treatment of a transsexual adolescent. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 7, 246-248.
30. Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., & Pfäfflin, F. (2003). Transgenderism and intersexuality in childhood and adolescence: Making choices. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
31. Cole, S. S., Denny, D., Eyler, A. E., & Samons, S. L. (2000). Issues of transgender. In L. T. Szuchman & F. Muscarella (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on human sexuality (pp. 149-195). New York: Wiley.
32. Coleman, E., Bockting, W. O., & Gooren, L. (1993). Homosexual and bisexual identity in sex-reassigned female-to-male transsexuals. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 22, 37-50.
33. Daskalos, G. (1998). Changes in the sexual orientation of six heterosexual male-to-femaletranssexuals. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 27, 605-614.
34. Davenport, C. W., & Harrison, S. I. (1977). Gender identity change in a female adolescent transsexual. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 4, 327-339.
35. Day, P. (2002). Trans-gender reassignment surgery. New Zealand Health Technology Assessment (Technical Brief Report), 1, 1-38. Retrieved January 15, 2003, from http://nzta.chmeds.ac.nz
36. De Cuypere, G., Jannes, C, & Rubens, R. (1995). Psychosocial functioning of transsexuals in Belgium. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 91, 180-184.
37. De Cuypere, G., TSjoen, G., Beerten, R., Selvaggi, G., De Sutter, P., Hoebeke, P., et al. (2005). Sexual and physical health after sexual reassignment surgery. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34, 679-690.
38. Delemarre-van de Waal, H., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. (2006). Clinical management of gender identity disorder in adolescents. European Journal of Endocrinology, I55(Suppl. 1), 131-137.
39. Dellaert, R., & Kunke, T (1969). Investigations on a case of male transsexualism. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 17, 89-107.
40. Demmers, E. CH. (2004). 35 jaar behandeling transseksualiteit in Nederland. Hoe het begon L35 years of treatment of transsexuality in the Netherlands. How it startedl. Garant, 10, 14-21.
41. Denny, D. (2004). Changing models of transsexualism. In U. Leli & Drescher, J. (Eds.), Transgender subjectivities: A clinician's guide (pp. 25-40). New York: The Haworth Medical Press.
42. Diamond, L. M. (2005). Anew view of lesbian subtypes: Stable versus fluid identity trajectories over an 8 year period. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29, 119-128.
43. Dreger, A. D. (in press). The controversy surrounding the man who would be queen: A case history of the politics of science, identity, and sex in the internet age. Archives of Sexual Behavior.
44. Elaut, E., De Cuypere, G., De Sutter, P., Gijs, L., Van Trotsenburg, M., Heylens, G., et al. (in press). Hypoactive sexual desire in transsexual women: Prevalence and association with testosterone. European Journal of Endocrinology.
45. Eldh, J., Berg, A., & Gustafsson, M. (1997). Long term follow-up after sex reassignment surgery. Scandinavian Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, 31, 39-45.
46. Fausto-Sterling, A. (2000). Sexing the body. Gender politics and the construction of sexuality. New York: Basic Books.
47. Feldman, J. L., & Goldberg, J. M. (2006). Transgender primary medical care. International Journal of Transgenderism, 9, 3-34.
48. Freundt, I., Toolenaar, T. A. M., Huikeshoven, F. J. M., Jeekel, H., & Drogendijk, A. C. (1993). Long-term psychosexual and psychosocial performance of patients with a sigmoid neovagina. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 169, 1210-1214.
49. Gijs, L. (2007, September). Gender identity disorders and sexuality: And sexuality and gender identity. Paper presented at the XX biennial symposium of the World Professional Association of Transgender Health, Chicago.
50. Giordano, S. (in press). Gender atypical organization in children and adolescents: Ethicolegal issues and a proposal for new guidelines. International Journal of Children's Rights.
51. Goddard, J. C, Vickery, R. M., Qureshi, A., Summerton, D. J., Khoosal, D., & Terry, T. R. (2007). Feminizing genitoplasty in adult transsexuals: Early and long-term surgical results. British Journal of Urology International, 100, 607-613.
52. Gooren, L. (2006). The biology of human psychosexual differentiation. Hormones and Behavior, 50, 589-601.
53. Gooren, L. J., & Delemarre-van de Waal, H. A. (1996). The feasibility of endocrine interventions in juvenile transsexuals. Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 8, 69-74.
54. Green, R. (1998). Sexual functioning in post-operative transsexuals: Male-to-female and female-to male. International Journal of Impotence Research, lOiSuppl. 1), S22-S24.
55. Green, R., & Fleming, D. T. (1990). Transsexual surgery follow-up: Status in the 1990s. Annual Review of Sex Research, 1, 163-174.
56. Hage, J. J., & van Turnhout, A. A. (2006). Long-term outcome of metaidoioplasty in 70 female-to-male-transsexuals. Annals of Plastic Surgery, 57, 312-316.
57. Hausman, B. L. (1995). Changing sex: Transsexualism, technology, and the idea of gender. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
58. Hepp, U., Klaghofer, R., Burkhard-Kübler, R., & Buddeberg, C. (2002). Behandlungsverläufe Transsexueller Patienten [Treatment history of transsexual patients: A retrospective follow-up study]. Nervenartz, 73, 283-288.
59. Hoebeke, P., De Cuypere, G., Ceulemans, P., & Monstrey, S. (2003). Obtaining rigidity in total phalloplasty: Experience with 35 patients. Journal of Urology, 169, 221-223.
60. Jarrar, K., Wolff, E., & Weidner, W. (1996). Langzeitergebnisse nach geschleitsangleichung bei mannlichen transsexuellen [Long-term outcome of gender reassignment in male transsexuals]. Urologe, 35, 331-337.
61. Kapoor, R., Sharma, D. K., Singh, K. J., Suri, A., Singh, P., Chaudhary, H., et al. (2006). Sigmoid vaginoplasty: Long-term results. Urology, 67, 1212-1215.
62. Kaube, V. H., & Biemer, E. (1993). Ergebnisse gesleichtsangleichender Operationen an 30 Transsexuellen: Psychosoziale und sexuelle Adaptation - Chirurgische Komplikationen [Results of sex reassignment procedures in thirty transsexuals: Sociopsychological and sexual impact]. Handchirugie- Mikrochirurgie-Plastische Chirurgie, 23, 276-278.
63. Kockott, G., & Fahrner, E. M. (1988). Male to female and female to male transsexuals: A comparison. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 17, 539-546.
64. Korell, S. C, & Lorah, P. (2007). An overview of affirmative psychotherapy and counseling with transgender clients. In K. J. Bieschke, R. M. Perez, & K. A. Debord (Eds.), Hand- book of counseling and psychotherapy with lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender clients (2nd. ed., pp. 271-288). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
65. Krege, S., Bex, A., Lümmen, G., & Rübben, H. (2001). Male-to-female transsexualism: A technique, results and long-term follow-up in 66 patients. British Journal of Urology, International, 88, 396-402.
66. Kuiper, A. J., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (1988). Sex reassignment surgery: A study of 141 Dutch transsexuals. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 17, 439-457.
67. Kuiper, A. J., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (1998). Gender role reversal among postoperative transsexuals. International Journal of Transgenderism, 2. Retrieved March 15, 2005, from http://www.Symposion.com/ijt/ijtc0502.htm
68. Landen, M., Walinder, J., Hambert, G., & Lundström, B. (1998). Factors predictive of regret in sex reassignment. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 97, 284-289.
69. Lawrence, A. A. (2003). Factors associated with satisfaction or regret following male-tofemale sex reassignment surgery. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32, 299-315.
70. Lawrence, A. A. (2004). Autogynephilia: A paraphilic model of gender identity disorder. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy, 8, 69-87.
71. Lawrence, A. A. (2005). Sexuality before and after male-to-female sex reassignment surgery. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34, 147-166.
72. Lawrence, A. A. (2006a). Clinical and theoretical parallels between desire for limb amputation and gender identity disorder. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 35, 263-278.
73. Lawrence, A. A. (2006b). Patient-reported complications and functional outcomes of maleto- female sex reassignment surgery. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 35, 717-727.
74. Lawrence, A. A. (2007a). Becoming what we love: Autogynephilic transsexualism conceptualized as an expression of romantic love. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 50, 506-520.
75. Lawrence, A. A. (2007b). Transgender health concerns. In I. H. Meyer & M. E. Northridge (Eds.), The health of sexual minorities. Public health perspectives on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender populations (pp. 473-505). New York: Springer.
76. Lawrence, A. M., Latty, E. M., Olivers, M. L., & Bailey, M. (2005). Measurement of sexual arousal in postoperative male-to-female transsexuals using vaginal photoplethysmography. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34, 135-145.
77. Lev, A. I. (2004). Transgender emergence: Therapeutic guidelines for working with gender variant people and their families. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press.
78. Lev, A. I. (2007a). The ten tasks of the mental health provider. Manuscript submitted for publication.
79. Lev, A. I. (2007b). Transgender communities: Developing identity through connection. In K. J. Bieschke, R. M. Perez, & K. A. Debord (Eds.), Handbook of counseling and psychotherapy with lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender clients (2nd. ed., pp. 147-175). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
80. Lief, H., & Hubschman. L. (1993). Orgasm in postoperative transsexual. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 22, 145-155.
81. Lindemalm, G., Korlin, D., & Uddenberg, N. (1987). Prognostic factors vs. outcome in male-to-female transsexualism. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 75, 268-274.
82. Lobato, M., Koff, W J., Manenti, C, da Fonseca Seger, F., Salvador, J., da Graca Fortes Borges, M., et al. (2006). Follow-up of sex reassignment surgery in transsexuals: A Brazilian cohort. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 35, 711-715.
83. Lundström, B. (1981). Gender dysphoria. Gothenburg: Scandinavian University Press.
84. Lundstrom, B., Pauly, I., & Walinder, J. (1984). Outcome of sex reassignment surgery. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 70, 289-294.
85. Marks, I., Green, R., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2000). Adult GID can remit. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 41, 273-275.
86. Marks, I., & Mataix-Cols, D. (1997). Four-year remission of transsexualism after comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder improved with self-exposure therapy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 389-390.
87. Mate-Kole, C, Freschi, M., & Robin, A. (1990). A controlled study of psychological and social change after surgical gender reassignment in selected male transsexuals. Bntish Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 261-264.
88. McHugh, P. (2004). Surgical sex. First Things, 147, 34-38.
89. McKenna, W., & Kessler, S. (2006). Transgendering. Blurring the boundaries of gender. In K. Davis, M. Evans, & J. Lorber (Eds.), Handbook of gender and women's studies (pp. 342-354). London: Sage.
90. Meyer, W., Bockting, W., Cohen-Kettenis. P. T., Coleman, E., DiCeglie, D., Devor., H., et al. The Standards of Care of the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association, 6th version. WPATH. Retrieved March 15, 2005, from http://wpath.org/Documents2/socv6.pdf
91. Meyerowitz, J. (2002). How sex changed. A history of transsexuality in the United States. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
92. Michel, A., Mormont, C, & Legros, J. J. (2001). A psycho-endocrinological overview of transsexualism. European Journal of Endocrinology, 145, 365-376.
93. Money, J., & Ambinder, R. (1978). Two-year, real-life diagnostic test: Rehabilitation versus cure. In J. P. Brady & H. K. Brodie (Eds.), Controversy in psychiatry (pp. 833-845). Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.
94. Monstrey, S., & De Cuypere, G. (2007). Is gender reassignment surgery evidence-based? An overview of the evidence based grade of the different aspects of the gender reassignment procedure for female-to-male and male-to-female transsexuals. Manuscript submitted for publication.
95. Muirhead-Alwood, S. K., Royle, M. G., & Young, R. (1999, August). Sexuality and satisfaction with surgical results in male to female transsexuals. Poster presentation at the XVI HBIDGDA Biennial Symposium, London.
96. Mueller, A., Kiesewetter, F., Binder, H., Beckmann, M., & Dittrich, R. (2007). Long-term administration of testosterone undecanoate every 3 months for testosterone supplementation in female-to-male transsexuals. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 92, 3470-3475.
97. Nathan, P. E., & Gorman, J. M. (1998). Treatments that work - And what convinces us they do. In P. E. Nathan & J. M. Gorman (Eds.), A guide to treatments that work (pp. 3- 25). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
98. Newfield, E., Hart, S., Dibble, S., & Kohler, L. (2006). Female-to-male transgender quality of life. Quality of Life Research, 15, 1447-1457.
99. Olsson, S., & Möller, A. (2006). Regret after sex reassignment surgery in a male-to-female transsexual: A long term follow-up. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 35, 501-506.
100. Pauly, I. B. (1981). Outcome of sex reassignment surgery for transsexuals. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 15, 45-51.
101. Pauly, I. B. (1981). Outcome of sex reassignment surgery for transsexuals. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 15, 45-51.
102. Pfäfflin, F. (1992). Regrets after sex reassignment surgery. Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 5, 69-85.
103. Pfäfflin, F., & Junge, A. (1992). Geslechtsumwandlung: Abhandlungen zur Transsexualität. Stuttgart: Schattauer.
104. (English translation: Pfäfflin, F., & Junge, A. (1998). Sex reassignment: Thirty years of international follow-up studies. A comprehensive review, 1961-1991 [R. B. Jackson & A. B. Meier, Trans.]). Retrieved March 15, 2005, from http://www.symposin.com/ijt/books/index.htm
105. Pomeroy, W. B. (1969). Transsexualism and sexuality: Sexual behavior of pre- and postoperative male transsexuals. In R. Green & J. Money (Eds.), Transsexualism and sex reassignment (pp. 183-188). Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
106. Rakic, Z., Starcevic, V., Marie, J., & Kelin, K. (1996). The outcome of sex reassignment surgery in Belgrade: 32 patients of both sexes. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 25, 515-525.
107. Raufleish, U., Barth, D., & Battegay, R. (1998). Resultate einer Langzeitkatamnese von Transsexuellen [Results of a long-term follow-up of transsexuals). Nervenartz, 69, 799-805.
108. Rehman, J., Lazar, S., Benet, A. E., Schaefer, L. C, & Melman, A. (1999). The reported sex and surgery satisfaction of 28 postoperative male-to-female transsexual patients. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 28, 71-89.
109. Schlatterer, K., Yassourides, A., von Werder, K., Poland, D., Kemper, J., & Stalla, G. K. (1998). A follow-up study for estimating the effectiveness of a cross-gender hormone substitution therapy on transsexual patients. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 27, 475- 492.
110. Schrock, D. P., Reid, L., & Boyd, E. (2005). Transsexuals embodiment of womanhood. Gender and Society, 19, 317-335.
111. Schrock, D. P., & Reid, L. L. (2006). Transsexuals' sexual stories. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 35, 75-86.
112. Schroder, M., & Carroll, R. (1999). Sexological outcomes of gender reassignment surgery. Journal of Sex Education and Therapy, 24, 137-146.
113. Selvaggi, G., Ceulemans, P., De Cuypere, G., VanLanduyt, K., Blondeel, P., Hamdi, M., et al. (2005). Gender identity disorder: General overview and surgical treatment for vaginoplasty in male-to-female transsexuals. Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, 116, 135e-145e.
114. Selvaggi, G., Monstrey, S., Ceulemans, P., T'Sjoen, G., De Cuypere, G., & Hoebeke, P. (2007). Genital sensitivity after sex reassignment surgery in transsexual patients. Annals of Plastic Surgery, 58, 427-433.
115. Smith, Y L. S., Cohen, L., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2002). Postoperative functioning of adolescent transsexuals: ARorschach study. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 31, 255-261.
116. Smith, Y. L. S., van Goozen, S. H. M., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2001). Adolescents with gender identity disorder who were accepted or rejected for sex reassignment surgery: A prospective follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 472-481
117. Smith, Y. L. S., van Goozen, S. H. M., Kuiper, A. J., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2005a). Sex reassignment: Outcomes and predictors of treatment for adolescent and adult transsexuals. Psychological Medicine, 35, 89-99.
118. Smith, Y. L. S., van Goozen, S. H. M., Kuiper, A. J., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2005b). Transsexual subtypes: Clinical and theoretical significance. Psychiatry Research, 137, 151-160.
119. Snaith, P., Butler, A., Donnelly, J., & Bromham, D. (1994). A regional gender reassignment service. Psychiatric Bulletin, 18, 753-756.
120. Socarides, C. C. (1969). The desire for sexual transformation: A psychiatric evaluation of transsexualism. American Journal of Psychiatry, 125, 1419-1425.
121. Socarides, C. C. (1988). The preoedipal origin and psychoanalytic therapy of sexual perversions. Madison, WI: International Universities Press.
122. South and West Development and Evaluation Service. (1998). Surgical gender reassignment for male-female transsexual people. Retrieved January 15, 2003, from http://www.soton.ac.uk/-dec/
123. Speer, S. A., & Green, R. (2007). On passing: The interactional organization of appearance attributions in the psychiatric assessment of transsexual patients. In V. Clarke, & E. Peel (Eds.), Oui in psychology. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and queer perspectives (pp. 335-368). New York: Wiley.
124. Speer, S. A., & Parsons, C. (2006). Gatekeepeing gender: Some features of the use of hypothetical questions in the psychiatric assessment of transsexual patients. Discourse & Society, 17,785-812.
125. Stein, M., Tiefer, L., & Melman, A. (1990). Follow-up observations of operated male-tofemale transsexuals. The Journal of Urology, 143, 1188-1192.
126. Steinbrook, R. (2007). Guidance for guidelines. JVeiv England Journal of Medicine, 356, 331-333.
127. Tsoi, W. F. (1993). Follow-up study of transsexuals after sex-reassignment surgery. Singapore Medical Journal, 34, 515-517.
128. Tsoi, W. F., Kok, L. P., Yeo, K. L. B., & Ratnam, S. S. (1995). Follow-up study of female transsexuals. Annals Academy of Medicine Singapore, 24, 664-667.
129. Verschoor, A. M., & Poortinga, J. (1988). Psychosocial differences between Dutch male and female transsexuals. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 17, 173-178.
130. Volkan, V. D., & Greer, W. F. (1996). True transsexualism. In I. Rosen (Ed.), Sexual deviation (3rd ed., pp. 158-173). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
131. Walinder, J., Lundström, B., & Thuwe, I. (1978). Prognostic factors in the assessment of male transsexuals for sex reassignment surgery. British Journal of Psychiatry, 132, 16-20.
132. Walworth, J. (1997). Sex reassignment surgery in male-to-female transsexuals: Client satisfaction in relation to selection criteria. In B. Bullough, V. L. Bullough, & J. Elias (Eds.), Gender blending {pp. 352-373). Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
133. Whittle, S. (2002). Respect and equality: Transsexual and transgender rights. London: Cavendish.
134. Widiger, T. A., & Trull, T. J. (2007). Plate tectonics in the classification of personality disorder. Shifting to a dimensional model. American Psychologist, 62, 71-83.
135. Wren, B. (2000). Early physical intervention for young people with atypical gender identity development. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 5, 220-223.
136. World Health Organization. (1992). The ICD-10 classißcation of mental and behavioural disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: Author.
137. Zucker, K. J., & Bradley, S. J. (1995). Gender identity disorder and psychosexual problems in children and adolescents. New York: Guilford Press.
138. Zucker, K. J., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (in press). Gender identity disorder in children and adolescents. In D. L. Rowland & L. Incrocci (Eds.), Handbook of sexual and gender identity disorders. New York: Wiley.