Clinical aspects of transgender speech feminization and masculinization

International Journal of Transgenderism

Volumn 9, Issue 3-4, 2007, Pages 167-196

  Davies, Shelagh ^a,c   Goldberg, Joshua M ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b Transgender Health Program   (Canada)

^c C/o Transgender Health Program ^*  (Canada)

Author keywords

Gender dysphoria; Gender transition; Speech; Transgender; Voice

Indexed keywords

EID: 34547348206     PISSN: 15532739     EISSN: 14344599     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1300/J485v09n03_08     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Andrews, M. L. (1999). Voice and psychosocial dynamics: Gender presentation. In M. L. Andrews (Ed.), Manual of voice treatment: Pediatrics through geriatrics (pp. 432-446). San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group.
2. Andrews, M L., & Schmidt, C. P. ( 1997). Gender presentation: Perceptual and acoustical analyses of voice. Journal of Voice, 11, 307-313.
3. Andrianopolous, M. V., Darrow, K., & Chen, J. (2001). Multimodal standardization of voice among four multicultural populations: Formant structures. Journal of Voice, 15, 61-77.
4. Becklund-Freidenberg, C. (2002). Working with maleto-female transgendered clients: Clinical considerations. Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders, 29, 58.
5. Bernhardt, B., Bacsfalvi, P., Gick, B., Radanov, B., & Williams, R. (2005). Exploring electropalatography and ultrasound in speech habilitation. Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, 29, 169-182.
6. Bernhardt, B., Gick, B., Bacsfalvi, P., & Adler-Bock, M. (2005). Ultrasound in speech therapy with adolescents and adults. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 79,605-617.
7. Bernhardt, B., Click, B., Bacsfalvi, P. & Ashdown, J. (2003). Speech habilitation of hard of hearing adolescents using electropalatography and ultrasound as evaluated by trained listeners. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 17, 199-216.
8. Bralley, R. C., Bull, G. L., Gore, C. H., & Edgerton, M. T. (1978). Evaluation of vocal pitch in male transsexuals. Journal of Communication Disorders, 11, 443-449.
9. Brown, M., Perry, A., Cheesman, A. D., & Pring, T. (2000). Pitch change in male-to-female transsexuals: has phonosurgery a role to play? International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 35, 129-136.
10. Bowman, C., & Goldberg, J. M. (2006). Care of the patient undergoing sex reassignment surgery. International Journal of Transgenderism, 9(3/4), 135-136.
11. Byrne, L. A., Dacakis, G., & Douglas, J. M. (2003). Self-perceptions of pragmatic communication abilities in male-to-female transsexuals. Advances in Speech Language Pathology, 5, 15-25.
12. Challoner, J. (2000). The voice of the transsexual. In M. Freeman & M. Fawcus (Eds.), Voice disorders and their management (pp. 244-267). Philadelphia: Whurr Publishing.
13. Coleman, R. O. (1983). Acoustic correlates of speaker sex identification: Implications for the transsexual voice. Journal of Sex Research, 19, 293-295.
14. Dacakis, G. (2000). Long-term maintenance of fundamental frequency increases in male-to-female transsexuals. Journal of Voice, 14, 549-556.
15. Dacakis, G. (2002). The role of voice therapy in maleto-female transsexuals. Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, 10, 173-177.
16. Dahl, M., Feldman, J. L., Goldberg, J. M., & Jaberi, A. (2006). Physical aspects of transgender endocrine therapy. International Journal of Transgenderism, 9(3/4), 111-134.
17. Davies, S., & Goldberg, J. (2006). Gender transition: Changing speech. Vancouver, BC: Vancouver Coastal Health Authority. Available online at http://www. vch.ca/transhealth/resources/library/tcpdocs/consumer/ speech.pdf
18. de Bruin, M. D., Coerts, M. J., & Greven, A. J. (2000). Speech therapy in the management of male-to-female transsexuals. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 52, 220-227.
19. de Jong, F. (2003). Surgical raise of vocal pitch in male to female transsexuals. Paper presented at the XVIII Biennial Symposium of the Many Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association, Ghent, Belgium.
20. Delph-Janiurek, T. (1999). Sounding gender(ed): Vocal performances in English university teaching spaces. Gender, Place and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography, 6, 137-153.
21. Donald, P. J. (1982). Voice change surgery in the transsexual. Head and Neck Surgery, 4,433-437.
22. Duffy, J.R., Werven G.W., & Aronson, A.E. (1997). Telemedicine and the diagnosis of speech and language disorders. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 72, 1116-1122.
23. Elert, C-C., and Hammarberg, B. (1991). Regional voice variation in Sweden. In Actes du Xllème Congres International des Sciences Phonétiques, Vol. 4 (Université de Provence, Service des Publications, Aix-en-Provence), 418-420.
24. Gold, L. (1999). Voice training for the transsexual. VASTA Newsletter, 13. Retrieved January 1, 2005, from http://www.vasta.org/newsletter/99/ summer03. html
25. Goldberg, J. M. (2006). Recommended framework for training in speech feminization/masculinization. Vancouver, EC: Vancouver Coastal Health Authority. Available online at http://www.vch.ca/transhealth/ resources/library/tcpdocs/training-speech.pdf
26. Goldberg, J. M., & Lindenberg, M. (Eds.) (2001). TransForming community: Resources for trans people and our families. Victoria, BC: Transcend Transgender Support & Education Society.
27. Goldberg, J. M., Matte, N., MacMillan, M., & Hudspith, M. (2003). Community survey: Transition/crossdressing services in BC-Final report. Vancouver, BC: Vancouver Coastal Health and Transcend Transgender Support & Education Society.
28. Goodnow, C. (2001, February 12). Speech therapy helps transgender women develop a feminine sound. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved January 1, 2005, from http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/lifestyle/transgender. shtml
29. Graddol, D., & Swann, J. (1989). Gender voices. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd.
30. Gross, M. (1999). Pitch-raising surgery in male-to-female transsexuals. Journal of Voice, 13, 246-250.
31. Günzburger, D. (1993). An acoustic analysis and some perceptual data concerning voice change in male-female trans-sexuals. European Journal of Disorders of Communication, 28, 13-21.
32. 0peak delay in Japanese. In J. Ahlers, L. Bilmes, J. S. Guenter, B. A. Kaiser, & J. Namkung (Eds.), Proceedings of the 21st Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (pp. 141-151). Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Linguistics Society.
33. Haynes, E., & Kully, D. (2005). The use of telehealth in the treatment of stuttering. Communiqué: The Newsletter of the Canadian Association of Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists, 79(3), 4.
34. Hearing, Speech & Deafness Center (2005). Voice feminization. Seattle, W A: Author. Retrieved January 1, 2005, from http://www.hsdc.org/You/ Speech/voicefem. htm
35. Hirano, M. (1981). Clinical examination of voice. In G. E. Arnold, F. Winckel, & B. D. Wyke (Eds.), Disorders of human communication (5th ed., pp. 81-84). New York: Springer-Verlag.
36. Hooper, C. R. (1985). Changing the speech and language of the male to female transsexual client: A case study. Journal of the Kansas Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 25, 6.
37. Jessiman, S. (2003). Speech and language services using telehealth technology in remote and underserved areas. Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, 27,45-51.
38. Kalra, M. A. (1977). Voice therapy with a transsexual. In R. Gemme & C. Wheeler (Eds.), International Congress on Sexology (pp. 77-84). New York: Plenum Press.
39. Kaye, J., Bortz, M. A., & Toumi, S. I. (1993). Evaluation of the effectiveness of voice therapy with a male-to-female transsexual subject. Scandinavian Journal of Logopedic and Phoniatrics, 18, 105-109.
40. Kent, R. D., & Lybolt, T. T. (1982). Techniques of therapy based on motor learning theory. In W. H. Perkins (Ed.), General principles of therapy (pp. 13-25). New York: Thieme-Stratton.
41. King, J. B., Lindstedt, D. E., Jensen, M., & Law, M. ( 1999). Transgendered voice: Considerations in case history management. Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology, 24, 14-18.
42. Kohnert, K., Kennedy, M. R. T., Glaze, L., Kan, P. F., & Carney, E. (2003). Breadth and depth of diversity in Minnesota: Challenges to clinical competency. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 12, 259-272.
43. Koschkee, D. L., & Rammage, L. (1997). Voice care in a medical setting. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group.
44. Koufman, J. (n.d.). Call for a moratorium on voice feminization surgery for the M-to-F transsexual in the United States. Winston-Salem, NC: Center for Voice and Swallowing Disorders. Retrieved January 1, 2005, from http://www.inbroaddaylight.net/ moratorium.htm
45. Kujawski, C. (2003). The transsexual voice. Unpublished manuscript, Michigan State University. Retrieved January 1, 2005, from http://www.msu.edu/course/ asc/823c/2003%20Powerpoint%20Presentations/ The%20Transsexual%20Voice.ppt
46. Kunachak, S., Prakunhungsit, S., & Sujjalak, K. (2000). Thyroid cartilage and vocal fold reduction: A new phonosurgical method for male-to-female transsexuals. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology, 109, 1082-1086.
47. Lawrence, A. A. (2004). Voice feminization surgery: A critical overview. Seattle, WA: Author. Retrieved January 1,2005, from http://www.annelawrence.com/ voicesurgery.html
48. Linville, S. E. (1998). Acoustic correlates of perceived versus actual sexual orientation in men's speech. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 50, 35-48.
49. Mashima, P.A., Birkmire-Peters, D.P., Syms, M.J., Holtel, M.R., Burgess, L.P., & Peters, L.J. (2003). Telehealth: Voice therapy using telecommunications technology. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 12, 432-439.
50. Mikos, V. A., & Pausewang-Gelfer, M. (2001, November). The relative contribution of speaking fundamental frequency and formant frequencies to gender identification of biological males, biological females, and male-to-female transgendered individuals based on isolated vowels. Presented at the Convention of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, New Orleans, LA.
51. Moran, M. J., McCloskey, L., & Cady, B. (1995). Listener age estimates of elderly African American and Caucasian male speakers. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 26, 751-758.
52. Morris, R. J., & Brown, W. S. (1994). Age-related differences in speech variability among women. Journal of Communication Disorders, 27, 49-64.
53. Mount, K. H., & Salmon, S. J. (1988). Changing the vocal characteristics of a postoperative transsexual patient: A longitudinal study. Journal of Communication Disorders, 21, 229-238.
54. Myers, C. (2005). Telehealth applications in head and neck oncology. Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, 29, 125-129.
55. Neumann, K., & Welzel, C. (2004). The importance of the voice in male-to-female transsexualism. Journal of Voice, 18, 153-167.
56. Neumann, K., Welzel, C., Gonnermann, U., & Wolfradt, U. (2002a). Cricothyroidopexy in male-to-female transsexuals: Modification Type IV. International Journal of Transgenderism, 6(3). Retrieved January 1,2005, fromhttp://www.symposion.com/ijt/ijtvo06no03_03. htm
57. Neumann, K., Welzel, C., Gonnermann, U., & Wolfradt, U. (2002b). Satisfaction of MtF Transsexuals with operative voice therapy: A questionnaire-based preliminary study. International. Journal, of Transgenderism, 6(4). Retrieved January 1, 2005, from http://www. Symposion. com/ijt/ijtvo06no04_02. htm
58. Núñez, A. E. (2000). Transforming cultural competence into cross-cultural efficacy in women's health education. Academic Medicine, 75, 1071-1079.
59. Oates, J. M., & Dacakis, G. (1983). Speech pathology considerations in the management of transsexualism: A review. British Journal of Disorders of Communication, 18, 139-151.
60. Oates, J. M., & Dacakis, G. (1997). Voice change in transsexuals. Venereology: Interdisciplinary, International Journal of Sexual Health, 10, 178-187.
61. Oates, J., & Russell, A. (1997). Perceptual Voice Profile. In A sound judgment: A CD-ROM to teach perceptual voice analysis [CD-ROM]. Campbelltown, Australia: Clear Digital Vision.
62. Orloff, L. A. (2000). Disorders of pitch. San Diego, CA: Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Diego. Retrieved January 1, 2005, from http://www.surgery.ucsd.edu/ ent/Patientlnfo/voi_pitch.html
63. Pausewang-Gelfer, M. (1999). Voice treatment for the male-to-female transgendered client. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 8, 201-208.
64. Pausewang-Gelfer, M., & Mikos, V. A. (2005). The relative contributions of speaking fundamental frequency and formant frequencies to gender identification based on isolated vowels. Journal of Voice, 19, 544-554.
65. Pausewang-Gelfer, M., & Schofield, K. J. (2000). Comparison of acoustic and perceptual measures of voice in male-to-female transsexuals perceived as female versus those perceived as male. Journal of Voice, 14, 22-33.
66. Petty, B. (2004, April). The vocal instrument: How it works and how to take care of it. Paper presented at Transgender Voices Festival, Minneapolis, MN.
67. Ferez, K. (2004). Voice feminization for transgender women. Denver, CO: Exceptional Voice, Inc. Retrieved January 1, 2005, from http://exceptionalvoice.com/ transgender.html.
68. Pickuth, D., Brandt, S., Neumann, K., Berghaus, A., Spielmann, R. P., & Heywang-Kobrunner, S. H. (2000). Spiral computed tomography before and after cricothyroid approximation. Clinical Otolaryngology, 25, 311-314.
69. Prochaska, J. O., DiClemente, C. C., & Norcross, J. C. (1992). In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviors. American Psychologist, 47, 1102-1114.
70. Rose, P. (1991). How effective are long term mean and standard deviation as normalization parameters for tonal fundamental frequency? Speech Communication, 10, 229-247.
71. Sabol, J. W., Lee, L., & Stemple, J. C. (1995). The value of vocal function exercises in the practice regimen of singers. Journal of Voice, 9, 27-36.
72. Soderpalm, E., Larsson, A., & Almquist, S. A. (2004). Evaluation of a consecutive group of transsexual individuals referred for vocal intervention in the west of Sweden. Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology, 29, 18-30.
73. Spencer, L. E. (1988). Speech characteristics of male-to-female transsexuals: A perceptual and acoustic study. Folia Phoniatrica, 40, 31-42.
74. Stemple, J. C., Lee, L., D'Amico, B., & Pickup, B. (1994). Efficacy of vocal function exercises as a method of improving voice production. Journal of Voice, 8, 271-278.
75. Titze, 1. R. (1997). Are the corner vowels like primary colors? Journal of Singing, 5, 35-37.
76. Titze, I. R., & Verdolini, K. (in press). Vocology. Iowa City, IA: National Center for Voice and Speech.
77. Thomas, J. P. (2003). Cricothyroid approximation and laryngeal reduction: Information on risks specific to this pitch altering surgery and reduction of the external appearance of the voice box. Portland, OR: Author. Retrieved January 1, 2005, from http://www. voicedoctor.net/surgery/ consentform/pitchconsent.html
78. Thomas, J. P. (2005). Male to female vocal surgery. Portland, OR: Author. Retrieved October 31, 2005, from http://www.voicedoctor.net/media/cases/ pitch/ index.html
79. Tom, K. (2004, November). Fundamental frequency characteristics of Mexican-American speakers of English and Spanish. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Philadelphia, PA.
80. Van Borsel, J., De Cuypere, G., & Van den Berghe, H. (2001). Physical appearance and voice in male-to-female transsexuals. Journal of Voice, 15, 570-575.
81. Van Borsel, J., De Cuypere, G., Rubens, R., & Destaerke, B. (2000). Voice problems in female-to-male transsexuals. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 35, 427-442.
82. Wagner, I., Fugain, C., Monneron-Girard, L., Cordier, B., & Chabolle, F. (2003). Pitch-raising surgery in fourteen male-to-female transsexuals. Laryngoscope, 113, 1157-1165.
83. Wilson, J. A., Webb, A., Carding, P. N., Steen, I. N., MacKenzie, K., & Deary, I. J. (2004). The Voice Symptom Scale (VoiSS) and the Vocal Handicap Index (VHI1): A comparison of structure and content. Clinical Otolaryngology, 29, 169-174.
84. Wiltshire, A. (1995). Not by pitch alone: A view of transsexual vocal rehabilitation. National Student Speech Language Hearing Association Journal, 22, 53-57.
85. Wolfe, V. I., Ratusnik, D. L., Smith, F. H., & Northrop, G. (1990). Intonation and fundamental frequency in male-to-female transsexuals. Journal of Speech & Hearing Disorders, 55, 43-50.
86. Wollitzer, L. C. ( 1994). Acoustic and perceptual cues to gender identification: A study of transsexual voice and speech characteristics. Unpublished master's thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
87. Yang, C. Y., Palmer, A. D., Murray, K. D., Meltzer, T. R., & Cohen, J. I. (2002). Cricothyroid approximation to elevate vocal pitch in male-to-female transsexuals: Results of surgery. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology, 111, 477-485.
88. Yardley, K. M. (1976). Training in feminine skills in a male transsexual: A pre-operative procedure. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 49, 329-339.
89. Zimmerman, G. L., Olsen, C. G., & Bosworth, M. F. (2000). A 'Stages of Change' approach to helping patients change behavior. American Family Physician,61, 1409-1416.