Transgender primary medical care

International Journal of Transgenderism

Volumn 9, Issue 3-4, 2007, Pages 3-34

  Feldman, Dr Jamie L ^a   Goldberg, Joshua M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b Transgender Health Program   (Canada)

Author keywords

Primary care; Primary medical care; Sex reassignment; Transgender

Indexed keywords

EID: 34547331978     PISSN: 15532739     EISSN: 14344599     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1300/J485v09n03_02     Document Type: Article

References (192)

1. Amy, R., Coldman, A., Ehlen, T., St. Germain, L., Hayes, M., Kan, L., Lo, J., Matisic, J., O'Connor, R., Chou, S., Sentell, J., Suen, K., Thomson, T., & van Niekerk, D. (2005). Screening for cancer of the cervix: An office manual for health professionals (6th ed.). Vancouver, BC: BC Cancer Agency.
2. Asscheman, H., & Gooren, L. J. G. (1992). Hormone treatment in transsexuals. Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality, 5(4), 39-54.
3. Asscheman, H., Gooren, L. J. G., & Eklund, P. L. (1989). Mortality and morbidity in transsexual patients with cross-gender hormone treatment. Metabolism, 38, 869-873.
4. Asscheman, H., Gooren, L. J. G., Megens, J. A. J., Nauta, J., Kloosterboer, H. J., & Eikelboom, F. (1994). Serum testosterone level is the major determinant of the male-female differences in serum levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and HDL2 cholesterol. Metabolism, 43, 935-939.
5. Avery, E. N., Cole, C. M., & Meyer, W. J., III (1995, September). Transsexuals and HIV/AIDS risk behaviors. Paper presented at the 14th Biennial Symposium of the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association, Kloster Irsee, Germany.
6. Bakker, A., van Kesteren, P. J., Gooren, L. J. G., & Bezemer, P. D. (1993). The prevalence of trans-sexualism in the Netherlands. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 87, 237-238.
7. Balen, A. H., Schacter, M. E., Montgomery, D., Reid, R. W., & Jacobs, H. S. (1993). Polycystic ovaries are a common finding in untreated female to male transsexuals. Clinical Endocrinology, 38, 325-9.
8. Baxter, N. (2001). Preventive health care, 2001 update: Should women be routinely taught breast self-examination to screen for breast cancer? Canadian Medical Association Journal, 164, 1837-46.
9. Bhasin, S., Storer, T. W., Berman, N., Callegari, C., Clevenger, B., Phillips, J., Bunnell, T. J., Tricker, R., Shirazi, A., Casaburi, R. (1996). The effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal men. New England Journal of Medicine, 335, 1-7.
10. Blackman, M. R., Sorkin, J. D., Münzer, T., Bellantoni, M. F., Busby-Whitehead, J., Stevens, T. E., Jayme, J., O'Connor, K. G., Christmas, C., Tobin, J. D., Stewart, K J., Cottrell, E., St. Clair, C., Pabst, K. M., & Harman, S. M. (2002). Growth hormone and sex steroid administration in healthy aged women and men: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 2282-2292.
11. Biller, J., & Saver, J. L. (1995). Ischemic cerebrovascular disease and hormone therapy for infertility and transsexualism. Neurology, 45, 1611-3.
12. Blanchard, R. (1994). A structural equation model for age at clinical presentation in nonhomosexual male gender dysphorics. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 23, 311-320.
13. Bockting, W. O. (2003). Transgender identity, sexuality, and coming out: Implications for HIV risk and prevention. Proceedings of the NIDA-sponsored satellite sessions in association with the XIV International AIDS Conference, Barcelona, Spain, July 7-11, 2002 (pp. 163-172). U.S. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health.
14. Bockting, W. O., Knudson, G., & Goldberg, J. M. (2006). Counseling and mental health care for transgender adults and loved ones. International Journal of Transgenderism, 9(3/4), 35-82.
15. Bockting, W. O., Robinson, B. E., Forborg, J., & Scheltema, K. (2005). Evaluation of a sexual health approach to reducing HIV/STD risk in the transgender community. AIDS Care, 17, 289-303.
16. Bockting, W. O., Robinson, B. B. E., & Rosser, B. R. S. (1998). Transgender HIV prevention: A qualitative needs assessment. AIDS Care, 10, 505-526.
17. Boekeloo, B. O., Marx, E. S., Kral, A. H., Coughlin, S. C., Bowman, M., & Rabin, D. L. (1991). Frequency and thoroughness of STD/HIV risk assessment by physicians in a high-risk metropolitan area. American Journal of Public Health, 81, 1645-1648.
18. Boice, J. D. Jr., Friis, S., McLaughlin J. K., Mellemkjaer, L., Blot, W. J., Fraumeni, J. F. Jr., & Olsen, J. H. (1997). Cancer following breast reduction surgery in Denmark. Cancer Causes and Control, 8, 253-8.
19. Boice, J. D. Jr., Persson, I., Brinton, L. A., Hober, M., McLaughlin, J. K., Blot, W. J., Fraumeni, J. F. Jr., & Nyren, O. (2000). Breast cancer following breast reduction surgery in Sweden. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 106, 755-62.
20. Boles, J., & Elifson, K. W. (1994). The social organization of transvestite prostitution and AIDS. Social Science & Medicine, 39, 85-93.
21. Bonin, E., Brehove, T., Kline, S., Misgen, M., Post, P., Strehlow, A. J., & Yungman, J. (2004). Adapting your practice: General recommendations for the care of homeless patients. Nashville: Health Care for the Homeless Clinicians' Network, National Health Care for the Homeless Council, Inc. Retrieved October 31, 2005, from http://www.nhchc.org/Publications/6.1. 04GenHomelessRecsFINAL.pdf
22. Bosinski, H. A. G., Peter, M., Bonatz, G., Arndt, R., Heidenreich, M., Sippell, W. G., & Wille, R. (1997). A higher rate of hyperandrogenic disorders in female-to-male transsexuals. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 22, 361-80.
23. Bowman, C., & Goldberg, J. M. (2006). Care of the patient undergoing sex reassignment surgery. International Journal of Transgenderism, 9(3/4), 135-165.
24. Brinton, L., A., Lubin, J. H., Burich, M. C., Colton, T., Brown, S. L., & Hoover, R. N. (2000). Breast cancer following augmentation mammaplasty. Cancer Causes Control, 11, 819-827
25. Brinton, L. A., Persson, I., Boice, J. D. Jr., McLaughlin, J. K., & Fraumeni, J. F. Jr. (2001). Breast cancer risk in relation to amount of tissue removed during breast reduction operations in Sweden. Cancer, 91, 478-83.
26. Bryant, H., & Brasher, P. (1995). Breast implants and breast cancer: Reanalysis of a linkage study. New England Journal of Medicine, 332, 1535-9.
27. Bull, S. S., Rietmeijer, C., Fortenberry, J. D., Stoner, B., Malotte, K., Vandevanter, N., Middlestadt, S. E., & Hook, E. W., III. (1999). Practice patterns for the elicitation of sexual history, education, and counseling among providers of STD services: Results from the Gonorrhea Community Action Project (GCAP). Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 26, 584-589.
28. Burcombe, R. J., Makris, A., Pittam, M., & Finer, N. (2003). Breast cancer after bilateral subcutaneous mastectomy in a female-to-male trans-sexual. Breast, 12, 290-3.
29. Chobanian, A. V., Bakris, G. L., Black, H. R., Cushman, W. C., Green, L. A., Izzo, J. L. Jr., Jones, D. W., Materson, B. J., Oparil, S., Wright, J. T. Jr., & Rocella, E. J. (2003). Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension, 42, 1206-52.
30. Cibula, D., Cifkova, R., Fanta, M., Poledne, R., Zivny, J., & Skibova, J. (2000). Increased risk of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and coronary artery disease in perimenopausal women with a history of the polycystic ovary syndrome. Human Reproduction, 15, 785-789.
31. Clements-Nolle, K., Katz, M. H., & Marx, R. (1999). Transgender Community Health Project: Descriptive results. San Francisco: San Francisco Department of Public Health.
32. Clements-Nolle, K., Marx, R., Guzman, R., & Katz, M. (2001). HIV prevalence, risk behaviors, health care use, and mental health status of transgender persons: Implications for public health intervention. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 915-921.
33. Clements-Nolle, K., Wilkinson, W., Kitano, K., & Marx, R. (1999). HIV prevention and health service needs of the transgender community in San Francisco. International Journal of Transgenderism, 3(1 + 2). Retrieved January 1, 2005, from http:// www.symposion.com/ijt/hiv_risk/clements.htm
34. Colditz, G. A. (2005). Estrogen, estrogen plus progestin therapy, and risk of breast cancer. Clinical Cancer Research, 11, S909-S917.
35. Cole, C. M., O'Boyle, M., Emory, L. E., & Meyer, W. J., III (1997). Comorbidity of gender dysphoria and other major psychiatric diagnoses. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 26, 13-26.
36. Coleman, E., Bockting, W. O., & Gooren, L. J. G. (1993). Homosexual and bisexual identity in sex-reassigned female-to-male transsexuals. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 22, 37-50.
37. Dahl, M., Feldman, J., Goldberg, J. M., & Jaberi, A. (2006). Physical aspects of transgender endocrine therapy. International Journal of Transgenderism, 9(3/4), 111-134.
38. Damewood, M. D., Bellantoni, J. J., Bachorik, P. S., Kimball, A. W. Jr., & Rock, J. A. (1989). Exogenous estrogen effect on lipid/lipoprotein cholesterol in transsexual males. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 12, 449-454.
39. Davies, S., & Goldberg, J. M. (2006). Clinical aspects of transgender speech feminization and masculinization. International Journal of Transgenderism, 9(3/4), 167-196.
40. De Laet, C. E. D. H., van Hout, B. A., Burger, H., Hofman, A., & Pols, H. A. P. (1997). Bone density and risk of hip fracture in men and women: Cross sectional analysis. British Medical Journal, 315, 221-225.
41. de Vries, A. L. C., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., & Delemarrevan de Waal, H. (2006). Clinical management of gender dysphoria in adolescents. International Journal of Transgenderism, 9(3/4), 83-94.
42. Deapen, D., Hamilton, A., Bernstein, L., & Brody, G. S. (2000). Breast cancer stage at diagnosis and survival among patients with prior breast implants. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 105, 535-40.
43. deMarinis, M., & Arnett, E. N. (1978). Cerebrovascular occlusion in a transsexual man taking mestranol. Archives of Internal Medicine, 138, 1732-3.
44. Devor, H. (1993). Sexual orientation identities, attractions, and practices of female-to-male transsexuals. Journal of Sex Research, 30, 303-315.
45. Dobs, A. S., Nguyen, T., Pace, C., & Roberts, C. P. (2002). Differential effects of oral estrogen versus oral estrogen-androgen replacement therapy on body composition in postmenopausal women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 87, 1509-1516.
46. Doeren, M., & Samsioe, G. (2000). Prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis with oestrogen replacement therapy and associated compounds: Update on clinical trials since 1995. Human Reproduction Update, 6, 419-426.
47. Drouin, P., Fortier, M., Krepart, G., Inhaber, S., Paraskevas, M., Parboosingh, Riley, T., Roy, M., Sellors, T., Shaw, P., Stuart, G., & Wright, V. C., for the Quality Management Working Group of the Cervical Cancer Prevention Network (1998). Programmatic guidelines for screening for cancer of the cervix in Canada. Ottawa, ONT: Society of Gynecologic Oncologists of Canada.
48. Elbers, J. M. H., Asscheman, H., Seidell, J. C., & Gooren, L. J. G. (1999). Effects of sex steroid hormones on regional fat depots as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging in transsexuals. American Journal of Physiology, 276, E317-E325.
49. Elbers, J. M. H., Asscheman, H., Seidell, J. C., Megens, J. A. J., & Gooren, L. J. G. (1997). Long-term testosterone administration increases visceral fat in female to male transsexuals. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 82, 2044-2047.
50. Epstein, R. M., Morse, D. S., Frankel, R. M., Frarey, L., Anderson, K., & Beckman, H. B. (1998). Awkward moments in patient-physician communication about HIV risk. Annals of Internal Medicine, 128, 435-442.
51. Espeland, M. A., Hogan, P. E., Fineberg, S. E., Howard, G., Schrott, H., Waclawiw, M. A., & Bush, T. L. (1998). Effect of postmenopausal hormone therapy on glucose and insulin concentrations. Diabetes Care, 21, 1589-1595.
52. Evans, S. F., & Davie, M. W. (1996). Low and conventional dose transdermal oestradiol are equally effective at preventing bone loss in spine and femur at all post-menopausal ages. Clinical Endocrinology, 44, 79-84.
53. Eyler, A. E., & Whittle, S. (2001). FTM breast cancer: Community awareness and illustrative cases. Paper presented at the 17th Biennial Symposium of the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association, Galveston, TX. Abstract retrieved January 1, 2005, from http://www.symposion.com/ijt/ hbigda/2001/41_eyler.htm
54. Feldman, J. (2002). New onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus with feminizing hormone therapy: Case series. International Journal of Transgenderism, 6(2). Retrieved January 1, 2005, from http://www.symposion.com/ ijt/ijtvo06no02_01.htm
55. Feldman, J., & Bockting, W. O. (2003). Transgender health. Minnesota Medicine, 86, 25-32.
56. Feldman, J., Bockting, W. O., Allen, S., & Brintell, D. (2003, September). Smoking cessation among transgender persons receiving hormone therapy. Paper presented at the 18th Biennial Symposium of the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association, Gent, Belgium.
57. Fortin, C. J., Klein, T., Messmore, H. L., & O'Connell, J. B. (1984). Myocardial infarction and severe thromboembolic complications as seen in an estrogen-dependent transsexual. Archives of Internal Medicine, 144, 1082-3.
58. Futterweit, W. (1998). Endocrine therapy of transsexualism and potential complications of long-term treatment. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 27, 209-26.
59. Futterweit, W., Weiss, R. A., & Fagerstrom, R. M. (1986). Endocrine evaluation of forty female-to-male transsexuals: Increased frequency of polycystic ovarian disease in female transsexualism. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 15, 69-78.
60. Ganly, I., & Taylor, E. W. (1995). Breast cancer in a trans-sexual man receiving hormone replacement therapy. British Journal of Surgery, 82, 341.
61. Gay and Lesbian Medical Association (2001). Healthy People 2010 companion document for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) health. San Francisco, CA: Author.
62. Genest, J., Frohlich, J., Fodor, G., & McPherson, R. (2003). Recommendations for the management of dyslipidemia and the prevention of cardiovascular disease: 2003 update. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 168, 921-924.
63. Gilman, S. E., Abrams, D. B., & Buka, S. L. (2003). Socioeconomic status over the life course and stages of cigarette use: Initiation, regular use, and cessation. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 57, 802-808.
64. Glueck, C. J., Lang, J., Hamer, T., & Tracy, T. (1994). Severe hypertriglyceridemia and pancreatitis when estrogen replacement therapy is given to hypertriglyceridemic women. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 123, 59-64.
65. Godsland, I. F., Gangar, K., Walton, C., Cust, M. P., Whitehead, M. I., Wynn, V., & Stevenson, J. C. (1993). Insulin resistance, secretion, and elimination in postmenopausal women receiving oral or transdermal hormone replacement therapy. Metabolism, 42, 846-853.
66. Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Englewood Cliffs, N.T: Prentice-Hall.
67. Goh, H. H., Loke, D. F., & Ratnam, S. S. (1995). The impact of long-term testosterone replacement therapy on lipid and lipoprotein profiles in women. Maturitas, 21, 65-70.
68. Goh, H. H., & Ratnam, S. S. (1997). Effects of hormone deficiency, androgen therapy and calcium supplementation on bone mineral density in female transsexuals. Maturitas, 26, 45-52.
69. Goldberg, J. M. (2006). Training community-based clinicians in transgender care. International Journal of Transgenderism, 9(3/4), 219-231.
70. Goldberg, J. M., Matte, N., MacMillan, M., & Hudspith, M. (2003). Community survey: Transition/crossdressing services in BC-Final report. Vancouver, BC: Vancouver Coastal Health and Transcend Transgender Support & Education Society.
71. Gooren, L. J. G. (1999). Hormonal sex reassignment. International Journal of Transgenderism, 3. Retrieved January 1, 2005, fromhttp://www.symposion.com/ ijt/ijt990301.htm.
72. Gooren, L. J. G., & Bunck, M. C. (2004). Transsexuals and competitive sports. European Journal of Endocrinology, 151, 425-429.
73. Grady, D., Herrington, D., Bittner, V., Blumenthal, R., Davidson, M., Hlatky, M., Hsia, J., Hulley, S., Herd, A., Khan, S., Newby, L. K., Waters, D., Vittinghoff, E., & Wenger, N. (2002). Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study followup (HERS II). Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 49-57.
74. Gras, M. J., van der Helm, T., Schenk, R., van Doornum, G. J., Coutinho, R. A., & van den Hock, J. A. (1997). HIV infection and risk behaviour among prostitutes in the Amsterdam streetwalkers' district: Indications of raised prevalence of HIV among transvestites/transsexuals. Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde, 141, 1238-1241.
75. Griggs, R. C., Kingston, W., Jozefowicz, R. F., Herr, B. E., Forbes, G., & Halliday, D. (1989). Effect of testosterone on muscle mass and muscle protein synthesis. Journal of Applied Physiology, 66, 498-503.
76. Grodstein, F., Manson, J. E., & Stampfer, M. J. (2001). Postmenopausal hormone use and secondary prevention of coronary events in the Nurses' Health Study: A prospective, observational study. Annals of Internal Medicine, 135, 1-8.
77. Gross, J., & Davis, M. (2004, July). Female-to-male transgenders and HIV risk behaviors in Los Angeles, California. Poster presented at the XV International AIDS Conference, Bangkok, Thailand.
78. Gruskin, E. P., Hart, S., Gordon, N., & Ackerson, L. (2001). Patterns of cigarette smoking and alcohol use among lesbians and bisexual women enrolled in a large health maintenance organization. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 976-9.
79. Guess, H. A., Heyse, J. F., & Gormley, G. J. (1993). The effect of finasteride on prostate-specific antigen in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate, 22, 31-7.
80. Gumucio, C. A., Pin, P., Young, V. L., Destouet, J., Monsees, B., & Eichling, J. (1989). The effect of breast implants on the radiographic detection of microcalcification and soft-tissue masses. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 84, 772-8.
81. Gwadz, M. V., Clatts, M. C., Goldsamt, L., Lankenau, S., & Leonard, N. (2002, July). A behavioral profile of HIV risk behavior among a street-recruited sample of young men who have sex with men. Presented at the XVI International AIDS Conference, Barcelona, Spain.
82. Hage, J. J., Dekker, J. J., Karim, R. B., Verheijen, R. H., & Bloemena E. (2000). Ovarian cancer in female-to-male transsexuals: report of two cases. Gynecologic Oncology, 76, 413-415.
83. Hak, A. E., Witteman, J. C., de Jong, F. H., Geerlings, M. I., Hofman, A., & Pols, H. A. (2002). Low levels of endogenous androgens increase the risk of atherosclerosis in elderly men: The Rotterdam study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 87, 3632-9.
84. Haley, N., Maheux, B., Rivard, M., Gervais, A. (1999). Sexual health risk assessment and counseling in primary care: How involved are general practitioners and obstetrician-gynecologists? American Journal of Public Health, 89, 899-902.
85. Hayes, H. Jr., Vandergrift, J., & Diner, W. C. (1988). Mammography and breast implants. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 82, 1-8.
86. Hultborn, R., Hanson, C., Kopf, I., Verbiene, I., Warnhammar, E., & Weimarck, A. (1997). Prevalence of Klinefelter's syndrome in male breast cancer patients. Anticancer Research, 17(6D), 4293-7.
87. Humphrey, L. L., Helfand, M., Chan, B. K., & Woolf, S. H. (2005). Breast cancer screening: A summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Annals of Internal Medicine, 137, 347-60.
88. Israel, G. E. & Tarver, D. E. I. (1997). Transgender care: Recommended guidelines, practical information, and personal accounts. Philadephia, PA: Temple University Press.
89. Jin, B., Turner, L., Walters, W. A., & Handelsman, D. J. (1997). The effects of chronic high dose androgen or estrogen treatment on the human prostate. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 81, 4290-4295.
90. Kammerer, N., Mason, T., Connors, M., & Durkee, R. (1999). Transgender health and social service needs in the context of HIV risk. International Journal of Transgenderism, 3(1 + 2). Retrieved January 1, 2005, from http://www.symposion.com/ijt/hiv_risk/kammerer.htm
91. Kammerer, N., Mason, T., Connors, M., & Durkee, R. (2001). Transgenders, HIV/AIDS, and substance abuse: From risk group to group prevention. In W. O Bockting & S. Kirk (Eds.), Transgender and HIV: Risks, prevention, and care (pp. 13-38). Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press, Inc.
92. Katznelson, L., Finkelstein, T.S., Schoenfeld, D. A., Rosenthal, D. I., Anderson, E. T., & Klibanski, A. (1996). Increase in bone density and lean body mass during testosterone administration in men with acquired hypogonadism. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 81, 4358-4365.
93. Keatley, T., Nemoto, T., Operario, D., & Soma, T. (2002, July). The impact of transphobia on HIV risk behaviors among male to female transgenders in San Francisco. Poster presented at XVI International AIDS Conference, Barcelona, Spain.
94. Kellog, T. A., Clements-Nolle, K., Dilley, J., Katz, M. H., & McFarland, W. (2001). Incidence of human immunodeficiency virus among male-to-female transgendered persons in San Francisco. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 28, 380-4.
95. Kenagy, G. P. (2002). HIV among transgendered people. AIDS Care, 14, 127-134.
96. Kenagy, G. P., & Bostwick, W. B. (2005). Health and social service needs of transgender people in Chicago. International Journal of Transgenderism, 8(2 + 3), 57-66.
97. Kenagy, G. P., & Hsieh, C. M. (2005). The risk less known: Female-to-male transgender persons' vulnerability to HIV infection. AIDS Care, 17, 195-207.
98. Kirk, S. (1999). Guidelines for selecting HIV positive patients for genital reconstructive surgery. International Journal of Transgenderism, 3(1 + 2). Retrieved January 1, 2005, fromhttp://www.symposion.com/ijt/ hiv_risk/kirk.htm.
99. Kirk, S., & Rothblatt, M. (1995). Medical legal and workplace issues for the transsexual. Watertown, MA: Together Life works.
100. Kuiper, B., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (1988). Sex reassignment surgery: A study of 141 Dutch transsexuals. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 17, 439-457.
101. Laboratory Centre for Disease Control (LCDC) Expert Working Group on Canadian Guidelines for Sexually Transmitted Disease (1998). Canadian STD guidelines (Report No.: H49-119/1998E). Ottawa: Health Canada.
102. Langström, N., & Zucker, K. J. (2005). Transvestic fetishism in the general population. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 31, 87-95.
103. Lawrence, A. A. (2001). Vaginal neoplasia in a male-to-female transsexual: Case report, review of the literature, and recommendations for cytological screening. International Journal of Transgenderism, 5(1). Retrieved January 1, 2005, from http://www. symposion.com/ijt/ijtvo05no01_01.htm
104. Lawrence, A. A. (2005). Sexuality before and after male-to-female sex reassignment surgery. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34, 147-166.
105. Leavitt, F., Berger, J. C., Hoeppner, J. A., & Northrop, G. (1980). Presurgical adjustment in male transsexuals with and without hormonal treatment. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 168, 693-697.
106. Legro, R. S. (2003). Polycystic ovary syndrome and cardiovascular disease: A premature association? Endocrine Reviews, 24, 302-312.
107. Leo, M. E., Bilhartz, D. L., Bergstralh, E. J., & Oesterling, J. E. (1991). Prostate specific antigen in hormonally treated stage D2 prostate cancer: Is it always an accurate indicator of disease status? Journal of Urology, 145, 802-806.
108. Lindley, L. L., Nicholson, T. J., Kerby, M. B., & Lu, N. (2003). HIV/STI associated risk behaviors among self-identified lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender colleges students in the United States. AIDS Education & Prevention, 15, 413-429.
109. Lombardi, E. L., Wilchins, R. A., Priesing, D., & Malouf, D. (2001). Gender violence: Transgender experiences with violence and discrimination. Journal of Homosexuality, 42, 89-101.
110. Loverro, G. (2004). Polycystic ovary syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Minerva Endocrinologica, 29(3), 129-38.
111. MacMahon, S., & Rodgers, A. (1994). Blood pressure, antihypertensive treatment and stroke risk. Journal of Hypertension-Supplement, 72(10), S5-S14.
112. Manson, J. E., Rimm, E. B., Colditz, G. A., Willett, W. C., Nathan, D. M., Arky, R. A., Rosner, B., Hennekens, C. H., Speizer, F. E., & Stampfer, M. J. (1992). A prospective study of postmenopausal estrogen therapy and subsequent incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Annals of Epidemiology, 2, 665-673.
113. Markland, C. (1975). Transexual surgery. Obstetrics & Gynecology Annual, 4, 309-330.
114. Mate-Kole, C., Freschi, M., & Robin, A. (1990). A controlled study of psychological and social changes after surgical gender reassignment in selected male transsexuals. British Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 261-264.
115. Mathy, R. M. (2002). Transgender identity and suicidality in a nonclinical sample: Sexual orientation, psychiatric history, and compulsive behaviors. Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality, 14, 47-65.
116. McCredie, R. J., McCrohon, J. A., Turner, L., Griffiths, K. A., Handelsman, D. J., & Celermajer, D. S. (1998). Vascular reactivity is impaired in genetic females taking high-dose androgens. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 32, 1331-1335.
117. McGowan, C. K. (1999). Transgender needs assessment. New York City: Prevention Planning Unit, New York City Department of Health.
118. McPherson, K., Steel, C. M., & Dixon, J. M. (2000). ABC of breast diseases: Breast cancer-Epidemiology, risk factors, and genetics. British Medical Journal, 321(1261), 624-628.
119. Meyer, W. J., III, Bockting, W. O., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Coleman, E., Di Ceglie, D., Devor, H., Gooren, L., Hage, J. J., Kirk, S., Kuiper, B., Laub, D., Lawrence, A., Menard, Y., Monstney, S., Patton, J., Schaefer, L., Webb, A., & Wheeler, C. C. (2001). The standards of care for Gender Identity Disorders (6th ed.). Minneapolis, MN: Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association.
120. Meyer, W. J., III, Webb, A., Stuart, C. A., Finkelstein, J. W., Lawrence, B., & Walker, P. A. (1986). Physical and hormonal evaluation of transsexual patients: A longitudinal study. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 15, 121-138.
121. Miglioretti, D. L., Rutter, C. M., Geller, B. M., Cutter, G., Barlow, W. E., Rosenberg, R., Weaver, D. L., Taplin, S. H., Ballard-Barbash, R., Carney, P. A., Yankaskas, B. C., & Kerlikowske, K. (2004). Effect of breast augmentation on the accuracy of mammography and cancer characteristics. Journal of the American Medical Association, 291, 442-450.
122. Miller, N., Bedard, Y. C., Cooter, N. B., & Shaul, D. L. (1986). Histological changes in the genital tract in transsexual women following androgen therapy. Histopathology, 10, 661-669.
123. Morgentaler, A., Bruning, C. O., III, & DeWolf, W. C. (1996). Occult prostate cancer in men with low serum testosterone levels. Journal of the American Medical Association, 276, 1904-1906.
124. Morgenthaler, M., & Weber, M. (2005). Pathological rupture of the distal biceps tendon after long-term androgen substitution. Zeitschrift für Orthopädie und Ihre Grenzgebiete, 137, 368-370.
125. Mottet, L., & Ohle, J. M. (2003). Transitioning our shelters: A guide to making homeless shelters safe for transgenderpeople. New York, NY: National Coalition for the Homeless & National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Policy Institute.
126. Nader, S., Riad-Gabriel, M. G., & Saad, M. F. (1997). The effect of a desogestrel-containing oral contra-ceptive on glucose tolerance and leptin concentrations in hyperandrogenic women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 82, 3074-3077.
127. Namaste, V. K. (1999). HIV/AIDS and female-to-male transsexuals and transvestites: Results from a needs assessment in Quebec. International Journal of Transgenderism, 3(1 + 2). Retrieved January 1, 2005, from http://www.symposion.com/ijt/hiv_risk/namaste.htm
128. Nelson, H. D., Humphrey, L. L., Nygren, P., Teutsch, S. M., & Allan, J. D. (2002). Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy: Scientific review. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 872-881.
129. Nemoto, T., Kealley, J., Operario, D., Soma, T., Fernandez, A., Adao, L., Eleneke, M., Arista, P., Soriano, C., & McCree, B. (2002, July). Implementing HIV prevention, drug abuse treatment, and mental health services in the transgender community in San Francisco. Poster presented at XVI International AIDS Conference, Barcelona, Spain.
130. Nemoto, T., Luke, D., Mamo, L., Ching, A., & Patria, J. (1999). HIV risk behaviours among male-to-female transgenders in comparison with homosexual or bisexual males and heterosexual females. AIDS Care, 11, 297-312.
131. Nemoto, T., Operario, D., Keatley, J., & Villegas, D. (2004). Social context of HIV risk behaviours among male-to-female transgenders of colour. AIDS Care, 16, 724-735.
132. Nemoto, T., Sugano, E., Operario, D., & Keatley, J. (2004, July). Psychosocial factors influencing HIV risk among male-to-female transgenders in San Francisco. Poster presented at XV International AIDS Conference, Bangkok, Thailand.
133. Netscher, D., Meade, R. A., Friedman, J. D., Malone, R. S., Brady, J. R., & Thornby, J. (1999). Mammography and reduction mammaplasty. Aesthetic Surgery Journal, 79, 445-451.
134. New, G., Duffy, S. J., Harper, R. W., & Meredith, I. T. (2000). Long-term oestrogen therapy is associated with improved endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the forearm resistance circulation of biological males. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 27, 25-33.
135. New, G., Timmins, K. L., Duffy, S. J., Tran, B. T., O'Brien, R. C., Harper, R. W., & Meredith, I. T. (1997). Long-term estrogen therapy improves vascular function in male to female transsexuals. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 29, 1437-1444.
136. Nusbaum, M. R. H., & Hamilton, C. D. (2002). The proactive sexual health history. American Family Physician, 66, 1705-1712.
137. Oh, J. Y., Barrett-Connor, E., Wedick, N. M., & Wingard, D. L. (2002). Endogenous sex hormones and the development of type 2 diabetes in older men and women: The Rancho Bernardo Study. Diabetes Care, 25, 55-60.
138. Olsen, O., & Gotzsche, P. C. (2001). Screening for breast cancer with mammography. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4(CD001877).
139. Oriel, K. A. (2000). Medical care of transsexual patients. Journal of the Gay & Lesbian Medical Association, 4, 185-194.
140. Pache, T. D., Chadha, S., Gooren, L. J. G., Hop, W. C., Jaarsma, K. W.,Dommerholt,H. B.,&Fauser,B.C. (1991). Ovarian morphology in long-term androgen-treated female to male transsexuals: A human model for the study of polycystic ovarian syndrome? Histopalhology, 19, 445-452.
141. Pfäfflin, F. & Junge, A. (1998). Sex reassignment-Thirty years of international follow-up studies; SRS: A comprehensive review, 1961-1991 (R. B. Jacobson & A. B. Meier, Trans.). Düsseldorf, Germany: Symposion Publishing. (Original work published 1992)
142. Pierpoint, T., McKeigue, P. M., Isaacs, A. J., Wild, S. H., & Jacobs HS. (1998). Mortality of women with polycystic ovary syndrome at long-term follow-up. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 51, 581-6.
143. Prior, J. C., Vigna, Y. M., & Watson, D. (1989). Spironolactone with physiological female steroids for prosurgical therapy of male-to-female transsexualism. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 18, 49-57.
144. Pritchard, T. J., Pankowsky, D. A., Crowe J. P., & Abdul-Karim, F. W. (1988). Breast cancer in a male-to-female transsexual: A case report. Journal of the American Medical Association, 259, 2278-2280.
145. Reback, C. J., & Lombardi, E. L. (1999). A community-based harm reduction program for male-to-female transgenders at risk for HIV infection. International Journal of Transgenderism, 3(1 + 2). Retrieved January 1, 2005, from http://www.symposion.com/ijt/hiv_risk/reback.htm
146. Rimm, E. B., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Willett, W. C., Rosner, B., Hennekens, C. H., & Speizer, F. E. (1992). Oral contraceptive use and the risk of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in a large prospective study of women. Diabetologia, 35, 967-972.
147. Risser, J. M. H., Shelton, A., McCurdy, S. Atkinson, J., Padgett, P., Useche, B., Thomas, B., & Williams, M. (2005). Sex, drugs, violence, and HIV status among male-to-female transgender persons in Houston, Texas. International Journal of Transgenderism, 8(2 + 3), 67-74.
148. Rodrigo Álvaro, J., Rodríguez-Arenas, M. A., Ramón, P., & Martín Martín, S. (2002, July). Risk factors for the HIV transmission in transgender sex workers. Presented at the XVI International AIDS Conference, Barcelona, Spain.
149. Rossouw, J. E., Anderson, G. L., Prentice, R. L., LaCroix, A. Z., Kooperberg, C., Stefanick, M. L., Jackson, R. D., Beresford, S. A., Howard, B. V., Johnson, K. C., Kotchen, J. M., & Ockene, J. (2002). Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: Principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 321-333.
150. Russell-Briefel, R., Ezzati, T. M., Perlman, J. A., & Murphy, R. S. (1987). Impaired glucose tolerance in women using oral contraceptives: United States, 1976-1980. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 40, 3-11.
151. Sanders, G. D., Bayoumi, A. M., Sundaram, V., Bilir, S. P., Neukermans, C. P., Rydzak, C. E., Douglass, L. R., Lazzeroni, L. C., Holodniy, M., & Owens, D. K. (2005). Cost-effectiveness of screening for HIV in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. New England Journal of Medicine, 352, 570-585.
152. Saslow, D., Runowicz, C. D., Solomon, D., Moscicki, A., Smith, R. A., Eyre, H. J., & Cohen, C. (2002). American Cancer Society guideline for the early detection of cervical neoplasia and cancer. ÇA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 52, 342-362.
153. Sausa, L. A. (2003). The HIV prevention and educational needs of trans youth: A qualitative study [Ph.D.] University of Pennsylvania. Dissertation Abstracts International, 64(4A), 1186. (University Microfilms No. AAT 3087465)
154. Scarabin, P. Y., Oger, E., & Plu-Bureau, G. (2003). Differential association of oral and transdermal oestrogen-replacement therapy with venous thromboembolism risk. Lancet, 362, 428-432.
155. Schairer, C., Lubin, J., Troisi, R., Sturgeon, S., Brinton, L., & Hoover, R. (2000). Menopausal estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement therapy and breast cancer risk. Journal of the American Medical Association, 283, 485-491.
156. Scheer, S., Delgado, V., & Schwarcz, S. (2004, July). Use of HIV prevention services and HIV risk reduction strategies among male-to-female transgenders in San Francisco (USA). Presented at the XV International AIDS Conference, Bangkok, Thailand.
157. Schildkraut, J. M., Schwingl, P. J., Bastos, E., Evanoff, A., & Hughes, C. (1996). Epithelial ovarian cancer risk among women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 88, 554-559.
158. Schlauerer, K., Auer, D. P., Yassouridis, A., von Werder, K., & Stalla, G. K. (1998). Transsexualism and osteoporosis. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology and Diabetes, 106, 365-368.
159. Schlauerer, K., Yassouridis, A., von Werder, K., Poland, D., Kemper, J., & Stalla, G. K. (1998). A follow-up study for estimating the effectiveness of a cross-gender hormone substitution therapy on transsexual patients. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 27, 475-492.
160. Scholes, D., LaCroix, A. Z., Ichikawa, L. E., Barlow, W. E., & Ott, S. M. (2005). Injectable hormone contraception and bone density: Results from a prospective study. Epidemiology, 13, 581-587.
161. Sember, R., Lawrence, A. A., & Xavier, J. (2000). Transgender health concerns. Journal of the Gay & Lesbian Medical Association, 4, 125-134.
162. Simon, P. A., Reback, C. J., & Bemis, C. C. (2000). HIV prevalence and incidence among male-to-female transsexuals receiving HIV prevention services in Los Angeles County. AIDS, 14, 2953-2955.
163. Smith, R. A., Cokkinides, V., & Eyre, H. J. (2006). American Cancer Society guidelines for the early detection of cancer, 2006. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 56, 11-25.
164. Smith, R. A., Saslow, D., Sawyer, K. A., Burke, W., Costanza, M. E., Evans, W. P., III, Foster, R. S. Jr., Hendrick, E., Eyre, H. J., & Sener, S. (2003). American Cancer Society guidelines for breast cancer screening: Update 2003. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 53, 141-169.
165. Smith, Y. L. S., Van Goozen, S. H. M., Kuiper, A. J., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2005). Sex reassignment: Outcomes and predictors of treatment for adolescent and adult transsexuals. Psychological Medicine, 35, 89-99.
166. Sosa, M., Jodar, E., Arbelo, E., Dominguez, C., Saavedra, P., Torres, A., Salido, E., Liminana, J. M., Gomez De Tejada, M. J., & Hernandez, D. (2004). Serum lipids and estrogen receptor gene polymorphisms in male-to-female transsexuals: Effects of estrogen treatment. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 15, 231-237.
167. Sperber, J., Landers, S., & Lawrence, S. (2005). Access to health care for transgendered persons: Results of a needs assessment in Boston. International Journal of Transgenderism, 8, 75-91.
168. Spritz, M. (2003). Effects of cross gender hormonal therapy on prostates of 20 male-to-female postoperative patients. Paper presented at the 18th Biennial Symposium of the Many Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association, Gent, Belgium.
169. Steinbeck, A. (1997). Hormonal medication for transsexuals. Venereology: Interdisciplinary, International Journal of Sexual Health, 10, 175-177.
170. Strauss, R. H., & Yesalis, C. E. (1991). Anabolic steroids in the athlete. Annual Review of Medicine, 42, 449-457.
171. Symmers, W. S. (1968). Carcinoma of breast in transsexual individuals after surgical and hormonal interference with the primary and secondary sex characteristics. British Medical Journal, 2(597), 82-85.
172. Takata, L. L., & Meltzer, T. R. (2000). Procedures, postoperative care, and potential complications of gender reassignment surgery for the primary care physician. Primary Psychiatry, 7, 74-78.
173. Tang, H., Greenwood, G. L., Cowling, D. W., Lloyd, J. C., Roeseler, A. G., & Bal, D. G. (2004). Cigarette smoking among lesbians, gays, and bisexuals: How serious a problem? Cancer Causes Control, 15, 797-803.
174. Tangpricha, V., Turner, A., Malabanan, A., & Holick, M. (2001). Effects of testosterone therapy on bone mineral density in the FTM patient. Paper presented at the 17th Biennial Symposium of the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association, Galveston, TX. Abstract retrieved January 1, 2005, from http://www.symposion.com/ijt/hbigda/2001/ 39_tangpricha.htm
175. The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial ( 1995). Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women: The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 273, 199-208.
176. Thompson, I. M., Pauler, D. K., Goodman, P. J., Tangen, C. M., Lucia, M. S., Parnes, H. L., Minasian, L. M., Ford, L. G., Lippman, S. M., Crawford, E. D., Crowley, J. J., & Coltman, C. A. Jr. (2004). Prevalence of prostate cancer among men with a prostate-specific antigen level < or = 4.0 ng per milliliter. New England Journal of Medicine, 350, 2239-2246.
177. Thurston, A. V. (1994). Carcinoma of the prostate in a transsexual. British Journal of Urology, 73, 217.
178. Troisi, R., Cowie, C. C., & Harris, M. I. (2000). Hormone replacement therapy and glucose metabolism. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 96, 665-670.
179. Turner, A., Chen, T. C., Barber, T. W., Malabanan, A. O., Holick, M. F., & Tangpricha, V. (2004). Testosterone increases bone mineral density in female-to-male transsexuals: A case series of 15 subjects. Clinical Endocrinology, 67, 560-566.
180. Valentine, D. (1998). Gender Identity Project report on intake statistics. New York: Lesbian and Gay Community Services Center of New York.
181. van Haarst, E. P., Newling, D. W., Gooren, L. J. G., Asscheman, H., & Prenger, D. M. (1998). Metastatic prostatic carcinoma in a male-to-female transsexual. British Journal of Urology, 81, 776.
182. van Kesteren, P. J. M., Asscheman, H., Megens, J. A. J., & Gooren, L. J. G. (1997). Mortality and morbidity in transsexual subjects treated with cross-sex hormones. Clinical Endocrinology, 47, 337-342.
183. van Kesteren, P. J. M., Lips, P., Gooren, L. J. G., Asscheman, H., & Megens, J. A. J. (1998). Long-term follow-up of bone mineral density and bone metabolism in transsexuals treated with cross-sex hormones. Clinical Endocrinology, 48, 347-354.
184. van Kesteren, P. J. M., Meinhardt, W., van der Valk, P., Geldof, A. A., Megens, J. A. J., & Gooren, L. J. G. (1996). Effects of estrogens only on the prostates of aging men. Journal of Urology, 156, 1349-1353.
185. Verhoeven, V., Bovijn, K., Helder, A., Peremans, L., Hermann, I., Van Royen, P., Denekens, J., & Avonts, D. (2003). Discussing STIs: Doctors are from Mars, patients from Venus. Family Practice, 20, 11-15.
186. Warren, B. E. (1999). Sex, truth and videotape: HIV prevention at the Gender Identity Project in New York City. International Journal of Transgenderism, 3( 1+2). Retrieved January 1, 2005, from http://www.symposion.com/ijt/hiv_risk/warren.htm
187. Watts, N. B. (2001). Treatment of osteoporosis with bisphosphonates. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America, 27, 197-214.
188. White Holman, C., & Goldberg, J. M. (2006a). Ethical, legal, and psychosocial issues in care of transgender adolescents. International Journal of Transgenderism, 9(3/4), 95-110.
189. White Holman, C., & Goldberg, J. M. (2006b). Social and medical transgender case advocacy. International Journal of Transgenderism, 9(3/4), 197-217.
190. Wilson, A. N. (1999). Sex reassignment surgery in HIV positive transsexuals. International Journal of Transgenderism, 3(1 + 2). Retrieved January 1,2005, from http://www.symposion.com/ijl/hiv_risk/wilson.htm.
191. World Health Organization (1978). Alma-Ata 1978: Primary health care. Report of the International Conference on Primary Health Care, Alma-Ata, USSR, 6-12 September 1978. WHO "Health for All" series, No. 1. Geneva: Author.
192. Xavier, J., & Simmons, R. (2000). Final report of the Washington Transgender Needs Assessment Survey. Washington, DC: Administration for HIV and AIDS, District of Columbia Department of Health.