Clozapine for the treatment of schizophrenia

Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy

Volumn 13, Issue 13, 2012, Pages 1923-1935

  Fakra, Eric ^a   Azorin, Jean Michel ^a  

^a HÔPITAL SAINTE MARGUERITE   (France)

Author keywords

Atypical antipsychotic; Clozapine; Efficacy; Safety; Schizophrenia; Tolerability.

Indexed keywords

6 QUINOXALINECARBOXYLIC ACID PIPERIDIDE; ARIPIPRAZOLE; CHLORPROMAZINE; CIGARETTE SMOKE; CIMETIDINE; CITALOPRAM; CLOZAPINE; FLUOXETINE; HALOPERIDOL; LAMOTRIGINE; NORCLOZAPINE; OLANZAPINE; QUETIAPINE; RISPERIDONE; SULPIRIDE; VALPROIC ACID;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; AGRANULOCYTOSIS; ARTICLE; BLOATING; BLURRED VISION; CARDIOMYOPATHY; COGNITION; CONFUSION; CONSTIPATION; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DELIRIUM; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIZZINESS; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR BLOCKING; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG COST; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG STRUCTURE; EOSINOPHILIA; HEARTBURN; HUMAN; HYPERSALIVATION; HYPERTENSION; IMPOTENCE; INTESTINE OBSTRUCTION; LEUKOCYTOSIS; LEUKOPENIA; LIVER DISEASE; LONG TERM CARE; MEDLINE; MORTALITY; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; MYOCARDITIS; NAUSEA; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER; ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION; PRESCRIPTION; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEDATION; SIDE EFFECT; SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR; SWEATING; SYNCOPE; TACHYCARDIA; URINARY FREQUENCY; URINARY URGENCY; URINE INCONTINENCE; URINE RETENTION; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM; VIOLENCE; VOMITING; XEROSTOMIA;

ANIMALS; ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; CLOZAPINE; COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; DOPAMINE ANTAGONISTS; DRUG RESISTANCE; HUMANS; RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS; SUICIDE;

EID: 84865322363     PISSN: 14656566     EISSN: 17447666     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2012.709235     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. Nuechterlein KH, Dawson ME. A heuristic vulnerability/stress model of schizophrenic episodes. Schizophr Bull 1984;10:300-12
2. Jablensky A, Sartorius N, Ernberg G, et al. Schizophrenia; manifestations, incidence and course in different cultures. A World Health Organisation ten-country study. Psychol Med Monograph 1992;20(Suppl):1-97
3. Weinberger DR, Gallhofer S. Cognitive function in schizophrenia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1997;12:S29-36 (Pubitemid 27414441)
4. Davies LM, Drummond MF. Economics and schizophrenia: the red cost. Br J Psychiatry 1994;25(Suppl):18-21
5. Auquier P, Lançon C, Rouillon F, et al. Mortality in schizophrenia. Pharmacoepidemiol and Drug Safety 2006;15:873-9 (Pubitemid 44941640)
6. Meltzer HY. Role of clozapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. In: Elkis H, Meltzer HY, editors. Therapy-resistant schizophrenia. Adv Biol Psychiatry. Volume 26 Karger; Basel: 2010. p. 114-28
7. Solanki RK, Singh P, Munski D. Current perspectives in the treatment of resistant schizophrenia. Indian J Psychiatry 2009;51:254-60
8. Hopfinger A, Esposito EX, Llinas A, et al. Findings of the challenges to predict aqueous solubility. J Chem Inf Model 2009;49:1-5
9. Van Kammen BP, Marder SR. Serotonin-dopamine antagonists (atypical or second-generation antipsychotics). In: Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, editors. Kaplan & Sadock's comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. 8th edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Philadelphia: 2005. p. 2914-38
10. Lieberman JA, Kane JM, Johns CA. Clozapine: guidelines for clinical management. J Clin Psychiatry 1989;50:329-38 (Pubitemid 19239055)
11. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. BMJ 2009;339:b2535
12. Coward DM. General pharmacology of clozapine. Br J Psychiatry 1992;160(Suppl 17):5-11
13. Wirz-Justice A, Haug HJ, Cajochen C. Disturbed circadian rest-activity cycles in schizophrenia patients: an effect of drugs? Schizophr Bull 2001;27:497-502 (Pubitemid 33081700)
14. Rodefer JS, Nguyen TN, Karlsson JJ, Arnt J. Reversal of subchronic PCP-induced deficits in attentional set shifting in rats by sertindole and a 5HT6 receptor antagonist: comparison among antipsychotics. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008;33:2657-66
15. Kapur S, Seeman P. Does fast dissociation from the dopamine d(2) receptor explain the action of atypical antipsychotics? A new hypothesis. Am J Psychiatry 2000;57:553-9
16. De Hert M. Smoking cessation for patients on clozapine. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2011;124:238
17. Pi EH, Simpson GS. Clozapine and loxapine: measurement, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic levels. In: Burrows GD, Norman TR, Davies B, editors. Antipsychotics: drugs in psychiatry. Volume 3 Elsevier; New York: 1985
18. Rostami-Hadjegan A, Amin AM, Spencer EP, et al. Influence of dose, cigarette smoking, age, sex, and metabolic activity on plasma clozapine concentrations: a predictive model and nomograms to aid clozapine dose adjustment and to assess compliance in individual patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2004;24:70-8 (Pubitemid 38134168)
19. Lane HY, Chang YC, Chang WH, et al. Effects of gender and age on plasma levels of clozapine and its metabolites: analyzed by critical statistics. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;60:36-40
20. Safferman A, Lieberman JA, Kane JM, et al. Update on the clinical efficacy and side effects of clozapine. Schizophr Bull 1991;17:247-65
21. Essali A, Al-Haj Haasan N, Li C, Rathbone J. Clozapine versus typical neuroleptic for schizophrenia. The cochrane collaboration. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd:Chichester; 2010
22. Kane J, Honigfeld G, Singer J, Meltzer H. Clozapine for the treatment-resistant schizophrenic: a double-blind comparison with chlorpromazine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988;45:789-96
23. Azorin JM, Spiegel R, Remington G, et al. A double-blind comparative study of clozapine and risperidone in the management of severe chronic schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:1305-13 (Pubitemid 32717707)
24. Volavka J, Czobor P, Sheitman B, et al. Clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol in the treatment of patients with chronic schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:255-62 (Pubitemid 34126903)
25. Lewis SW, Barnes TR, Davies L, et al. Randomized controlled trial of effect of prescription of clozapine versus other second-generation antipsychotic drugs in resistant schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2006;32:715-23 (Pubitemid 44412859)
26. Conley RR, Kelly DL, Richardson CM, et al. The efficacy of high-dose olanzapine versus clozapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a double-blind crossover study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2003;23:668-71 (Pubitemid 37443202)
27. Bitter I, Dossenbach MR, Brook S, et al. Olanzapine versus clozapine in treatment-resistant or treatment intolerant schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2003;28:173-80
28. Bender S, Dittmann-Balcar A, Schall U, et al. Influence of atypical neuroleptics on executive functioning in patients with schizophrenia; a randomized, double-blind comparison of olanzapine versus clozapine. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2006;9:135-45 (Pubitemid 43255827)
29. Shaw P, Sporn A, Gogtay N, et al. Chilhood onset schizophrenia: a double-blind, randomized clozapine olanzapine comparison. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63:721-30
30. Kumra S, Kranzler H, Gerbino-Rosen G, et al. Clozapine and "high-dose" olanzapine in refractory early onset schizophrenia: a double-blind comparison. Biol Psychiatry 2008;63:524-9 (Pubitemid 351220784)
31. Meltzer HY, Bobo W, Roy A, et al. A randomized double blind comparison of clozapine and high dose olanzapine in treatment resistant patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 2008;69:274-85 (Pubitemid 351469271)
32. Sacchetti E, Galluzzo A, Valcecchi P, et al. Ziprasidone vs clozapine in schizophrenia patients refractory to mutiple antipsychotic treatments: the MOZART study. Schizophr Res 2009;113:112-21
33. Buchanan RW, Kreyenbuhl J, Kelly DL, et al. The 2009 schizophrenia PORT psychopharmacological treatment recommendations and summary statements. Schizophr Bull 2010;36:71-93
34. McEvoy JP, Lieberman JA, Stroup TS, et al. Effectiveness of clozapine versus olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone in patients with chronic schizophrenia who did not respond to prior atypical antipsychotic treatment. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163:600-10 (Pubitemid 44464569)
35. Lieberman JA, Phillips M, Gu H, et al. Atypical and conventional antipsychotic drugs in treatment-naive first-episode schizophrenia: a 52-week randomized trial of clozapine vs chlorpromazine. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003;28:995-1003
36. Krakowski MI, Czobor P, Citrome L, et al. Atypical antipsychotic agents in the treatment of violent patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63:622
37. Volavka J, Czobor P, Nolan K, et al. Overt aggression and psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia treated with clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, or haloperidol. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2004;24:225-8 (Pubitemid 38380848)
38. Citrome L, Volavka J, Czobor P, et al. Effects of clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol on hostility among patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Serv 2001;52:1510-14 (Pubitemid 33029591)
39. Leucht S, Tardy M, Komossa K, et al. Antipsychotic drugs versus placebo for relapse prevention in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2012;379:2063-71
40. Meltzer HY, Alphs L, Green AI, et al. Clozapine treatment for suicidality in schizophrenia: international suicide prevention trial (InterSePT). Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003;60:82-91 (Pubitemid 36070868)
41. Hennen J, Baldessarini RJ. Suicidal risk during treatment with clozapine: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2005;73:139-45 (Pubitemid 40103558)
42. Tiihonen J, Lönnqvist J, Wahlbeck K, et al. 11.-year follow-up of mortality in patients with schizophrenia: a population-based cohort study (FIN11 study). Lancet 2009;374:620-7
43. McGurk SR. The effectis of clozapine on cognitive functioning in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;60:24-9 (Pubitemid 29283179)
44. Rajji TK, Uchida H, Ismail Z, et al. Clozapine and global cognition in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2010;30:431-6
45. Meltzer HY, Burnett S, Bastani B, et al. Effects of six months of clozapine treatment on the quality of life of chronic schizophrenia patients. Hosp Comm Psychaitry 1990;41:892-7 (Pubitemid 20315479)
46. Rosenheck R, Charney D. The clinical and economic impact of clozapine treatment on refractory schizophrenia. Control Clin Trials 1993;14:419
47. Kumra S, Frazier JA, Jacobsen LK, et al. Childhood-onset schizophrenia. A double-blind clozapine-halopericol comparison. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996;53:1090-7 (Pubitemid 26422059)
48. Kumra S, Kramzler H, Gerbino-Rosen G, et al. Clozapine versus "high-dose" olanzapine in refractory early-onset schizophrenia: an open-label extension study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2008;18:307-16
49. Sajatovic M, Jaskiw G, Konicki PE, et al. Outcome of clozapine therapy for elderly patients with refractory primary psychosis. Int J Ger Psychiatry 1997;12:553-8 (Pubitemid 27239058)
50. Sajatovic M, Ramirez LF, Garver D, et al. Clozapine therapy for older veterans. Psychiatry Serv 1998;49:340-4 (Pubitemid 28117298)
51. Paton C, Whittington C, Barnes TR. Augmentation with a second antipsychotic in patients with schizophrenia who partially respond to clozapine: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007;27:198-204 (Pubitemid 46594939)
52. Correll CU, Rummel-Kluge C, Corves C, et al. Antipsychotic combinations vs monotherapy in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Schizophr Bull 2009;35:443-57
53. Barbui C, Signoretti A, Muli S, et al. Does the addition of a second antipsychotic drug improve clozapine treatment? Schizophr Bull 2009;35:458-68
54. Taylor DM, Smith L. Augmentation of clozapine with a second antipsychotic-a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled studies. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2009;119:419-25
55. Sommer IE, Begemann MJH, Temmerman A, Leucht S. Pharmacological augmentation strategies for schizophrenia patients with insuffisant response to clozapine: a quantitative literature review. Schizophr Bull 2012;In press
56. Muscatello MRA, Bruno A, Pandolfo G, et al. Effect of aripiprazole augmentation of clozapine in schizophrenia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Schizophr Res 2011;127:93-9
57. Chang JS, Ahn YM, Park HJ, et al. Aripiprazole augmentation in clozapine-treated patients with refractory schizophrenia: an 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J. Clin Psychiatry 2008;69:720-31 (Pubitemid 351838681)
58. Fleischhacker WW, Heikkinen ME, Olié JP, et al. Effects of adjunctive treatment with aripiprazole on body weight and clinical efficacy in schizophrenia patients treated with clozapine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2010;13:1115-25
59. Miller DD. Review and management of clozapine side effects. J Clin Psychiatry 2000. 61(Suppl 8): 14-17
60. Dettling M, Cascorbi I, Roots I, Mueller-Oerlinghausen B. Genetic determinants of clozapine-induced agranulocytosis: recent results of HLA subtyping in a non-Jewish Caucasian sample. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001;58:93-4 (Pubitemid 32057770)
61. Athanasiou MC, Dettling M, Cascorbi I, et al. Candidate gene analysis identifies a polymorphism in HLA-DQB1 associated with clozapin-induced agranulocytosis. J Clin Psychiatry 2011;72:458-63
62. Krupp P, Barnes P. Clozapine-associated agranulocytosis: risk and actiology. Br J Psychiatry 1992;160(Suppl 17):38-40
63. Mortimer AM. Using clozapine in clinical practice. Adv Psychiatr Treat 2011;17:256-65
64. Hsynauyn Y, Dunford HB. Oxidation of clozapine and ascorbate by myeloperoxidase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1999;368:412-20
65. Nielsen J, Damkier P, Lublin M, Taylor D. Optimizing clozapine treatment. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2011;123:411-22
66. Haas SJ, Hill R, Kruno H, et al. Clozapine-associated myocardities: a review of 116 cases of suspected myocarditis with the use of clozapine in Australia during 1993-2003. Drug Saf 2007;30:47-57 (Pubitemid 46072357)
67. Ronaldson KJ, Fitzgerald PB, Taylor AJ, et al. Clinical course and analysis of ten fatal cases of clozapine-induced myocarditis and comparison with 66 surviving cases. Schizophr Res 2011;128:162-5
68. Ronaldson KJ, Taylor AJ, Fitzgerald PB, et al. Diagnostic characteristics of clozapine-induced myocarditis identified by an analysis of 38 cases and 47 controls. J Clin Psychiatry 2010;71:976-81
69. Coulter DM, Bate A, Meyboom RH, et al. Antipsychotic drugs and heart muscle disorder in international pharmacovigilance: data mining study. BMJ 2001;322:1207-9 (Pubitemid 32453065)
70. Hägg S, Spigset O, Söderström TG. Association of venous trhomboembolism and clozapine. Lancet 2000;355:1155-6 (Pubitemid 30172939)
71. Yeh J, Lee A. Clozapine-induced pulmonary embolism: a case report and literature review. Hosp Pharm 2009;44:36-40
72. Yang TY, Chung KJ, Huang TL, Kung CT. Massive pulmonary embolism in a young patient on clozapine therapy. J Emerg Med 2004;27:27-9
73. Palmer SE, McLean RM, Ellis PM, Harrison-Woolrych M. Life-threatening clozapine-induced gastrointestinal hypomotility: an analysis of 102 cases. J Clin Psychiatry 2008;69:759-68 (Pubitemid 351838685)
74. Levin TT, Barrett J, Medelowitz A. Death from clozapine-induced constipation: case report and literature review. Psychosomatics 2002;43:71-3 (Pubitemid 34214167)
75. Lin SK, Su SF, Pau CH. Higher plasma drug concentration in clozapine-treated schizophrenic patients with side effects of obsessive/compulsive symptoms. Ther Drug Monit 2006;28:303-7
76. Gentile S. Long-term treatment with atypical antipsychotics and the risk of weight gain. Drug Saf 2006;29:303-19
77. Henderson DC, Nguyen DD, Copeland PM, et al. Clozapine, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular risks and mortality: results of a 10-year naturalistic study. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66:1116-21 (Pubitemid 41442277)
78. De Hert M, Dekker JM, Wood D, et al. Cardiovascular disease and diabetes in people with severe mental illness. Position statement from the European Psychiatric Association (EPA), supported by the European Psychiatric Association (EPA), supported by the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Psychiatry 2009;24:412-24
79. De Hert M, Detraux J, van Winkel R, et al. Metabolic and cardiovascular adverse effects associated with antipsychotic drugs. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2012;8:114-26
80. Newcomer JW. Abnormalities of glucose metabolism associated with atypical antipsychotic drugs. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65(Suppl 18):36-46
81. Henderson DC, Powers Ettinger E. Glucose intolerance and diabetes in schizophrenia. In: Meyer JM, Nasrallah HA, editors. Medical illness and schizophrenia. American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc; Arlington: 2003. p. 99-114
82. Meyer JM. Cardiovascular illness and hyperlipidemia in patients with schizophrenia. In: Meyer JM, Nasrallah HA, editors. Medical Illness and schizophrenia. American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc; Arlington: 2003. p. 53-80
83. Ahmed S, Chengappa KN, Naidu VK, et al. Clozapine withdrawal-emergent dystonias and dyskinesias: a case series. J Clin Psychiatry 1998;59:472-7 (Pubitemid 28447201)
84. Szafraski T, Gmurkowski K. Clozapine withdrawal. A review. Psychiatr Pol 1999;33:51-67 (Pubitemid 29290861)
85. Meltzer HY, Cola PA. The pharmacoeconomics of clozapine: a review. J Clin Psychiatry 1994; 55(Suppl B): 161-5 (Pubitemid 24353044)
86. Toumi M, Hansen K, Perillat A. Synthèse des etudes pharmaco-économiques des antipsychotiques atypiques. In: Olie JP, Dalery J, Azorin JM, editors. Medicaments antipsychotiques: evolution ou revolution? Acanthe:Paris; 2001. p. 307-46
87. Rosenheck K, Cramer J, Xu W, et al. A comparison of clozapine and haloperidol in hospitalized patients with refractory schizophrenia. N Engl J Med 1997;337:809-15 (Pubitemid 27391630)
88. Rosenheck R, Cramer J, Allan E, et al. Cost-effectiveness of clozapine in patients with high and low levels of hospital use. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56:565-72 (Pubitemid 29304653)
89. Wheeler A, Humberstone V, Robinson G. Outcomes for schizophrenia patients with clozapine treatment: how good does it get? J Psychopharmacol 2009;23:957-65
90. Leucht S, Corves C, Arbter D, et al. Second-generation versus first-generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2009;373:31-41
91. Geddes J, Freemantle N, Harrison P, et al. For the National. Schizophrenia Guideline Development Group. Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia: systematic overview and meta-regression analysis. BMJ 2000;321:1371-6
92. Davis JM, Chen N, Glick ID. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of second-generation antipsychotics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003;60:553-64 (Pubitemid 36682312)
93. Asenjo Lobos G, Komossa K, Rummel-Kluge C, et al. Clozapine versus atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia. The cochrane collaboration. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd:Chichester;2010
94. Drake RE, Xie H, Mc Hugo GJ, et al. The effects of clozapine on alcohol and drug use disorders among patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2000;26:441-9 (Pubitemid 30423220)
95. Ziedonis DM, Fisher W. Motivation-based assessment and treatment of substance abuse in patients with schizophrenia. Dir Psychiatry 1996;16:1-8
96. Zimmet SV, Strous RD, Burgess ES, et al. Effects of clozapine on substance use in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: a retrospective survey. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000;20:94-8 (Pubitemid 30056360)
97. Green Al, Burgess ES, Dawson R, et al. Alcohol and cannabis use in schizophrenia: effects of clozapine vs. risperidone. Schizophr Res 2003;60:81-5 (Pubitemid 36015790)
98. Brunette MF, Drake RD, Xie H, et al. Clozapine use and relapses of substance use disorder among patients with co-occurring schizophrenia and substance use disorders. Schizophr Bull 2006;32:637-43 (Pubitemid 44412851)
99. Brown S, Inskip H, Barraclough B. Courses of the excess mortality of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 2000;177:212-17
100. Knoll JL, Garver DL, Ramberg JE, et al. Heterogeneity of the psychoses: is there a neurogenerative psychosis? Schizophr Bull 1988;24:365-79
101. Lieberman JA. Is schizophrenia a neurodegenerative disorder? A clinical and neurobiological perspective. Biol Psychiatry 1999;46:729-39 (Pubitemid 29460898)
102. Pedrini M, Cheudo I, Grande I, et al. Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor and clozapine daily dose in patients with schizophrenia: a positive correlation. Neurosci Lett 2011;491:207-10
103. Halim ND, Shannon Weickert C, McClintock BW, et al. Effects of chronic haloperidol and clozapine treatment on neurogenesis in the adult rat hippocampus. Neuropharmacology 2004;29:1063-9 (Pubitemid 38670044)
104. Noriyoshi T, Atsuko S, Yasuhide I, Norio M. The mechanims of action of clozapine; its probable effect on dopanine D1 receptors and neurogenesis. Ann Rep Pharmacopsychiat Res Found 2006;38:217-20
105. Maeda K, Sugino H, Hirose T, et al. Clozapine prevents a decrease in neurogenesis in mice repeatedly treated with phencyclidine. J Pharmacol Sci 2007;103:299-308 (Pubitemid 46465773)
106. Scherk H, Falkai P. Effects of antipsychotics on brain structure. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2006;19:145-50 (Pubitemid 44406125)
107. Ho BC, Andreasen NC, Ziebell S, et al. Long-term antipsychotic treatment and brain volumes. A longitudinal study of first-episode schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011;68:128-37
108. Semiz UB, Cetin M, Basoglu C, et al. Clinical predictors of therapeutic response to clozapine in a sample of Turkish patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Prog Neuro Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007;31:1330-6 (Pubitemid 47081323)
109. Drew LR. Controls on clozapine must be reviewed. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 2010;44:490
110. Shammi CM, Remington G. Clozapine induced necrotizing colitis. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1997;17:230-2
111. Bickerstaff LK, Harris SC, Leggett R S, et al. Pain insensitivity in schizophrenia patients. A surgical dilemma. Arch Surg 1988;123:49-51 (Pubitemid 18059409)
112. Kelly DL, Buchanan RW. Why not clozapine? Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses 2007;1:92-5
113. Kelly DL, Kreyenbuhl J, Buchanan RW, Malhotra AK. The current status of clozapine in and beyond treatment-resistant schizophrenia. In: Mortimer AM, McKenna PJ, editors. Therapeutic strategies in schizophrenia. Clinical Publishing:Oxford; 2010. p. 157-72
114. Borovicka MC. Clozapine-underused and misunderstood. Mental Health Clin 2011;1:7-12
115. Conley RR, Buchanan RW. Evaluation of treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1997;23:663-74 (Pubitemid 27485974)
116. Nielsen J, Dehm M, Lublin H, Taylor D. Psychiatrists'attitude towards and knowledge of clozapine treatment. J Psychopharmacol 2010;24:965-71