The toxicology and immunology of detergent enzymes

Journal of Immunotoxicology

Volumn 9, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 320-326

  Basketter, David ^a   Berg, Ninna ^b   Kruszewski, Francis H ^c   Sarlo, Katherine ^d   Concoby, Beth ^e  

^a DABMEB CONSULTANCY LTD   (United Kingdom)

^b NOVOZYMES A S   (Denmark)

^c American Cleaning Institute   (United States)

^d PROCTER AND GAMBLE COMPANY   (United States)

^e GENENCOR INTERNATIONAL INC   (United States)

Author keywords

Detergents; Enzymes; IgE allergy; Toxicology

Indexed keywords

ALLERGEN; BACTERIAL PROTEIN; DETERGENT; ENZYME; FUNGAL PROTEIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; INDUSTRIAL ENZYME; PROTEINASE;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; CELL SURFACE; CROSS REACTION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; HAZARD; HELPER CELL; HUMAN; IMMUNOASSAY; IN VITRO STUDY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SENSITIZATION; T LYMPHOCYTE;

ANIMALS; ASTHMA; BACTERIAL PROTEINS; DETERGENTS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; ENZYMES; FUNGAL PROTEINS; HUMANS; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; TH2 CELLS;

EID: 84865306567     PISSN: 1547691X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/1547691X.2012.659358     Document Type: Review

References (80)

1. Adam, E., Hansen, K. K., Astudillo Fernandez, O., Astudillo, O. F., Coulon, L., Bex, F., Duhant, X., Jaumotte, E., Hollenberg, M. D. and Jacquet, A. 2006. Te house dust mite allergen Der p 1, unlike Der p 3, stimulates the expression of interleukin-8 in human airway epithelial cells via a proteinase-activated receptor-2-independent mechanism. J Biol Chem. 281:6910-6923. (Pubitemid 43847453)
2. ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists). 2004. Enzymes in the Workplace: Strategies for Minimising Health Efect. September 2004, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
3. Andersen, P. H., Bindslev-Jensen, C., Mosbech, H., Zachariae, H. and Andersen, K. E. 1998. Skin symptoms in patients with atopic dermatitis using enzyme-containing detergents. A placebo-controlled study. Acta Derm Venereol. 78:60-62. (Pubitemid 28103683)
4. Ashby, R., Hjortkjaer, R. K., Stavnsbjerg, M., Gurtler, H., Pedersen, P. B., Bootman, J., Hodson-Walker, G., Tesh, J. M., Willoughby, C. R. and West, H. 1987. Safety evaluation of Streptomyces murinus glucose isomerase. Toxicol Lett. 36:23-35. (Pubitemid 17050237)
5. Basketter, D. A. and Gerberick, G. F. 1996. An interlaboratory evaluation of the Buehler test for the identifcation and classifcation of skin sensitizers. Contact Derm. 35:146-151. (Pubitemid 26373683)
6. Basketter, D., Berg, N., Kruszewski, F., Sarlo, K. and Concoby, B. 2012. Relevance of sensitization to occupational allergy and asthma in the detergent industry. J Immunotoxicol. (submitted).
7. Basketter, D. A., English, J. S., Wakelin, S. H. and White, I. R. 2008. Enzymes, detergents and skin: Facts and fantasies. Br J Dermatol. 158:1177-1181. (Pubitemid 351692888)
8. Baur, X., Chen, Z. and Liebers, V. 1998. Exposure-response relationships of occupational inhalative allergens. Clin Exp Allergy. 28:537-544. (Pubitemid 28238267)
9. Belsito, D. V., Fransway, A. F., Fowler, J. F. Jr, Sherertz, E. F., Maibach, H. I., Mark, J. G. Jr, Mathias, C. G., Rietschel, R. L., Storrs, F. J. and Nethercott, J. R. 2002. Allergic contact dermatitis to detergents: a multi-center study to assess prevalence. J Am Acad Dermatol. 46:200-206. (Pubitemid 34118375)
10. Bergman, A. and Broadmeadow, A. 1997. An overview of the safety evaluation of the Termomyces lanuginosus xylanase enzyme (SP 628) and the Aspergillus aculeatus xylanase enzyme (SP 578). Food Addit Contam. 14:389-398. (Pubitemid 27239279)
11. Bernstein, J. and Sarlo, K. 2006. Enzymes. In: Asthma in the Workplace, 3rd Edition (Bernstein, I. L., Chan-Yeung, M., Malo, J. L. and Bernstein, D. I., Eds.). New York: Taylor and Francis, pp. 377-392.
12. H17 cells. Nature. 453:1051-1057. (Pubitemid 351871737)
13. Blaikie, L. and Basketter, D. A. 1999a. Experience with a mouse intranasal test for the predictive identifcation of respiratory sensitization potential of proteins. Food Chem Toxicol. 37:889-896. (Pubitemid 29472441)
14. 1 antibody response to proteins administered intranasally in the mouse. Food Chem Toxicol. 37:897-904. (Pubitemid 29472442)
15. Blaikie, L., Basketter, D. A. and Morrow, T. 1995. Experience with a guinea pig model for the assessment of respiratory allergens. Hum Exp Toxicol. 14:743.
16. Brinch, D. S. and Pedersen, P. B. 2002. Toxicological studies on Laccase from Myceliophthora thermophila expressed in Aspergillus oryzae. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 35:296-307. (Pubitemid 35026231)
17. Buehler, E. V. 1965. Delayed contact hypersensitivity in the guinea pig. Arch Dermatol. 91:171-177.
18. H2 adjuvants. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 7:363-367.
19. Coenen, T. M., Schoenmakers, A. C. and Verhagen, H. 1995. Safety evaluation of beta-glucanase derived from Trichoderma reesei: Summary of toxicological data. Food Chem Toxicol. 33:859-866.
20. H2 paradigm. Clin Chest Med. 21:263-277. (Pubitemid 30434638)
21. Commission of the European Communities. 2006. Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive 1999/45/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC. Of. J. Eur. Union, L 396/1 of 30.12.2006. Available online at: (http://europa.eu.int/ comm/enterprise/reach/index-en.htm). Last accessed 8 February 2012.
22. Cooper, M. D., Peterson, R. D. and Good, R. A. 1965. Delineation of the thymic and bursal lymphoid systems in the chicken. Nature. 205:143-146.
23. Cronin, M. T. and Basketter, D. A. 1994. Multivariate QSAR analysis of a skin sensitization database. SAR QSAR Environ Res. 2:159-179.
24. Cullinan, P., Harris, J. M., Newman Taylor, A. J., Hole, A. M., Jones, M., Barnes, F. and Jollife, G. 2000. An outbreak of asthma in a modern detergent factory. Lancet. 356:1899-1900.
25. Dean, J. H., Twerdok, L. E., Tice, R. R., Sailstad, D. M., Hattan, D. G. and Stokes, W. S. 2001. ICCVAM evaluation of the murine local lymph node assay. Conclusions and recommendations of an independent scientifc peer review panel. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 34:258-273. (Pubitemid 34093728)
26. Dearman, R. J., Basketter, D. A. and Kimber, I. 1996. Characterization of chemical allergens as a function of divergent cytokine secretion profles induced in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 138:308-316. (Pubitemid 26227602)
27. Dearman, R. J., Betts, C. J., Caddick, H. T. and Kimber, I. 2009. Cytokine profling of chemical allergens in mice: Impact of mitogen on selectivity of response. J Appl Toxicol. 29:233-241.
28. Eder, W., Ege, M. J. and von Mutius, E. 2006. Te asthma epidemic. N Engl J Med. 355:2226-2235.
29. Festersen, U., Rasmussen, C., Kjaer, T. M., Soni, N. K., Roggen, E. L. and Berg, N. W., 2008. Alternative application route in the LLNA provides crucial environmental enrichment and broadens the usability of vehicles. AATEX. 14:433-436.
30. Flindt, M. L. 1969. Pulmonary disease due to inhalation of derivatives of Bacillus subtilis containing proteolytic enzyme. Lancet. 1:1177-1181.
31. Gerberick, G. F., Ryan, C. A., Kern, P. S., Schlatter, H., Dearman, R. J., Kimber, I., Patlewicz, G. Y. and Basketter, D. A. 2005. Compilation of historical local lymph node data for evaluation of skin sensitization alternative methods. Dermatitis. 16:157-202. (Pubitemid 43053764)
32. Greenough, R. J., Everett, D. J. and Stavnsbjerg, M. 1991. Safety evaluation of alkaline cellulase. Food Chem Toxicol. 29:781-785.
33. Greenough, R. J., Perry, C. J. and Stavnsbjerg, M. 1996. Safety evaluation of a lipase expressed in Aspergillus oryzae. Food Chem Toxicol. 34:161-166. (Pubitemid 26076846)
34. Grifth, J. F., Weaver, J. E., Whitehouse, H. S., Poole, R. L., Newmann, E. A. and Nixon, G. A. 1969. Safety evaluation of enzyme detergents. Oral and cutaneous toxicity, irritancy and skin sensitization studies. Food Cosmet Toxicol. 7:581-593.
35. Heederik, D., Torne, P. S. and Doekes, G. 2002. Health-based occupational exposure limits for high molecular weight sensitizers: how long is the road we must travel? Ann Occup Hyg. 46:439-446. (Pubitemid 36554311)
36. Hjortkjaer, R. K., Bille-Hansen, V., Hazelden, K. P., McConville, M., McGregor, D. B., Cuthbert, J. A., Greenough, R. J., Chapman, E., Gardner, J. R. and Ashby, R. 1986. Safety evaluation of Celluclast, an acid cellulase derived from Trichoderma reesei. Food Chem Toxicol. 24:55-63. (Pubitemid 16165792)
37. Hjortkjaer, R. K., Stavnsbjerg, M., Pedersen, P. B., Heath, J., Wilson, J. A., Marshall, R. R. and Clements, J. 1993. Safety evaluation of esperase. Food Chem Toxicol. 31:999-1011.
38. Holgate, S. T. 2004. Te epidemic of asthma and allergy. J Royal Soc Med 97:103-110. Available online at: http://www.meduniwien. ac.at/allergens/allfam/, accessed 28 August 2008, updated 27th July 2008.
39. Hughes, V. S. and Page, K. 2007. German cockroach frass proteases cleave pro-matrix metalloproteinase-9. Exp Lung Res. 33:135-150. (Pubitemid 46897653)
40. ICCVAM (Interagency Coordinating Committee for the Validation of Alternative Methods). 2008. Validation status of new version and application of the murine local lymph node assay: A test method for assessing the allergic contact dermatitis potential of chemicals and products. May 2008. Available online at: http://iccvam.niehs. nih.gov/docs/immunotox-docs/LLNAPRPRept2008.pdf.
41. Johnsen, C. R., Sorensen, T. B., Ingemann Larsen, A., Bertelsen Secher, A. Andreasen, E., Kofoed, G. S., Fredslund Nielsen, L. and Gyntelberg, F. 1997. Allergy risk in an enzyme producing plant: a retrospective follow up study. Occup Environ Med. 54:671-675. (Pubitemid 27402241)
42. Johnson, G. Q., Kruszewski, F. H. and Panepinto, A. S. 2012. Detergent enzyme exposure control methodologies. J Occup Env Hyg. (submitted for publication).
43. H cell Type-2 activation and allergic lung disease. J Immunol. 169:5904-5911. (Pubitemid 35291696)
44. Larsen, A. I., Johnsen, C. R., Frickmann, J. and Mikkelsen, S. 2007. Incidence of respiratory sensitisation and allergy to enzymes among employees in an enzyme producing plant and the relation to exposure and host factors. Occup Environ Med. 64:763-768. (Pubitemid 350044091)
45. Magnusson, B. and Kligman, A. M. (Eds.). 1970. Allergic Contact Dermatitis in the Guinea Pig: Identifcation of Contact Allergens. Springfeld, IL: Charles C. Tomas.
46. Mak, T. W. and Saunders, M. (Eds.). 2008. Primer to the Immune Response. Burlington: Elsevier.
47. Matzinger, P. 1994. Tolerance, danger, and the extended family. Annu Rev Immunol. 12:991-1045. (Pubitemid 24140436)
48. Matzinger, P. 2002. Te danger model: a renewed sense of self. Science. 296:301-305. (Pubitemid 34303674)
49. McDonald, J. C., Keynes, H. L. and Meredith, S. K. 2000. Reported incidence of occupational asthma in the United Kingdom, 1989-97. Occup Environ Med. 57:823-829.
50. Mosmann, T. R., Cherwinski, H., Bond, M. W., Giedlin, M. A. and Cofman, R. L. I. 1986. Two types of murine helper T cell clone. Defnition according to profles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins. J Immunol. 136:2348-2357. (Pubitemid 16136806)
51. H2 cell identity. Curr Opin Immunol. 20:265-271.
52. Olsen, H. S. and Faholt, P. 1998. Te role of enzymes in modern detergency. J Surfact Deterg. 1:555-567.
53. Pariza, M. W. and Foster, E. M. 1983. Determining the safety of enzymes used in food processing. J Food Protect. 46:453-468.
54. Pariza, M. W. and Johnson, E. A. 2001. Evaluating the safety of microbial enzyme preparations used in food processing: Update for a new century. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 33:173-186. (Pubitemid 32466681)
55. Pepys, J., Longbottom, J. L., Hargreave, F. E. and Faux, J. 1969. Allergic reactions of the lungs to enzymes of Bacillus subtilis. Lancet. 1:1181-1184.
56. Pichavant, M., Charbonnier, A. S., Taront, S., Brichet, A., Wallaert, B., Pestel, J., Tonnel, A. B. and Gosset, P. 2005. Asthmatic bronchial epithelium activated by the proteolytic allergen Der p 1 increases selective dendritic cell recruitment. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 115:771-778. (Pubitemid 40460852)
57. Playfair, J. H. and Chain, B. M. (Eds.). 2009. Immunology at a Glance. 9th Edition. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
58. Radauer, C., Bublin, M., Wagner, S., Mari, A. and Breiteneder, H. 2008. Allergens are distributed into few protein families and possess a restricted number of biochemical functions. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 121:847-852.
59. Reed, C. E. 2007. Infammatory efect of environmental proteases on airway mucosa. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 7:368-374. (Pubitemid 47377326)
60. Reed, C. E. and Kita, H. 2004. Te role of protease activation of infammation in allergic respiratory diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 114:997-1008; quiz 1009. (Pubitemid 39469133)
61. Ritz, H. L., Evans, B. L., Bruce, R. D., Fletcher, E. R., Fisher, G. L. and Sarlo, K. 1993. Respiratory and immunological responses of guinea pigs to enzyme-containing detergents: A comparison of intratracheal and inhalation modes of exposure. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 21:31-37. (Pubitemid 23225981)
62. Robinson, M. K., Babcock, L. S., Horn, P. A. and Kawabata, T. T. 1996. Specifc antibody responses to subtilisin Carlsberg (Alcalase) in mice: Development of an intranasal exposure model. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 34:15-24.
63. Robinson, M. K., Horn, P. A., Kawabata, T. T., Babcock, L. S., Fletcher, E. R. and Sarlo, K. 1998. Use of the mouse intranasal test (MINT) to determine the allergenic potency of detergent enzymes: Comparison to the guinea pig intratracheal (GPIT) test. Toxicol Sci. 43:39-46. (Pubitemid 28255934)
64. Roggen, E. L., Soni, N. K. and Verheyen, G. R. 2006. Respiratory immu-notoxicity: An in vitro assessment. Toxicol In Vitro. 20:1249-1264.
65. Sarlo, K. 2003. Control of occupational asthma and allergy in the detergent industry. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 90:32-34. (Pubitemid 36828135)
66. Sarlo, K., Fletcher, E. R., Gaines, W. G. and Ritz, H. L. 1997. Respiratory allergenicity of detergent enzymes in the guinea pig intratracheal test: Association with sensitization of occupationally exposed individuals. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 39:44-52.
67. Sarlo, K., Parris, J. S., Clark, E. D., Horn, P. A., Robinson, M. K., McCay, J. A., Peachee, V. L., Veloso, Y. L. and White, K. L. Jr. 2000. Infuence of MHC background on the antibody response to detergent enzymes in the mouse intranasal test. Toxicol Sci. 58:299-305. (Pubitemid 32042428)
68. Sarlo, K., Polk, J. E. and Ritz, H. L. 1991. Guinea pig intratracheal test to assess respiratory allergenicity of detergent enzymes: Comparison with the human database. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 87:816-818.
69. Sens-it-iv. 2008. Novel testing strategies for the in vitro assessment of allergens. Available online at: http://www.sens-it-iv.eu/accessed 30 November 2011.
70. Shakib, F., Schulz, O. and Sewell, H. 1998. A mite subversive: Cleavage of CD23 and CD25 by Der p 1 enhances allergenicity. Immunol To d ay. 19:313-316. (Pubitemid 28322327)
71. Shin, S. H., Lee, Y. H. and Jeon, C. H. 2006. Protease-dependent activation of nasal polyp epithelial cells by airborne fungi leads to migration of eosinophils and neutrophils. Acta Otolaryngol. 126:1286-1294.
72. Smith Pease, C. K., White, I. R. and Basketter, D. A. 2002. Skin as a route of exposure to protein allergens. Clin Exp Dermatol. 27:296-300. (Pubitemid 34985127)
73. Te International Association for Soaps, Detergents and Maintenance Products. 2002. Guiding Principles for the Safe Handling of Enzymes in Detergent Manufacture. Brussels. Available online at: www.aise-net.org
74. US SDA. 2005. Risk Assessment Guidance for Enzyme-containing Products. Washington, DC: US Soap and Detergent Association.
75. van Dijck, P. W., Selten, G. C. and Hempenius, R. A. 2003. On the safety of a new generation of DSM Aspergillus niger enzyme production strains. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 38:27-35. (Pubitemid 36870867)
76. Verstraelen, S., Bloemen, K., Nelissen, I., Witters, H., Schoeters, G. and Van Den Heuvel, R. 2008. Cell types involved in allergic asthma and their use in in vitro models to assess respiratory sensitization. Toxicol In Vitro. 22:1419-1431.
77. Wahlberg, J. E. and Boman, A. 1985. Guinea pig maximization test. In: Current Problems in Dermatology, 14. Contact Allergy Predictive Tests in Guinea Pigs (Andersen, K. E. and Maibach, H. I., Eds.). Basel: Karger, pp. 59-106.
78. White, I. R., Lewis, J. and el Alami, A. 1985. Possible adverse reactions to an enzyme-containing washing powder. Contact Derm. 13:175-179. (Pubitemid 15244894)
79. Zachariae, H., Høech-Tomsen, J., Witmeur, O. and Wide, L. 1981. Detergent enzymes and occupational safety. Observations on sensitization during Esperase production. Allergy. 36: 513-516. (Pubitemid 12198054)
80. Zachariae, H., Tomsen, K. and Rasmussen, O. G. 1973. Occupational enzyme dermatitis. Results of patch testing with Alcalase. Acta Derm Venereol. 53:145-148.