'Power Shift' in East Asia? A Critical Reappraisal of Narratives on the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands Incident in 2010

Chinese Journal of International Politics

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 267-297

  Hagström, Linus ^a  

^a Swedish Institute of International Affairs   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84865228319     PISSN: 17508916     EISSN: 17508924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/cjip/pos011     Document Type: Article

References (214)

1. This article I refer to the disputed islands as 'Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands'. Since I do not take any position on the territorial dispute I merely choose to refer to their names in alphabetical order. In earlier works I called the islands 'Pinnacle Islands' to retain neutrality. See, for example, Linus Hagström, 'uiet Power: Japan's China Policy in Regard to the Pinnacle Islands', The Pacific Review, Vol. 18, No. 2 (2005), pp. 159-88
2. However, not only is 'Pinnacle' a direct translation of 'Senkaku'; this approach also has not been very influential. A recent exception whereby a piece of work does use the name 'Pinnacle Islands' is that of Paul O'Shea's Playing the Sovereignty Game: Understanding Japan's Territorial Disputes, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Sheffield, 2011.
3. The second most dominant one is arguably what could be called a 'domestic politics narrative', wherein both countries' handling of the incident is attributed mainly to domestic factors; in China's case the leadership transition in 2012 and the need to alleviate domestic pressures for an assertive posture against Japan; and in Japan's case, for example, Minister of Transportation, later Foreign Minister, Maehara Seiji's personal intervention. For the latter, see, for example, Shu Ken'ei, 'Senkaku mondai ga utsusu Chugoku no ronri to honne' (China's Logic and Real Intentions as Reflected in the Senkaku Problem), Gaiko (Diplomacy), Vol. 4 (2010), pp. 53-61
4. Wada Haruki, 'Resolving the China-Japan Conflict Over the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands', History News Network, October 31, 2010, http://hnn.us/articles/133059.html. For the former, see, for example, 'On Track to Succeed Mr. Hu Jintao', Japan Times Online, October 21, 2010, http:// www.japantimes.co.jp/text/ed20101021a1.html; James Manicom, 'Growing Nationalism and Maritime Jurisdiction in the East China Sea', China Brief: A Journal of Analysis and Information, Vol. 10, No. 21 (2010), pp. 9-11http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/ media/cb_010_b2e1f4.pdf
5. In Amako and Tiberghien's accounts 'domestic politics narratives' coexist with a 'power shift narrative'. See Satoshi Amako, 'The Senkaku Islands Incident and Japan-China Relations', East Asia Forum, October 25, 2010, http://www .eastasiaforum.org/2010/10/25/the-senkaku-islands-incident-and-japan-china-relations/; Yves Tiberghien, 'The Puzzling Diaoyu Crisis: Centrifugal Domestic Politics, Shifting Balance of Power, and Weak Regional Institutionalization', Harvard Asia uarterly, December 24, 2010, 2010http://asiauarterly.com/2010/12/24/the-puzzling-2010-diaoyu-crisiscentrifugal- domestic-politics-shifting-balance-of-power-and-weak-regionalinstitutionalization/
6. Yan Xuetong, 'The Rise of China and Its Power Status', Chinese Journal of International Politics, Vol. 1, No. 1 (2006), pp. 12-13.
7. The power shift thesis has been put forward in, for example, Kentaro Sakuwa, 'A Not So Dangerous Dyad: China's Rise and Sino-Japanese Rivalry', International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, Vol. 9, No. 3 (2009), pp. 497-528
8. Jian Yang, 'Japan's Decline Relative to China: Scenarios and Implications for East Asia', Political Science, Vol. 62, No. 2 (2010), pp. 146-65
9. The alleged 'power shift' between Japan and China is taken to be only one facet of a larger global shift of power from the United States or 'the West' to China or 'the BRIC countries' (Brazil, Russia, India, and China). See Daniel Deudney et al., Global Shift: How the West Should Respond to the Rise of China (Washington: Transatlantic Academy, 2011http://www.transatlanticacademy.org/sites/default/files/publications/ GlobalShift%20TA%202011%20Collaborative%20Report.pdf
10. John J. Mearsheimer, 'The Gathering Storm: China's Challenge to US Power in Asia', Chinese Journal of International Politics, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2010), pp. 381-96
11. David Shambaugh, Power Shift: China and Asia's New Dynamics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005
12. Tokyo Foundation, 'Japan's Security Strategy Toward China: Integration, Balancing, and Deterrence in the Era of Power Shift', October 2011http://www.tokyofoundation.org/ en/additional_info/security_strategy_toward_china.pdf
13. Phillida Salmon and Catherine Kohler Riessman, 'Looking Back on Narrative Research: An Exchange', In Molly Andrews, Corinne Suire and Maria Tamboukou, eds., Doing Narrative Research (Los Angeles: Sage, 2008), p. 78.
14. Stefano Guzzini, 'A Reconstruction of Constructivism in International Relations', European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 6, No. 2 (2000), pp. 156-62.
15. David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998).
16. Ian Shapiro, 'Problems, Methods, and Theories in the Study of Politics, or What Is Wrong With Political Science and What To Do About It', Political Theory, Vol. 30, No. 4 (2002), p. 608.
17. Richard K. Herrmann, 'Linking Theory to Evidence in International Relations', in Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse, and Beth A. Simmons, eds., Handbook of International Relations (London: Sage, 2002), p. 127.
18. Hidemi Suganami, 'Narrative Explanation and International Relations: Back to Basics', Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 37, No. 2 (2008), p. 348.
19. Michael Damberg, 'Considering Counter Narratives', in Michael Bamberg and Molly Andrews, eds., Considering Counter Narratives: Narrating, Resisting, Making Sense (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2004), pp. 351-71.
20. Rather different interpretations of the historical background and the legal context are found in, for example, Inoue Kiyoshi, Senkaku retto: Chogyo shoto no shiteki kaimei (Senkaku Islands: Historical Elucidation on Diayou Islands) (Tokyo: Gendai hyoronsha, 1972)
21. Tao Cheng, 'The Sino-Japanese Dispute over the Tiao-yu-tai (Senkaku) Islands and the Law of Territorial Acuisition', Virginia Journal of International Law, Vol. 14 (1974), pp. 221-66
22. Yoshiro Matsui, 'International Law of Territorial Acuisition and the Dispute over the Senkaku (Diaoyu) Islands', Japanese Journal of International Law, Vol. 40 (1997), pp. 3-31
23. Unryu Suganuma, Sovereign Rights and Territorial Space in Sino-Japanese Relations: Irredentism and the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands (Honolulu: Association for Asian Studies and University of Hawai'i Press, 2000).
24. Examples include Peter Ennis, 'Japan Blinked? Look Again', Dispatch Japan: News and Views on the US, Japan and US-Japan Relations, September 26, 2010http://www.dispatchjapan. com/blog/2010/09/japan-blinked-look-again.html
25. Sourabh Gupta, 'China- Japan Trawler Incident: Reviewing the Dispute over Senkaku/Diaoyu Waters', East Asia Forum, December 6, 2010, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2010/12/06/china-japantrawler- incident-review-of-legalities-understandings-and-practices-in-disputedsenkakudaioyu- waters/
26. Tobias Harris, 'After the Showdown, Japan, Chinese Leaders Meet', East Asia Forum, October 16, 2010, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2010/10/16/ after-the-showdown-japan-chinese-leaders-meet/
27. Wenran Jiang, 'New Twists over Old Disputes in China-Japan Relations', China Brief: A Journal of Analysis and Information, Vol. 10 No. 20 (2010), pp. 11-13http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/cb_010_ 37b83a.pdf
28. James Manicom, 'Growing Nationalism'; Aurelia George Mulgan, 'US-Japan Alliance the Big Winner from the Senkaku Islands Dispute', East Asia Forum, October 26, 2010, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2010/10/26/us-japan-alliancethe- big-winner-from-the-senkaku-islands-dispute/
29. Sun-won Park, 'The East China Sea Dispute: Short-Term Victory and Long-Term Loss for China?', Brookings Institution, November 1, 2010, http://www.brookings.edu/papers/2010/1101_east_china_sea_park. aspx?sc_lang1/4en
30. Christopher Pokarier, 'Chinese Hubris Boosts Japan-US Relations', East Asia Forum, September 23, 2010, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2010/09/23/chinesehubris- boosts-japan-us-relations/
31. Joel Rathus, 'Senkaku/Diaoyutai Islands: Has China Lost Japan?', East Asia Forum, October 18, 2010 http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2010/ 10/19/senkaku-diaoyu-islands-has-china-lost-japan
32. http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2010/ 10/19/senkaku-diaoyu-islands-has-china-lost-japan
33. On the notion that dominant narratives can be challenged through the emergence of a plurality of 'small stories', see Jean-Francois Lyotard, Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge, trans. Brian Massumi (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984).
34. Mark I. Lichbach, Is Rational Choice Theory All of Social Science? (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2003), p. 135.
35. Hayden White, 'The uestion of Narrative in Contemporary Historical Theory', History and Theory, Vol. 23, No. 1 (1984), pp. 1-33.
36. John Agnew, 'The Territorial Trap: The Geographical Assumptions of International Relations Theory', Review of International Political Economy, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1994), pp. 53-80
37. Dalby and GearóId Ó Tuathail, eds., Rethinking Geopolitics (London and New York: Routledge,). The data have been taken from Japanese and international media.1998
38. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, 'Senkaku shoto shuhen ryokainai ni okeru wagakuni junshikan to Chugoku ryosen to no sesshoku jian' (The Collision Incident between Our Country's Patrol Vessels and a Chinese Fishing Boat in [Japan's] territorial Waters off Senkaku Islands), Statement by the Press Secretary, September 25, 2010http://www.mofa .go.jp/mofaj/press/danwa/22/dga_0925.html.
39. Kyodo tsushin, 'Chugokujin sencho, shobun horyu de kaiho Naha chiken ''Nicchu kankei o koryo'' Chinese Captain Released with Punishment Pending. Naha District Public Prosecutors Office: ''[We] take Japan-China relations into account''), September 25, 2010http://www.47news.jp/CN/201009/CN2010092401000480.html.
40. Yves Tiberghien, 'The Puzzling 2010 Diaoyu Crisis'; Wada Haruki, 'Resolving the China-Japan Conflict Over the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands'.
41. 'Japan Drops China Boat Captain Charge', BBC News WorldJanuary 21, 2011, http:// www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-12249794.
42. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, 'The Collision Incident between Our Country's Patrol Vessels and a Chinese Fishing Boat'.
43. 'China Cancels Politician's Visit after Ship Incident: Fallout from Collision Between Vessels Near Senkakus Leads to Decision', Japan Times Online, September 15, 2010, http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20100915a3.html.
44. 'China Expo Trip Delayed Amid Row: Beijing Cancels Visit by Young Japanese on Eve of Departure', Japan Times Online, September 20, 2010, http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgibin/ nn20100920x1.html
45. Wen, however, did agree to meet Kan briefly at an ASEM meeting in Brussels on October 4. There was also a short meeting in Hanoi on October 30 lasting about 10 minutes. And Chinese President Hu Jintao eventually agreed to have an informal meeting with Kan on November 13 at the APEC summit in Yokohama.
46. Three of the men were released on September 30. The fourth was let out on bail on October 9.
47. This is a generic term for metals in Group 3 of the periodic system. They are used in a range of advanced products such as hybrid vehicles, computer parts, smart phones, wind turbines, solar panels, energy-saving domestic electronics and guided missiles. Not only Japan but the world at large is currently dependent on Chinese rare earths, as more than 90% of the global supply comes from China.
48. Including one of the anonymous reviewers of this article, who objected to the use here of the term 'collide'. The leaked videos do indeed seem to show the Minjinyu 5179 ramming the Japanese patrol vessels. Since, however, the videos do not tell us exactly what happened in the lead-up to the clashes, I retain the more value-neutral term in this article. Moreover, the incident is referred to in Japanese as a shototsu jiken, which literally means 'collision incident'. This term is for example that used in the Japanese Gaiko seisho 2011 (Diplomatic Bluebook 2011
49. Gaiko seisho 2011 (Tokyo: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2011), pp. 3, 17, 23, 35. The English summary also says that the 'Chinese fishing ship collided with two Japan Coast Guard patrol vessels'. See Diplomatic Bluebook 2011: Summary (Tokyo: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2011), p. 7
50. Defence White Paper 2011 (Tokyo: Ministry of Defence, 2011), pp. 7, 8, 106, 107, 170. For an interpretation that the trawler 'rammed' the Japanese patrol boats, see Satoshi Amako, 'The Senkaku Islands Incident and Japan-China Relations'. 30 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China, 'Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Ma Zhaoxu's Remarks', September 20, 2010, http://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/2535/t753988 .htm.
51. Martin Fackler and Ian Johnson, 'Arrest in Disputed Seas Riles China and Japan', New York Times, September 19, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/20/world/asia/20chinajapan. html.
52. Martin Fackler and Ian Johnson, 'Arrest in Disputed Seas'; Martin Fackler and Ian Johnson, 'Japan Retreats with Release of Chinese Boat Captain', New York Times, September 25, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/25/world/asia/25chinajapan.html.
53. Yves Tiberghien, 'Disputed Islands Crisis Between Japan and China: Power Shift and Institutional Failure', Asia Pacific Memo, No. 24 (2010), http://www.asiapacificmemo .ca/japan-china-islands-crisis-institutional-failure.
54. Yves Tiberghien, 'The Puzzling Diaoyu Crisis'.2010
55. Richard C. Bush China-Japan Security Relations', Brookings Policy Brief, No. 177 (2010), http://www.brookings.edu/papers/2010/10_china_japan_bush.aspx
56. Yoshisuke Iinuma, 'Tip of the Iceberg: Senkakus Reflect Bigger Change in Sino-Japan Ties', The Oriental Economist, Vol. 78, No. 11 (2010), pp. 8-9.
57. Jaeho Hwang, 'Understanding China's Recent Foreign Policy Through Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands', MCSS Papers, January 27, 2011, http://www.mcsstw.org/www/print .php?article_id1/4605.
58. Washington Post, 'Rising Power', September 27, 2010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/ wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/26/AR2010092603022.html.
59. Yoshihide Soeya, 'Fishing for Lessons: The Latest China-Japan Rift', Global Asia Forum, 2010, http://www.globalasia.org/Global_Asia_Forum/Fishing_For_Lessons_The_Latest_ China_Japan_Rift.html?w1/4soeya.
60. Satoshi Amako, 'The Senkaku Islands Incident and Japan-China Relations'.
61. Shigeki Hakamada, 'Meltdown of Japan', Global Forum of Japan, December 31, 2010, http://www.gfj.jp/eng/commentary/101231.pdf.
62. Hitoshi Tanaka, 'The Senkaku Islands and Mending Japan-China Relations', East Asia Insights, November 2010, http://www.jcie.org/researchpdfs/EAI/5-5.pdf, p. 2.
63. Kiyoshi Takenaka, 'Japan PM Wants China to Ensure Citizens' Safety', Reuters, October 18, 2010, http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/10/18/us-japan-china-idUSTRE69H05P 20101018.
64. Mike Mochizuki, 'China over-reached', The Oriental Economist, Vol. 78, No. 10 (2010), p. 6.
65. Mark Schreiber, 'Weeklies, Tabloids Hawkish over China', Japan Times Online, October 10, 2010, http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fd20101010bj.html.
66. Yoichi Kato, 'China's Naval Expansion in the Western Pacific', Asahi Shimbun, January 29, 2011, http://www.asahi.com/english/TKY201101280301.html
67. Jaeho Hwang, 'Understanding China's Recent Foreign Policy'.
68. Mineo Nakajima in Alex Martin and Kanako Takahara, 'Friction Cited in Move to Free Chinese Skipper', Japan Times Online, September 25, 2010,; Dingli Shen, 'A Chinese Assessment of China's External Security Environment', China Brief: A Journal of Analysis and Information, Vol. 11, No. 5 (2011), p. 6.
69. Richard Katz, 'Yes He Kan? Or, No He Kan't? Moment of Truth', The Oriental Economist, Vol. 78, No. 10 (2010), p. 2
70. Nakanishi Terumasa, Tsuyoi Nippon o mesazu michi: Sekai no ikkyoku toshite tate (The Road towards a Strong Japan: Stand Up as a Pole in the World) (Tokyo: PHP kenkyujo, 2011), p. 57.
71. Ko Hirano, 'China Using Standoff to Test Japan', Japan Times Online, September 21, 2010, http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20100921a5.html.
72. Tokyo Foundation, 'Japan's Security Strategy Toward China', p. 1.
73. Kitaoka Shin'ichi, Gurobaru pureiya toshite no Nihon (Japan as a Global Player) (Tokyo: NTT Shuppan, 2010), p. 323.
74. Robert G. Sutter, 'US Reengagement in the Asia-Pacific Region: Where Does Taiwan Fit?', Asia Pacific Bulletin, No. 72 (2010), http://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/ pdfs/apb072.pdf.
75. The Economist, 'China's Spat with Japan: Out But Not Over', September 24, 2010, http://www.economist.com/blogs/asiaview/2010/09/chinas_spat_japan?page1/446.
76. Keizo Nabeshima, 'Asian Military Balance Destabilized by China's Military Expansion', JFIR Commentary, Vol. 4, No. 5 (2011).
77. Robert Dujarric, 'Enhancing Japan's position in the Senkaku Dispute', PacNet, No. 50, October 15, 2010, http://csis.org/files/publication/pac1050.pdf.
78. Martin Fackler and Ian Johnson, 'Japan Retreats with Release'; Masami Ito, 'Senkaku Spat Hurt Beijing as Well', Japan Times Online, September 30, 2010, http://www.japantimes. co.jp/text/nn20100930f1.html.
79. Toshikazu Inoue in Alex Martin and Kanako Takahara, 'Friction Cited in Move to Free Chinese Skipper'.
80. Yoichi Funabashi, 'Japan-China Relations Stand at Ground Zero', Asahi Shimbun, October 9, 2010, http://www.asahi.com/english/TKY201010080462.html
81. Martin Fackler and Ian Johnson, 'Japan Retreats with Release'.
82. The Economist, 'China's Spat with Japan'.
83. Yoichi Funabashi, 'Japan-China Relations Stand at Ground Zero'.
84. Richard Katz, 'Yes He Kan?', p. 1
85. Mike Mochizuki, 'China over-reached', p. 7..
86. Yoichi Funabashi, 'Japan-China Relations Stand at Ground Zero'.
87. Maya Kaneko, 'Kan Wins Points for Damage Control But Still Lacking Long-Term Strategies', Japan Times Online, November 15, 2010, http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgibin/ nn20101115a6.html.
88. Maya Kaneko, 'Ishigaki Fishermen Fret Over Senkaku Encroachment', Japan Times, December 8, 2010, p. 3.
89. Jaeho Hwang, 'Understanding China's Recent Foreign Policy'.
90. Nakanishi Terumasa, The Road towards a Strong Japan, p. 50
91. Richard Katz, 'Yes He Kan?', p. 1.
92. Masami Ito, 'Senkaku Spat'.
93. All deliberations in the Diet can be searched and downloaded at Kokkai kaijiroku kensaku shisutemu (a search system for Diet protocols), http://kokkai.ndl.go.jp/.
94. Just 'arrogant': author's interview with Watanabe Shu, DPJ Diet member, Tokyo, December 9, 2011. 'Arrogant', 'aggressive' and 'assertive': author's interview with Nagashima Akihisa, Tokyo, December 9, 2010. 'Arrogant' and 'selfish': author's interview with Matsubara Jin, DPJ Diet member, Tokyo, December 7, 2010.
95. Author's interview with Yatagawa Hajime, DPJ Diet member, Tokyo, December 3, 2010. 74 Author's interview with Nukaga Fukushiro, LDP Diet member, Tokyo, December 6, 2010.
96. Interview with Watanabe Shu.
97. Interview with Nukaga Fukushiro.
98. Author's interview with Hiranuma Takeo, Diet member for the Sunrise Party of Japan, Tokyo, December 9, 2010.
99. Author's interview with Eto Seiichi, LDP Diet member, December 8, 2010.
100. Author's interview with Ishihara Nobuteru, LDP Diet member, Tokyo, December 8, 2010.
101. Mark Schreiber, 'Weeklies, Tabloids Hawkish over China'.
102. Satoshi Amako, 'The Senkaku Islands Incident'; Frances M. Rosenbluth, 'Japan in 2010', Asian Survey, Vol. 51, No. 1 (2011), p. 51
103. The Economist, 'China's Spat with Japan'; Martin Fackler and Ian Johnson, 'Japan Retreats with Release'; Yoichi Funabashi, 'Japan-China Relations'; Wenran Jiang, 'New Twists over Old Disputes'; Yoichi Kato, 'China's Naval Expansion'; Mark Schreiber, 'Weeklies, Tabloids Hawkish over China'; Policy Council of The Japan Forum on International Relations, 'Expansion of China and Japan's Response', Policy Recommendations, No. 35 (2012), p. 1, http://www.jfir.or.jp/e/ pr/pdf/35.pdf
104. Hitoshi Tanaka, 'The Senkaku Islands'; Yves Tiberghien, 'The Puzzling Diaoyu Crisis'.2010
105. Satoshi Amako, 'The Senkaku Islands Incident'; Satoshi Hara, 'Is China Reasonable and Trustful? Lessons to Learn from the Senkaku Islands Incident', JFIR Commentary, January 26, 2011, http://www.jfir.or.jp/e/commentary/110126.pdf; Gavan McCormack, 'Small Islands-Big Problem: Diaoyu/Senkaku and the Weight of History and Geography in China-Japan Relations', The Asia-Pacific Journal, No. 9 (2011), http:// www.japanfocus.org/-Gavan-McCormack/3464; Masashi Nishihara, 'Better Japan- China Ties Depend on Beijing', PacNet, No. 59 (2011), http://csis.org/files/publication/- pac1159.pdf; The Economist, 'China's Spat with Japan'; Martin Fackler and Ian Johnson, 'Japan Retreats with Release'; Yoichi Funabashi, 'Japan-China Relations'; Jaeho Hwang, 'Understanding China's Recent Foreign Policy'; Yoshisuke Iinuma, 'Tip of the Iceberg'; Masami Ito, 'Senkaku Spat'; Jiang, 'New Twists over Old Disputes'; Yoichi Kato, 'China's Naval Expansion'; Policy Council of The Japan Forum on International Relations, 'Expansion of China and Japan's Response', p. 1; Frances M. Rosenbluth, 'Japan in '; Mark Schreiber, 'Weeklies, Tabloids Hawkish over China'; Dingli Shen, 'A Chinese Assessment of China's External Security Environment'; Hitoshi Tanaka, 'The Senkaku Islands'; Yves Tiberghien, 'Disputed Islands Crisis'; Yves Tiberghien, 'The Puzzling 2010 Diaoyu Crisis'; Tokyo Foundation, 'Japan's Security Strategy Toward China', p. Washington Post, 'Rising Power'.201014
106. China Daily, 'Wen Urges Skipper's Immediate Release by Japan', September 22, 2010, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-09/22/content_11338036.htm
107. An even harsher statement was made by a Chinese foreign ministry spokesman, see Ben Blanchard and Linda Sieg, 'China Suspends Contacts as Japan Boat Row Deepens', Reuters, September 19, 2010, http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/09/19/us-japan-chinaidUSTRE68I06520100919.
108. Takahashi Masayuki, 'Senkaku yowagoshi gaiko no tsuke: Rodaitoryo Hopporyodo homon' (On the Account of the Weak-Kneed Senkaku Diplomacy: Russian President's Visit to the Northern Territories), MSN Sankei nyusu, November 6, 2010, http://sankei.jp .msn.com/politics/news/110115/plc11011517450018-n1.htm
109. Shigeki Hakamada, 'Meltdown of Japan'; Gavan McCormack, 'Small Islands'; Alex Martin and Kanako Takahara, 'Friction Cited in Move to Free Chinese Skipper'; Mike Mochizuki, 'China over-reached', p. 6
110. Hitoshi Tanaka, 'The Senkaku Islands', p. 2
111. Criticism along these lines was also raised in the meetings of many different Diet committees in the autumn of 2010. See the Budget Committee meeting of the House of Representatives on September 29, 2010, for a few exchanges that are representative of the discourse at large, for example, remarks by the LDP's Onodera Itsunori and Shiozaki Yasuhisa. In several interviews with Diet members in December 2010, including people from the DPJ, similar disapproval of the release and of the Kan Cabinet's potential involvement was voiced. The word 'strange' [okashii] to describe the Cabinet's handling of the issue appears in several interviews, for example, in author's interview with Kishi Nobuo, LDP Diet member, Tokyo, December 6, 2010; and in interviews with Yatagawa Hajime and Matsubara Jin.2010
112. MSN Sankei nyusu, 'Kaiho no Fujita shain kikoku: kinshi kuiki kanban wa ''kidzukanakatta'' to kyocho' (The released Fujita Employee Returns: [He] Emphasized ''[I] didn't notice the prohibited area sign''), October 10, 2010, http://sankei.jp.msn.com/affairs/news/ 110122/crm11012203280074-n1.htm
113. Author's interview with Cheng Yonghua, China's ambassador to Japan, Tokyo, December 6, 2010.
114. 'Why China Asks Japan to Recall its Military Attache?', People's Daily Online, November 22, 2002http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200211/22/eng20021122_107310.shtml.
115. Interview with Cheng Yonghua.
116. Tatsuo Kotoyori, Noriyoshi Ohtsuki and Takeshi Kamiya, Asahi Shimbun, 'Japan Alarmed by China's Policy on Rare Metals', August 21, 2010, http://www.asahi.com/ english/TKY201008200252.html.
117. Tatsuo Kotoyori, Koichi Furuya and Takeshi Kamiya, 'Chinese Adamant on Rare-Earth Metal Cuts', Asahi Shimbun, August 30, 2010, http://www.asahi.com/english/ TKY201008290151.html; Beibei Huang, 'China, Japan Debate Restrictions on Rare Earths Exports', People's Daily Online, August 30, 2010, http://english.peopledaily.com .cn/90001/90778/90861/7122382.html.
118. Keith Bradsher, 'China Said to Widen Its Embargo of Minerals', New York Times, October 19, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/20/business/global/20rare.html?_r1/41.
119. Keith Bradsher, 'China Is Said to Resume Shipping Rare Earth Minerals', New York Times, October 28, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/29/business/energyenvironment/ 29rare.html?pagewanted1/4all
120. Keith Bradsher, 'China Restarts Rare Earth Shipments to Japan', New York Times, November 19, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/ 2010/11/20/business/global/20rare.html.
121. MSN Sankei nyusu, 'Chugoku ga Nihon muke reasu zenmen kin'yu Senkaku oki shototsu mondaide, beikan hodo' (China [has installed] a full export embargo due to the collision problem offshore Senkaku, [according to] US newspaper reporting), September 23, 2010, http://sankei.jp.msn.com/world/news/110119/chn11011911110026-n1.htm 2012.
122. Hong Kong activist David Chan drowned on September 26, 1996 after jumping into the water when Japanese coastguards prevented his boat from landing on one of the disputed islands.
123. Sourabh Gupta, 'China-Japan Trawler Incident'; James Manicom, 'Growing Nationalism and Maritime Jurisdiction in the East China Sea', p. 11.
124. Senkaku mondai shuzaihan (The Reporter Suad for the Senkaku Problem), 'Nicchu ''Senkaku mitsuyaku'' atta' (There Was a Secret Japan-China Agreement over the Senkaku Islands), Aera, October 25, 2010, pp. 14-15.
125. Yves Tiberghien, 'The Puzzling 2010 Diaoyu Crisis'.
126. Peter Ennis, 'Japan Blinked?'.
127. Sun-won Park, 'The East China Sea Dispute'.
128. Mike Mochizuki, 'China over-reached', p. 7.
129. Yoichi Funabashi, 'Japan-China Relations'. This was also argued in an interview with Ishihara Nobuteru.
130. Linus Hagström, 'uiet Power', p. 161.
131. Ko Hirano, 'Kan-Wen Talks Help Ties: Experts', Japan Times Online, October 7, 2010, http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20101007a4.html.
132. Martin Fackler and Ian Johnson, 'Arrest in Disputed Seas'.
133. This position was repeated elsewhere too, for example, in an interview in the journal Gaiko. Maehara Seji, 'Keizai gaiko o jiku ni, hirakareta kuni o mezasu' (Aiming for an Open Country around the Axis of Economic Diplomacy), Gaiko (Diplomacy), Vol. 4 (2010), pp. 7-8
134. For a critical view of this policy, see Kazuhiko Togo, 'Japan Must Acknowledge 'Territorial Issue' over Islands', East Asia Forum, October 15, 2010, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2010/10/14/japan-must-acknowledge-territorial-issue-overislands/.
135. Jean-Marc F. Blanchard, 'The U.S. Role in the Sino-Japanese Dispute over the Diaoyu (Senkaku) Islands 1945-1971', China uarterly, No. 161 (2000), p. 120.
136. Han-yi Shaw, The Diaoyutai/Senkaku Islands Dispute: Its History and an Analysis of the Ownership Claims of the P.R.C., R.O.C., and Japan (Baltimore: School of Law, University of Maryland, 1999), p. 126
137. Unryu Suganuma, Sovereign Rights, p. 135.
138. Author's interview with Saito Kunihiko, former administrative vice-minister of foreign affairs, Tokyo, June 2, 2002.
139. Han-yi Shaw, The Diaoyutai/Senkaku Islands Dispute, p. 126
140. Han-yi Shaw, The Diaoyutai/Senkaku Islands Dispute, p. 126.
141. 'U.S. Fudges Senkaku Security Pact Status', Japan Times Online, August 17, 2010, http:// search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20100817a1.html.
142. US Department of State, 'Joint Press Availability with Japanese Foreign Minister Seiji Maehara', October 27, 2010http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/10/150110.htm.
143. Professor Kubo Fumiaki of Tokyo University uoted in Masami Ito, 'Senkaku Spat'.
144. Mike Mochizuki, 'China over-reached', p. 7.
145. Minshuto (Democratic Party of Japan), Seiken kotai: Minshuto no seiken seisaku manifesto (Change of Government: The DPJ Government's Policy Manifesto) (Tokyo: Minshuto, 2009), p. 22.
146. Martin Fackler and Hiroko Tabuchi, 'Japanese Leader Backtracks on Revising Base Agreement', New York Times, May 4, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/05/world/ asia/05japan.html
147. 'Ishigaki Wants Senkaku Security', Japan Times Online, October 5, 2010, http://search .japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20101005a7.html.
148. Masami Ito, 'Kan Thanks Obama for U.S. Siding with Japan', Japan Times Online, September 29, 2010, http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20101114a3.html.
149. Masami Ito, 'Senkaku Challenge Surmountable: Departing U.S. Forces Commander', Japan Times Online, October 22, Aurelia George Mulgan, 'US-Japan Alliance'.2010, http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ nn20101022a6.html
150. Author's interview with Hosono Goshi, DPJ Diet member, Tokyo, December 9, 2010.
151. Kimie Hara, Cold War Frontiers in the Asia-Pacific: Divided Territories in the San Francisco System (New York and London: Routledge, 2004), p. 181.
152. Wenran Jiang, 'New Twists over Old Disputes', p. 13.
153. Aurelia George Mulgan, 'US-Japan Alliance'.
154. Linus Hagström, 'Sino-Japanese Relations: The Ice that Won't Melt', International Journal, Vol. 64, No. 1 (2008 223-40
155. Linus Hagström and Bjö rn Jerdén, 'Understanding Fluctuations in Sino-Japanese Relations: To Politicize or to De-Politicize the China Issue in the Japanese Diet', Pacific Affairs, Vol. 83, No. 4 (2010), pp. 719-39.
156. Notable exceptions include then Foreign Minister Aso Taro's remarks in 2005 and. See Linus Hagströ m, 'Sino-Japanese Relations', p. 225.2006
157. Arguably, North Korea has provided a fig leaf for Japanese military modernisation instead. See Linus Hagström and Christian Turesson, 'Among Threats and a ''Perfect Excuse'': Understanding Change in Japanese Foreign Security Policy', Korean Journal of Defence Analysis, Vol. 21, No. 3 (2009), pp. 297-314.
158. Japan's Defence Agency, Boei hakusho 1999 (Defence of Japan 1999) (Tokyo: Japan's Defence Agency,), chapter 1, section 3.4.31999
159. Ministry of Defence, Boei hakusho 2007 (Defence of Japan 2007) (Tokyo: Ministry of Defence, 2007), p. 55.
160. Prime Minister's Office, 'Heisei 17 nendo iko ni kakawaru boei keikaku no taiko ni tsuite'
161. Ut the Defence Planning Outline for Year Heisei 17 onwards), December 10, 2004, http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/kakugikettei/2004/1210taikou.html.
162. Prime Minister's Office, Heisei 23 nendo iko ni kakawaru boei keikaku no taiko ni tsuite (About the Defence Planning Outline regarding Year Heisei 23 onwards), December 17, 2010, http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/kakugikettei/2010/1217boueitaikou.pdf 3.
163. Prime Minister's Office, 'About the Defence Planning Outline Regarding Year Heisei 23 Onwards', pp. 5-6.
164. For example, the Japanese Cabinet Office's annual opinion poll in the autumn/winter of 2010 demonstrated that 77.8% of the Japanese population had negative feelings toward China (increasing from 58.5% in 2009 and 66.6% in 2008). Cabinet Office, Gaiko ni kansuru yoron chosa (Public Opinion Poll on Diplomacy), 2010, http://www8.cao.go.jp/ survey/h22/h22-gaiko/. The annual poll by Genron NPO in 2012 moreover found that 84.3% of the Japanese have a negative impression of China, while 64.5% of the Chinese have a negative impression of Japan, see Genron NPO, Dai 8 kai Nicchu kyodo yoron chosa kekka (The Results of the 8th Joint Japan-China Opinion Poll), p. 2, http://www.genron- npo.net/pdf/forum2012.pdf.
165. Yoichi Kato, 'China's Naval Expansion'.
166. Conversation with a Japanese professor in June 2011.
167. Interview with Hosono Goshi.
168. Interviews with Yatagawa Hajime, Matsubara Jin, Nagashima Akihisa and Watanabe Shu. Some representatives of the opposition parties are more extreme to the extent that they favour deployment of the SDF on the Senkaku Islands. Author's interview with Eto Seishiro, LDP Diet member and vice-speaker of the House of Representatives, Tokyo, December 3, 2010
169. Interview with Watanabe Shu.
170. John W. Ratcliffe, 'Notions of Validity in ualitative Research Methodology', Science Communication, Vol. 5, No. 2 (1983), p. 149.
171. Catherine Kohler Riessman, Narrative Methods for the Human Sciences (Los Angeles: Sage, 2008), p. 8.
172. Hans Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993
173. Kenneth N. Waltz, Theory of International Politics (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979
174. Linus Hagströ m, 'Relational Power for Foreign Policy Analysis: Issues in Japan's China Policy', European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 11, No. 3 (2005), pp. 395-430.
175. Avery Goldstein, Rising to the Challenge: China's Grand Strategy and International Security (Stanford: Stanford University Press,), chapter 32005
176. David Kang, China Rising: Peace, Power, and Order in East Asia (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), pp. 12-16.
177. International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance 1992-1993 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), pp. 143-5
178. The Military Balance 2001-2002 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 188
179. The Military Balance 2010 (Abingdon: Routledge, 2010), p. 398.
180. Fumio Hayashi and Edward C. Prescott, 'The 1990s in Japan: A Lost Decade', Review of Economic Dynamics, Vol. 5, No. 1 (2002), pp. 206-35
181. There also exists a literature, which emphasises 'Japan's rise' in security policy terms, and it exists parallel to the literature on 'Japan's decline Relative to China'. The changes in Japanese security policy that tend to exemplify that 'rise', however, have allegedly to a great extent been spurred by 'China's rise'. Kenneth B. Pyle, Japan Rising: The Resurgence of Japanese Power and Purpose (New York: Public Affairs, 2007); Richard J. Samuels, Securing Japan: Tokyo's Grand Strategy and the Future of East Asia (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2007); and Christopher W. Hughes, Japan's Remilitarisation (Oxon and New York: Routledge and London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2009). For a critiue of the way that this literature overemphasises Japan's 'remilitarisation', see Linus Hagström and Jon Williamsson, '''Remilitarization'', Really? Assessing Change in Japanese Foreign Security Policy', Asian Security, Vol. 5, No. 3 (2009), pp. 242-72.
182. A more thorough analysis of the alleged power shift between Japan and China can be found in Jian Yang, 'Japan's Decline', pp. 148-54.
183. Robert S. Ross, 'China's Naval Nationalism: Sources, Prospects, and the U.S. Response', International Security, Vol. 34, No. 2 (2009), pp. 46-81.
184. Kenneth N. Waltz, 'The Emerging Structure of International Politics', International Security, Vol. 18, No. 2 (1993), pp. 44-79
185. Kenneth N. Waltz, 'Structural Realism After the Cold War', International Security, Vol. 25, No. 1 (2000), pp. 5-41
186. But note the counternarrative in the last decade on Japan's normalisation and remilitarisation, as discussed in footnote 144 above.
187. For a comprehensive and critical overview of this literature, see Khalid R. Al-Rodhan, 'A Critiue of the China Threat Theory: A Systematic Analysis', Asian Perspective, Vol. 33, No. 3 (2007), pp. 41-66.
188. Minxin Pei, 'Why the West Should Not Demonise China', Financial Times, November 25, 2010, http://cachef.ft.com/cms/s/0/15a347f8-f8d2-11df-b550-00144feab49a.html#axzz1ezV B0x4A
189. Michael D. Swaine, 'Perceptions of an Assertive China', China Leadership Monitor, No. 32 (2010) pp. 1-19
190. http://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/ CLM32MS.pdf. David Shambaugh, 'Coping with a Conflicted China', The Washington uarterly, Vol. 34, No. 1 (2011), pp. 7-27
191. Tokyo Foundation, 'Japan's Security Strategy Toward China', pp. 14-15.
192. Harumi Befu, Hegemony of Homogeneity: An Anthropological Analysis of Nihonjinron (Melbourne: Trans Pacific Press, 2001), pp. 123-4
193. Kazuki Sato, '''Same Language, Same Race'': The Dilemma of Kanbun in Modern Japan', in Frank Dikö tter, ed., The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives (London: Hurst and Company, 1998), pp. 118-353
194. Rumi Sakamoto, '''Will You Go to War? Or Will You Stop Being Japanese?'' Nationalism and History in Kobayashi Yoshinori's Sensoron', in Michael Heazle and Nick Knight, eds., China-Japan Relations in the Twenty-First Century: Creating a Future Past (Cheltenham and Northampton: Edward Elgar, 2007), p. 84151
195. Mark Schreiber, 'Weeklies, Tabloids Hawkish over China'.
196. Policy Council of The Japan Forum on International Relations, 'Expansion of China and Japan's Response', p. 2
197. A few more examples are provided in Joel Rathus, 'Senkaku/ Diaoyutai Islands'.
198. Michel Foucault, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972-1977, Colin Gordon, ed. (New York: Pantheon, 1980
199. Jutta Weldes, et al. 'Introduction: Constructing Insecurity', in Jutta Weldes, et al., eds., Cultures of Insecurity: States, Communities, and the Production of Danger (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999), p. 27
200. Bahar Rumelili, 'Constructing Identity and Relating to Difference: Understanding the EU's Mode of Differentiation', Review of International Studies, Vol. 30, No. 1 (2004), p. 31.
201. Oliver Turner, 'Sino-US Relations Then and Now: Discourse, Images, Policy', Political Perspectives, Vol. 5, No. 3 (2011), pp. 27-45.
202. Steven Lukes, Power: A Radical View (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, for an adaption to foreign policy analysis, see Linus Hagströ m, 'Relational Power for Foreign Policy Analysis'.2005
203. The Policy Council of The Japan Forum on International Relations, 'Expansion of China',pp. 7-8.
204. Kitaoka Shin'ichi, Japan as a Global Player, pp. 324-5.
205. Nakanishi Terumasa, The Road towards a Strong Japan, pp. 50-80.
206. David McNeill, 'Japan Must Develop Nuclear Weapons, Warns Tokyo Governor', The Independent, March 8, 2011, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/japan-mustdevelop- nuclear-weapons-warns-tokyo-governor-2235186.html
207. Ishihara made similar comments in a speech at the Heritage Foundation in Washington DC on April 17,. The speech became best known for Ishihara's statement that Tokyo would buy the disputed islands, most of which are currently-according to the Japanese narrative- privately owned.2012
208. Wenran Jiang, 'New Twists over Old Disputes', p. 12.
209. Some articles acknowledge the latter, but never the former, see Masami Ito, 'Senkaku Spat'; Wenran Jiang, 'New Twists over Old Disputes', p. 13
210. Robert Dujarric 'Enhancing Japan's position in the Senkaku Dispute'.
211. Yves Tiberghien, 'Disputed Islands Crisis'.
212. James J. Przystup 'Japan-China relations: Troubled Waters Part II', Comparative Connections, January 2011, http://csis.org/files/publication/1004japan_china.pdf
213. Michael Barnett and Raymond Duvall, 'Power in International Politics', International Organization, Vol. 59, No. 1 (2005), pp. 39-75.
214. Michael Barnett and Raymond Duvall, 'Power in International Politics', International Organization, Vol. 59, No. 1 (2005), pp. 39-75