Structural and functional topography of the human ribosome

Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica

Volumn 44, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 281-299

  Graifer, Dmitri ^a   Karpova, Galina ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL BIOLOGY AND FUNDAMENTAL MEDICINE   (Russian Federation)

Author keywords

hepatitis C IRES binding site; human ribosome; mRNA and tRNA binding site; photoaffinity crosslinking; ribosomal component

Indexed keywords

MESSENGER RNA; PEPTIDYLTRANSFERASE;

BINDING SITE; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CHEMISTRY; CONFORMATION; CRYOELECTRON MICROSCOPY; GENETICS; HUMAN; METABOLISM; MOLECULAR GENETICS; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; REVIEW; RIBOSOME; ULTRASTRUCTURE; X RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY;

BASE SEQUENCE; BINDING SITES; CRYOELECTRON MICROSCOPY; CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, X-RAY; HUMANS; MODELS, MOLECULAR; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; NUCLEIC ACID CONFORMATION; PEPTIDYL TRANSFERASES; RIBOSOMES; RNA, MESSENGER;

EID: 84865085522     PISSN: 16729145     EISSN: 17457270     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmr118     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. Gerbi SA. Expansion segments: regions of variable size that interrupt the universal core secondary structure of ribosomal RNA. In: Zimmermann RA and Dahlberg AE eds. Ribosomal RNA: Structure, Evolution, Processing, and Function in Protein Biosynthesis. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc., 1996, 71-87
2. Rodnina M, and Wintermeyer W. Recent mechanistic insights into eukaryotic ribosomes. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2009, 21: 435-443
3. Myasnikov AG, Simonetti A, Marzi S, and Klaholz BP. Structure-function insights into prokaryotic, and eukaryotic translation initiation. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2009, 19: 300-309
4. Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Iizuka N, Kohara M, and Nomoto A. Internal ribosome entry site within hepatitis C virus RNA. J Virol 1992, 66: 1476-1483
5. Pestova TV, Shatsky IN, Fletcher SP, Jackson RJ, and Hellen CU. A prokaryotic-like mode of cytoplasmic eukaryotic ribosome binding to the initiation codon during internal translation initiation of hepatitis C, and classical swine fever virus RNAs. Genes Dev 1998, 12: 67-83
6. Hellen CU, and Sarnow P. Internal ribosome entry sites in eukaryotic mRNA molecules. Genes Dev 2001, 15: 1593-1612
7. Brimacombe R. Structure-function correlations (and discrepancies) in the 16S ribosomal RNA from Escherichia coli. Biochimie 1992, 74: 319-326
8. Sergiev P, Leonov A, Dokudovskaya S, Shpanchenko O, Dontsova O, Bogdanov A, and Rinke-Appel J, et al. Correlating the X-ray structures for halo-and thermophilic ribosomal subunits with biochemical data for the Escherichia coli ribosome. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 2001, 66: 87-100
9. Yusupov MM, Yusupova GZ, Baucom A, Lieberman K, Earnest TN, Cate JH, and Noller HF. Crystal structure of the ribosome at 5.5Åresolution. Science 2001, 292: 883-896
10. Ramakrishnan V. Ribosome structure, and the mechanism of translation. Cell 2002, 108: 557-572
11. Steitz TA. A structural understanding of the dynamic ribosome machine. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2008, 9: 242-253
12. Schluenzen F, Tocilj A, Zarivach R, Harms J, Gluehman M, Janell D, and Bashan A, et al. Structure of functionally activated small ribosomal subunit at 3.3Åresolution. Cell 2000, 102: 615-623
13. Spahn CM, Beckmann R, Eswar N, Penczek PA, Sali A, Blobel G, and Frank J. Structure of the 80S ribosome from Saccaromyces serevisiae: tRNA-ribosome, and subunit-subunit interactions. Cell 2001, 107: 373-386
14. Morgan DG, Menetret JF, Neuhof A, Rapoport TA, and Akey CW. Structure of the mammalian ribosome-channel complex at 17Åresolution. J Mol Biol 2002, 324: 871-886
15. Chandramouli P, Topf M, Menetret JF, Eswar N, Cannone JJ, Gutell RR, and Sali A, et al. Structure of the mammalian 80S ribosome at 8.7Åresolution. Structure 2008, 16: 535-548
16. Taylor DJ, Devkota B, Huang AD, Topf M, Narayanan E, Sali A, and Harvey SC, et al. Comprehensive molecular structure of the eukaryotic ribosome. Structure 2009, 17: 1591-1604
17. Armache JP, Jarasch A, Anger AM, Villa E, Becker T, Bhushana S, and Jossinet F, et al. Localization of eukaryote-specific ribosomal proteins in a 5.5-Åcryo-EM map of the 80S eukaryotic ribosome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010, 107: 19754-19759
18. Ben-Shem A, Jenner L, Yusupova G, and Yusupov M. Crystal structure of the eukaryotic ribosome. Science 2010, 330: 1203-1209
19. Rabl J, Leibundgut M, Ataide SF, Haag A, and Ban N. Crystal structure of the eukaryotic 40S ribosomal subunit in complex with initiation factor 1. Science 2011, 331: 730-736
20. Graifer DM, Babkina GT, Matasova NB, Vladimirov SN, Karpova GG, and Vlassov VV. Structural arrangement of tRNA binding site on Escherichia coli ribosomes, as revealed from data on affinity labelling with photoactivatable tRNA derivatives. Biochim Biophys Acta 1989, 1008: 146-156
21. Vladimirov SN, Babkina GT, Venijaminova AG, Gimautdinova OI, Zenkova MA, and Karpova GG. Structural arrangement of the decoding site of Escherichia coli ribosomes as revealed from the data on affinity labelling of ribosomes by analogs of mRNA -derivatives of oligoribonucleotides. Biochim Biophys Acta 1990, 1048: 245-256
22. Bhangu R, and Wollenzien PL. The mRNA binding track in the Escherichia coli ribosome for mRNAs of different sequences. Biochemistry 1992, 31: 5937-5944
23. Rinke-Appel J, Junke N, Brimacombe R, Dokudovskaya S, Dontsova O, and Bogdanov A. Site-directed cross-linking of mRNA analogues to 16S ribosomal RNA; a complete scan of cross-links from all positions between 1, and 16 on the mRNA, downstream from the decoding site. Nucleic Acids Res 1993, 21: 2853-2859
24. Sergiev PV, Lavik IN, Wlasoff VA, Dokudovskaya SS, Dontsova OA, Bogdanov AA, and Brimacombe R. The path of mRNA through the bacterial ribosome: a site-directed cross-linking study using new photoreactive derivatives of guanosine, and uridine. RNA 1997, 3: 464-475
25. Bochkareva ES, Budker VG, Girshovich AS, Knorre DG, and Teplova NM. An approach to specific labelling of ribosome in the region of peptidyl transferase center using N-acylaminoacyl transfer RNA with an active alkylating grouping. FEBS Lett 1971, 19: 121-124
26. Budker VG, Girshovich AS, Grineva NI, Karpova GG, and Knorre DG. Specific chemical modification of ribosomes near the mRNA-binding center. Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR (Russian) 1973, 211: 725-728
27. Graifer DM, Zenkova MA, Malygin AA, Mamaev SV, Mundus DA, and Karpova GG. Identification of a site on 18S rRNA of human placenta ribosomes in the region of the mRNA binding center. J Mol Biol 1990, 214: 121-128
28. Graifer DM, Lyakhovich AV, Demeshkina NA, Ivanov AV, Repkova MN, Ven Yaminova AG, and Karpova GG. Photoaffinity modification of human 80S ribosomes with an mRNA analog, a hexaribonucleotide pUUUGUU derivative carrying an aryl azide group at the guanine residue. Mol Biol (Moscow) 1999, 33: 144-151
29. Repkova MN, Ivanova TM, Komarova NI, Meschaninova MI, Kuznetsova MA, and Ven Yaminova AG. H-Phosphonate synthesis of oligoribonucleotides containing modified bases. I. Photoactivatable derivatives of oligoribonucleotides with perfluoroarylazide groups in heterocyclic bases. Russian J Bioorgan Chem 1999, 25: 612-622
30. Levina AS, Tabatadze DR, Khalimskaya LM, Prihodko NA, Shishkin GV, Alexandrova LA, and Zarytova VF. Oligonucleotide derivatives bearing reactive, and stabilizing groups attached to C5 of deoxyuridine. Bioconjugate Chem 1993, 4: 319-325
31. Levina AS, Tabatadze DR, Dobrikov MI, Shishkin GV, Khalimskaya LM, and Zarytova VF. Site-specific photomodification of single-stranded DNA targets by arylazide, and perfluoroarylazide derivatives of oligonucleotides. Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev 1996, 6: 119-126
32. Chernolovskaya FL, Cherepanov PP, Gorozhankin AV, Dobrikov NI, Vlassov VV, and Kobetz ND. Interaction of photoactive oligothymidylate derivatives with HeLa cell chromatin. Bioorgan Khim (Russian) 1993, 19: 889-896
33. Chavatte L, Frolova LYu, Kisselev LL, and Favre A. The polypeptide chain release factor eRF1 specifically contacts the s4UGA stop codon located in the A site of eukaryotic ribosomes. Eur J Biochem 2001, 268: 2896-2904
34. Chavatte L, Seit-Nebi A, Dubovaya V, and Favre A. The invariant uridine of stop codons contacts the conserved NIKSR loop of human eRF1 in the ribosome. EMBO J 2002, 21: 5302-5311
35. Laletina E, Graifer D, Malygin A, Ivanov A, Shatsky I, and Karpova G. Proteins surrounding hairpin IIIe of the hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site on the human 40S ribosomal subunit. Nucleic Acids Res 2006, 34: 2027-2036
36. Babaylova E, Graifer D, Malygin A, Stahl J, Shatsky I, and Karpova G. Positioning of subdomain IIId, and apical loop of domain II of the hepatitis C IRES on the human 40S ribosome. Nucleic Acids Res 2009, 37: 1141-1151
37. Belikova AM, Zarytova VF, and Grineva NI. Synthesis of ribonucleosides, and diribonucleoside phosphates containing 2-chloroethylamine, and nitrogen mustard residues. Tetrahedron Lett 1967, 37: 3557-3562
38. Bulygin K, Malygin A, Karpova G, and Westermann P. Site-specific modification of 4.5S RNA apical domain by complementary oligodeoxynucleotides carrying an alkylating group. Eur J Biochem 1998, 251: 175-180
39. Bulygin K, Favre A, Baouz-Drahy S, Hountondji C, Vorobjev Yu, Ven Yaminova A, and Graifer D, et al. Arrangement of 30-terminus of tRNA on the human ribosome as revealed from cross linking data. Biochimie 2008, 90: 1624-1636
40. Baouz S, Woisard A, Sinapah S, Le Caer JP, Argentini M, Bulygin K, and Aguié G, et al. The human large subunit ribosomal protein L36A-like contacts the CCA end of P-site bound tRNA. Biochimie 2009, 91: 1420-1425
41. Moor N, Lavrik O, Favre A, and Safro M. Prokaryotic, and eukaryotic tetrameric phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetases display conservation of the binding mode of the tRNA (Phe) CCA end. Biochemistry 2003, 42: 10697-10708
42. Graifer DM, Nekhai SYu, Mundus DA, Fedorova OS, and Karpova GG. Interaction of human, and Escherichia coli tRNAPhe with human 80S ribosomes in the presence of oligo-and polyuridylate template. Biochim Biophys Acta 1992, 1171: 56-64
43. Watanabe S. Interaction of siomycin with the acceptor site of Escherichia coli ribosomes. J Mol Biol 1972, 67: 443-457
44. Lill R, Robertson JM, and Wintermeyer W. Affinities of tRNA binding sites of ribosomes from Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 1986, 25: 3245-3255
45. Malygin AA, Graifer DM, Bulygin KN, Zenkova MA, Yamkovoy VI, Stahl J, and Karpova GG. Arrangement of mRNA at the decoding site of human ribosomes. 18S rRNA nucleotides, and ribosomal proteins crosslinked to oligouridylate derivatives with alkylating groups at either the 30 or the 50-termini. Eur J Biochem 1994, 226: 715-723
46. Demeshkina N, Repkova M, Ven Yaminova A, Graifer D, and Karpova G. Nucleotides of 18S rRNA surrounding mRNA codons at the human ribosomal A, P, and E sites, respectively: a cross-linking study with mRNA analogues carrying aryl azide group at either the uracil or the guanine residue. RNA 2000, 6: 1727-1736
47. Graifer D, Molotkov M, Styazhkina V, Demeshkina N, Bulygin K, Eremina A, and Ivanov A, et al. Variable, and conserved elements of human ribosomes surrounding the mRNA at the decoding, and upstream sites. Nucleic Acids Res 2004, 32: 3282-3293
48. Bulygin KN, Repkova MN, Ven Yaminova AG, Graifer DM, Karpova GG, Frolova LYu, and Kisselev LL. Positioning of the mRNA stop signal with respect to polypeptide chain release factors, and ribosomal proteins in 80S ribosomes. FEBS Lett 2002, 514: 96-101
49. Bulygin KN, Demeshkina NA, Frolova LYu, Graifer DM, Ven Yaminova AG, Kisselev LL, and Karpova GG. The ribosomal A site-bound sense, and stop codons are similarly positioned towards the A1823-A1824 dinucleotide of the 18S ribosomal RNA. FEBS Lett 2003, 548: 97-102
50. Bulygin KN, Khairulina Yu S, Kolosov PM, Ven Yaminova AG, Graifer DM, Vorobjev Yu N, and Frolova LYu, et al. Three distinct peptides from the N domain of translation termination factor eRF1 surround stop codon in the ribosome. RNA 2010, 16: 1902-1914
51. Bulygin KN, Khairulina Yu S, Kolosov PM, Ven Yaminova AG, Graifer DM, Vorobjev Yu N, and Frolova LYu, et al. Adenine, and guanine recognition of stop codon is mediated by different N domain conformations of translation termination factor eRF1. Nucleic Acids Res 2011, 39: 7134-7146
52. Graifer DM, Juzumiene DI, Karpova GG, and Wollenzien P. mRNA binding track in the human 80S ribosome for mRNA analogues randomly substituted with 4-thiouridine residues. Biochemistry 1994, 33: 6201-6206
53. Graifer DM, Juzumiene DI, Wollenzien P, and Karpova GG. Cross-linking of mRNA analogues containing 4-thiouridine residues on the 30-or 50-side of the coding triplet to the mRNA binding center of the human ribosome. Biochemistry 1994, 33: 3878-3884
54. Bulygin K, Chavatte L, Frolova L, Karpova G, and Favre A. The first position of a codon placed in the A site of the human 80S ribosome contacts nucleotide C1696 of the 18S rRNA as well as proteins S2, S3, S3a, S30, and S15. Biochemistry 2005, 44: 2153-2162
55. Bulygin K, Baouz-Drahy S, Graifer D, Favre A, and Karpova G. Sites of 18S rRNA contacting mRNA 30, and 50 of the P site codon in human ribosome: A cross-linking study with mRNAs carrying 4-thiouridines at specific positions. Biochim Biophys Acta 2009, 1789: 167-174
56. Molotkov MV, Graifer DM, Popugaeva EA, Bulygin KN, Meschaninova MI, Ven Yaminova AG, and Karpova GG. mRNA 30 of the A site bound codon is located close to protein S3 on the human 80S ribosome. RNA Biol 2006, 3: 122-129
57. Bulygin KN, Graifer DM, Repkova MN, Smolenskaya IA, Veniyaminova AG, and Karpova GG. Nucleotide G-1207 of 18S rRNA is an essential component of the human 80S ribosomal decoding center. RNA 1997, 3: 1480-1485
58. Demeshkina N, Laletina E, Meschaninova M, Ven Yaminova A, Graifer D, and Karpova G. Positioning of mRNA codons with respect to 18S rRNA at the P, and E sites of human ribosome. Biochim Biophys Acta 2003, 1627: 39-46
59. Molotkov M, Graifer D, Demeshkina N, Repkova M, Ven Yaminova A, and Karpova G. Arrangement of mRNA 30 of the A site codon on the human 80S ribosome. RNA Biol 2005, 2: 63-69
60. Demeshkina NA, Laletina ES, Meschaninova MI, Repkova NN, Ven Yaminova AG, Graifer DN, and Karpova GG. The mRNA codon environment at the E, and P sites of human ribosomes deduced from photocrosslinking with rUUUGUU derivatives. Mol Biol (Moscow) 2003, 37: 132-139
61. Brimacombe R. RNA-protein interactions in the Escherichia coli ribosome. Biochimie 1991, 73: 927-936
62. Yusupova G, Jenner L, Rees B, Moras D, and Yusupov M. Structural basis for messenger RNA movement on the ribosome. Nature 2006, 444: 391-394
63. Styazhkina VA, Molotkov MV, Demeshkina NA, Bulygin KN, Graifer DM, Meshchaninova MI, and Repkova MN, et al. Arrangement of the sense, and termination codons of the template in the A site of the human ribosome as inferred from crosslinking with oligonucleotide derivatives. Mol Biol (Moscow) 2003, 37: 866-872
64. Pisarev AV, Kolupaeva VG, Pisareva VP, Merrick WC, Hellen CU, and Pestova TV. Specific functional interaction of nucleotides at key 23, and 4 positions flanking the initiation codon with components of the mammalian 48S translation initiation complex. Genes Dev 2006, 20: 624-636
65. Pisarev AV, Kolupaeva VG, Yusupov MM, Hellen CU, and Pestova TV. Ribosomal position, and contacts of mRNA in eukaryotic translation initiation complexes. EMBO J 2008, 27: 1609-1621
66. Wilson DN, and Nierhaus KH. Ribosomal proteins in the spotlight. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2005, 40: 243-267
67. Rinke-Appel J, Jünke N, Stade K, and Brimacombe R. The path of mRNA through the Escherichia coli ribosome; site-directed cross-linking of mRNA analogues carrying a photo-reactive label at various points 30 to the decoding site. EMBO J 1991, 10: 2195-2202
68. Yusupova GZ, Yusupov MM, Cate JH, and Noller HF. The path of messenger RNA through the ribosome. Cell 2001, 106: 233-241
69. Khairulina Yu S, Molotkov MV, Bulygin KN, Graifer DM, Ven Yaminova AG, Frolova LYu, and Stahl J, et al. Protein S3 fragments neighboring mRNA during elongation, and termination of translation on the human ribosome. Russ J Bioorgan Chem 2008, 34: 691-697
70. Ogle JM, Brodersen DE, Clemons WM, Jr, Tarry MJ, Carter AP, and Ramakrishnan V. Recognition of cognate transfer RNA by the 30S ribosomal subunit. Science 2001, 292: 897-902
71. Khairulina J, Graifer D, Bulygin K, Ven Yaminova A, Frolova L, and Karpova G. Eukaryote-specific motif of ribosomal protein S15 neighbors A site codon during elongation, and termination of translation. Biochimie 2010, 92: 820-825
72. Stahl J, and Kobetz ND. Affinity labelling of rat liver ribosomal protein S26 by heptauridylate containing a 50-terminal alkylating group. Mol Biol Rep 1984, 9: 219-222
73. Stahl J, and Karpova GG. Investigation on the messenger RNA binding site of eukaryotic ribosomes by using reactive oligo(U) derivatives. Biomed Biochim Acta 1985, 44: 1057-1064
74. Siridechadilok B, Fraser CS, Hall RJ, Doudna JA, and Nogales E. Structural roles for human translation factor eIF3 in initiation of protein synthesis. Science 2005, 310: 1513-1515
75. Chavatte L, Frolova LYu, Laugaa P, Kisselev LL, and Favre A. Stop codons, and UGG promote efficient binding of the polypeptide release factor eRF1 to the ribosomal A site. J Mol Biol 2003, 331: 745-758
76. Otto GA, and Puglisi JD. The pathway of HCV IRES-mediated translation initiation. Cell 2004, 119: 369-380
77. Ji H, Fraser CS, Yu Y, Leary J, and Doudna JA. Coordinated assembly of human translation initiation complexes by the hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004, 101: 16990-16995
78. Locker N, Easton LE, and Lukavsky PJ. HCV, and CSFV IRES domain II mediate eIF2 release during 80S ribosome assembly. EMBO J 2007, 26: 795-805
79. Kolupaeva VG, Pestova TV, and Hellen CU. An enzymatic footprinting analysis of the interaction of 40S ribosomal subunits with the internal ribosomal entry site of hepatitis C virus. J Virol 2000, 74: 6242-6250
80. Kieft JS, Zhou K, Jubin R, and Doudna JA. Mechanism of ribosome recruitment by hepatitis C IRES RNA. RNA 2001, 7: 194-206
81. Malygin AA, Graifer DM, Laletina ES, Shatsky IN, and Karpova GG. An approach to identify the functionally important RNA sites by complementary addressed modification. Mol Biol (Moscow) 2003, 37: 873-879
82. Lytle JR, Wu L, and Robertson HD. Domains on the hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site for 40S subunit binding. RNA 2002, 8: 1045-1055
83. Terenin IM, Dmitriev EE, Andreev DE, and Shatsky IN. Eukaryotic translation initiation machinery can operate in a bacterial-like mode without eIF2. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2008, 15: 836-841
84. Fukushi S, Okada M, Stahl J, Kageyama T, Hoshino FB, and Katayama K. Ribosomal protein S5 interacts with the internal ribosomal entry site of hepatitis C virus. J Biol Chem 2001, 276: 20824-20826
85. Otto GA, Lukavsky PJ, Lancaster AM, Sarnow P, and Puglisi JD. Ribosomal proteins mediate the hepatitis C virus IRES-HeLa 40S interaction. RNA 2002, 8: 913-923
86. Landry DM, Hertz MI, and Thompson SR. RPS25 is essential for translation initiation by the Dicistroviridae, and hepatitis C viral IRESs. Genes Dev 2009, 23: 2753-2764
87. Spahn CMT, Kieft JS, Grassucci RA, Penczek PA, Zhou K, Doudna JA, and Frank J. Hepatitis C virus IRES RNA-induced changes in the conformation of the 40S ribosomal subunit. Science 2001, 291: 1959-1962
88. Boehringer D, Thermann R, Ostareck-Lederer A, Lewis JD, and Stark H. Structure of the hepatitis C virus IRES bound to the human 80S ribosome: remodeling of the HCV IRES. Structure 2005, 13: 1695-1706
89. Muhs M, Yamamoto H, Ismer J, Takaku H, Nashimoto M, Uchiumi T, and Nakashima N, et al. Structural basis for the binding of IRES RNAs to the head of the ribosomal 40S subunit. Nucleic Acids Res 2011, 39: 5264-5275
90. Spahn CM, Jan E, Mulder A, Grassucci RA, Sarnow P, and Frank J. Cryo-EM visualization of a viral internal ribosome entry site bound to human ribosomes: the IRES functions as an RNA-based translation factor. Cell 2004, 118: 465-475
91. Garcia-Hernandez M, Davies E, Baskin TI, and Staswick PE. Association of plant p40 protein with ribosomes is enhanced when polyribosomes form during periods of active tissue growth. Plant Physiol 1996, 111: 559-568
92. Malygin AA, Bondarenko EI, Ivanisenko VA, Protopopova EV, Karpova GG, and Loktev VB. C-Terminal fragment of human laminin-binding protein contains a receptor domain for venezuelan equine encephalitis, and tick-borne encephalitis viruses. Biochemistry (Moscow) 2009, 74: 1328-1336
93. Kossinova OA, Malygin AA, Babailova ES, and Karpova GG. Binding of human ribosomal protein p40, and its truncated mutants to the small ribosomal subunit. Mol Biol (Moscow) 2008, 42: 911-916
94. Malygin AA, Bochkaeva ZV, Bondarenko EI, Kossinova OA, Loktev VB, Shatsky IN, and Karpova GG. Binding of the IRES of hepatitis C virus RNA to the 40S ribosomal subunit: role of p40. Mol Biol (Moscow) 2009, 43: 997-1003
95. Malygin AA, Babaylova ES, Loktev VB, and Karpova GG. A region in the C-terminal domain of ribosomal protein SA required for binding of SA to the human 40S ribosomal subunit. Biochimie 2011, 93: 612-617
96. Beringer M, and Rodnina MV. The ribosomal peptidyl transferase. Mol Cell 2007, 26: 311-321
97. Bashan A, Agmon I, Zarivach R, Schluenzen F, Harms J, Berisio R, and Bartels H, et al. Structural basis of the ribosomal machinery for peptide bond formation, translocation, and nascent chain progression. Mol Cell 2003, 11: 91-102
98. Dresios J, Panopoulos P, and Synetos D. Eukaryotic ribosomal proteins lacking a eubacterial counterpart: important players in ribosomal function. Mol Microbiol 2006, 59: 1651-1663
99. Steitz TA, and Moore PB. The first macromolecular catalyst: the ribosome is a ribozyme. Trends Biochem Sci 2003, 28: 411-418