The role of adipokines in connective tissue diseases

European Journal of Nutrition

Volumn 51, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 513-528

  Krysiak, Robert ^a   Handzlik Orlik, Gabriela ^a   Okopien, Boguslaw ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SILESIA   (Poland)

Author keywords

Adiponectin; Adipose tissue; Leptin; Resistin; Rheumatoid arthritis; Systemic lupus erythematosus

Indexed keywords

ADALIMUMAB; ADIPOCYTOKINE; ADIPONECTIN; CHEMERIN; CYTOKINE ANTIBODY; DAPORINAD; ETANERCEPT; INFLIXIMAB; LEPTIN; LIPOSOME; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; MUTANT LEPTIN; MUTANT PROTEIN; NEUTROPHIL GELATINASE ASSOCIATED LIPOCALIN; NICOTINAMIDE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE; OMENTIN; PEPTIDE; PLASMA PROTEIN; RESISTIN; RESISTIN ANTIBODY; SERUM AMYLOID 3; SMALL INTERFERING RNA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA ANTIBODY; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA RECEPTOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASPIN;

ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; BLOOD LEVEL; CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASE; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; MEDLINE; PATHOGENESIS; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SJOEGREN SYNDROME; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS;

ADIPOKINES; ADIPONECTIN; ANIMALS; ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HUMANS; LEPTIN; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC; RESISTIN;

EID: 84864711303     PISSN: 14366207     EISSN: 14366215     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00394-012-0370-0     Document Type: Review

References (136)

1. Greenberg AS, Obin MS (2006) Obesity and the role of adipose tissue in inflammation and metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr 83:461-465
2. Toussirot E, Streit G, Wendling D (2007) The contribution of adipose tissue and adipokines to inflammation in joint diseases. Curr Med Chem 14:1095-1100
3. Walsmith J, Roubenoff R (2002) Cachexia in rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Cardiol 85:89-99
4. Westhoff G, Rau R, Zink A (2007) Radiographic joint damage in early rheumatoid arthritis is highly dependent on body mass index. Arthr Rheum 56:3575-3582
5. Oeser A, Chung CP, Asanuma Y, Avalos I, Stein CM (2005) Obesity is an independent contributor to functional capacity and inflammation in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthr Rheum 52:3651-3659
6. Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM (1994) Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 372:425-432
7. Otero M, Lago R, Lago F, Casanueva FF, Dieguez C, Gómez-Reino JJ et al (2005) Leptin, from fat to inflammation: old questions and new insights. FEBS Lett 579:295-301
8. Yu WH, Kimura M, Walczewska A, Karanth S, McCann SM (1997) Role of leptin in hypothalamic-pituitary function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:1023-1028
9. Bennett BD, Solar GP, Yuan JQ, Mathias J, Thomas GR, Matthews W (1996) A role for leptin and its cognate receptor in hematopoiesis. Curr Biol 6:1170-1180
10. Bouloumié A, Drexler HC, Lafontan M, Busse R (1998) Leptin, the product of Ob gene, promotes angiogenesis. Circ Res 83:1059-1066
11. Lord GM, Matarese G, Howard JK, Baker RJ, Bloom SR, Lechler RI (1998) Leptin modulates the T-cell immune response and reverses starvation-induced immunosuppression. Nature 394:897-901
12. Lago F, Dieguez C, Gómez-Reino J, Gualillo O (2007) The emerging role of adipokines as mediators of inflammation and immune responses. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 18:313-325
13. Loffreda S, Yang SQ, Lin HZ, Karp CL, Brengman ML, Wang DJ et al (1998) Leptin regulates proinflammatory immune responses. FASEB J 12:57-65
14. Otero M, Gomez Reino JJ, Gualillo O (2003) Synergistic induction of nitric oxide synthase type II: in vitro effect of leptin and interferon-gamma in human chondrocytes and ATDC5 chondrogenic cells. Arthr Rheum 48:404-409
15. Krysiak R, Okopień B, Herman ZS (2005) Adipose tissue: a new endocrine organ. Przegl Lek 62:919-923
16. Castracane VD, Kraemer RR, Franken MA, Kraemer GR, Gimpel T (1998) Serum leptin concentration in women: effect of age, obesity, and estrogen administration. Fertil Steril 70:472-477
17. Howard JK, Lord GM, Matarese G, Vendetti S, Ghatei MA, Ritter MA et al (1999) Leptin protects mice from starvationinduced lymphoid atrophy and increases thymic cellularity in ob/ob mice. J Clin Invest 104:1051-1059
18. Faggioni R, Feingold KR, Grunfeld C (2001) Leptin regulation of the immune response and the immunodeficiency of malnutrition. FASEB J 15:2565-2571
19. Garaulet M, Hernández-Morante JJ, de Heredia FP, Tébar FJ (2007) Adiponectin, the controversial hormone. Public Health Nutr 10:1145-1150
20. Waki H, Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Kita S, Ito Y, Hada Y, Uchida S, Tsuchida A, Takekawa S, Kadowaki T (2005) Generation of globular fragment of adiponectin by leukocyte elastase secreted by monocytic cell line THP-1. Endocrinology 146:790-796
21. Fantuzzi G (2005) Adipose tissue, adipokines, and inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 115:911-919
22. Chow WS, Cheung BM, Tso AW, Xu A, Wat NM, Fong CH et al (2007) Hypoadiponectinemia as a predictor for the development of hypertension: a 5-year prospective study. Hypertension 49:1455-1461
23. Okamoto Y, Kihara S, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y, Libby P (2006) Adiponectin: a key adipocytokine in metabolic syndrome. Clin Sci (Lond) 110:267-278
24. Fantuzzi G (2008) Adiponectin and inflammation: consensus and controversy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 121:326-330
25. Ouchi N, Walsh K (2007) Adiponectin as an anti-inflammatory factor. Clin Chim Acta 380:24-30
26. Guerre-Millo M (2008) Adiponectin: an update. Diabetes Metab 34:12-18
27. Steffens S, Mach F (2008) Adiponectin and adaptive immunity: linking the bridge from obesity to atherogenesis. Circ Res 102:140-142
28. Haugen F, Drevon CA (2007) Activation of nuclear factorkappaB by high molecular weight and globular adiponectin. Endocrinology 148:5478-5486
29. Tang CH, Chiu YC, Tan TW, Yang RS, Fu WM (2007) Adiponectin enhances IL-6 production in human synovial fibroblast via an AdipoR1 receptor, AMPK, p38, and NF-kappa B pathway. J Immunol 179:5483-5492
30. Song H, Chan J, Rovin BH (2009) Induction of chemokine expression by adiponectin in vitro is isoform dependent. Transl Res 154:18-26
31. Inoue T, Kotooka N, Morooka T, Komoda H, Uchida T, Aso Y, Inukai T, Okuno T, Node K (2007) High molecular weight adiponectin as a predictor of long-term clinical outcome in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 100:569-574
32. Baessler A, Schlossbauer S, Stark K, Strack C, Riegger G, Schunkert H, Hengstenberg C, Fischer M (2011) Adiponectin multimeric forms but not total adiponectin levels are associated with myocardial infarction in non-diabetic men. J Atheroscler Thromb 18:616-627
33. Steppan CM, Bailey ST, Bhat S, Brown EJ, Banerjee RR, Wright CM et al (2001) The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes. Nature 409:307-312
34. Bokarewa M, Nagaev I, Dahlberg L, Smith U, Tarkowski A (2005) Resistin, an adipokine with potent proinflammatory properties. J Immunol 174:5789-5795
35. Savage DB, Sewter CP, Klenk ES, Segal DG, Vidal-Puig A, Considine RV et al (2001) Resistin/Fizz3 expression in relation to obesity and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorgamma action in humans. Diabetes 50:2199-2202
36. Patel L, Buckels AC, Kinghorn IJ, Murdock PR, Holbrook JD, Plumpton C et al (2003) Resistin is expressed in human macrophages and directly regulated by PPAR gamma activators. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 300:472-476
37. Ghosh S, Singh AK, Aruna B, Mukhopadhyay S, Ehtesham NZ (2003) The genomic organization of mouse resistin reveals major differences from the human resistin: functional implications. Gene 305:27-34
38. Steppan CM, Lazar MA (2004) The current biology of resistin. J Intern Med 255:439-447
39. Norata GD, Ongari M, Garlaschelli K, Raselli S, Grigore L, Catapano AL (2007) Plasma resistin levels correlate with determinants of the metabolic syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 156:279-284
40. Degawa-Yamauchi M, Bovenkerk JE, Juliar BE, Watson W, Kerr K, Jones R et al (2003) Serum resistin (FIZZ3) protein is increased in obese humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:5452-5455
41. Farvid MS, Ng TW, Chan DC, Barrett PH, Watts GF (2005) Association of adiponectin and resistin with adipose tissue compartments, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia. Diabetes Obes Metab 7:406-413
42. Utzschneider KM, Carr DB, Tong J, Wallace TM, Hull RL, Zraika S et al (2005) Resistin is not associated with insulin sensitivity or the metabolic syndrome in humans. Diabetologia 48:2330-2333
43. Yaturu S, Reddy RD, Rains J, Jain SK (2007) Plasma and urine levels of resistin and adiponectin in chronic kidney disease. Cytokine 37:1-5
44. Karmiris K, Koutroubakis IE, Xidakis C, Polychronaki M, Voudouri T, Kouroumalis EA (2006) Circulating levels of leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and ghrelin in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 12:100-105
45. Takeishi Y, Niizeki T, Arimoto T, Nozaki N, Hirono O, Nitobe J et al (2007) Serum resistin is associated with high risk in patients with congestive heart failure-a novel link between metabolic signals and heart failure. Circ J 71:460-464
46. Nagaev I, Bokarewa M, Tarkowski A, Smith U (2006) Human resistin is a systemic immune-derived proinflammatory cytokine targeting both leukocytes and adipocytes. PLoS ONE 1:E31
47. Kaser S, Kaser A, Sandhofer A, Ebenbichler CF, Tilg H, Patsch JR (2003) Resistin messenger-RNA expression is increased by proinflammatory cytokines in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 309:286-290
48. Senolt L, Polanska M, Filkova M, Oslejskova L, Pavelka K, Gay S et al (2010) Vaspin and omentin: new adipokines differentially regulated at the site of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 69:1410-1411
49. Gualillo O, González-Juanatey JR, Lago F (2007) The emerging role of adipokines as mediators of cardiovascular function: physiologic and clinical perspectives. Trends Cardiovasc Med 17:275-283
50. Bozaoglu K, Bolton K, McMillan J, Zimmet P, Jowett J, Collier G et al (2007) Chemerin is a novel adipokine associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Endocrinology 148:4687-4694
51. Kralisch S, Weise S, Sommer G, Lipfert J, Lossner U, Bluher M et al (2009) Interleukin-1beta induces the novel adipokine chemerin in adipocytes in vitro. Regul Pept 154:102-106
52. Gómez R, Conde J, Scotece M, Gómez-Reino JJ, Lago F, Gualillo O (2011) What's new in our understanding of the role of adipokines in rheumatic diseases? Nat Rev Rheumatol 7:528-536
53. Conde J, Gomez R, Bianco G, Scotece M, Lear P, Dieguez C et al (2011) Expanding the adipokine network in cartilage: identification and regulation of novel factors in human and murine chondrocytes. Ann Rheum Dis 70:551-559
54. Sommer G, Weise S, Kralisch S, Scherer PE, Lössner U, Blüher M et al (2008) The adipokine SAA3 is induced by interleukin-1beta in mouse adipocytes. J Cell Biochem 104:2241-2247
55. Brennan FM, McInnes IB (2008) Evidence that cytokines play a role in rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest 118:3537-3545
56. Kaplan MJ (2006) Cardiovascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 18:289-297
57. Schulze-Koops H, Kalden JR (2001) The balance of Th1/Th2 cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 15:677-691
58. Busso N, So A, Chobaz-Péclat V, Morard C, Martinez-Soria E, Talabot-Ayer D et al (2002) Leptin signaling deficiency impairs humoral and cellular immune responses and attenuates experimental arthritis. J Immunol 168:875-882
59. Otero M, Lago R, Lago F, Reino JJ, Gualillo O (2005) Signalling pathway involved in nitric oxide synthase type II activation in chondrocytes: synergistic effect of leptin with interleukin-1. Arthr Res Ther 7:R581-R591
60. Gualillo O (2007) Further evidence for leptin involvement in cartilage homeostases. Osteoarthr Cartil 15:857-860
61. Hultgren OH, Tarkowski A (2001) Leptin in septic arthritis: decreased levels during infection and amelioration of disease activity upon its administration. Arthr Res 3:389-394
62. Palmer G, Gabay C (2003) A role for leptin in rheumatic diseases? Ann Rheum Dis 62:913-915
63. Seven A, Güzel S, Aslan M, Hamuryudan V (2009) Serum and synovial fluid leptin levels and markers of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 29:743-747
64. Otero M, Lago R, Gomez R, Lago F, Dieguez C, Gómez-Reino JJ et al (2006) Changes in plasma levels of fat-derived hormones adiponectin, leptin, resistin and visfatin in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 65:1198-1201
65. Targońska-Stepniak B, Majdan M, Dryglewska M (2008) Leptin serum levels in rheumatoid arthritis patients: relation to disease duration and activity. Rheumatol Int 28:585-591
66. Bokarewa M, Bokarew D, Hultgren O, Tarkowski A (2003) Leptin consumption in the inflamed joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 62:952-956
67. Anders HJ, Rihl M, Heufelder A, Loch O, Schattenkirchner M (1999) Leptin serum levels are not correlated with disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Metabolism 48:745-748
68. Fraser DA, Thoen J, Bondhus S, Haugen M, Reseland JE, Djøseland O et al (2000) Reduction in serum leptin and IGF-1 but preserved T-lymphocyte numbers and activation after a ketogenic diet in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol 18:209-214
69. Ahima RS (2000) Leptin and the neuroendocrinology of fasting. Front Horm Res 26:42-56
70. Popa C, Netea MG, Radstake TR, van Riel PL, Barrera P, van der Meer JW (2005) Markers of inflammation are negatively correlated with serum leptin in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 64:1195-1198
71. Schäffler A, Ehling A, Neumann E, Herfarth H, Tarner I, Schölmerich J et al (2003) Adipocytokines in synovial fluid. JAMA 290:1709-1710
72. Berner HS, Lyngstadaas SP, Spahr A, Monjo M, Thommesen L, Drevon CA et al (2004) Adiponectin and its receptors are expressed in bone-forming cells. Bone 35:842-849
73. Senolt L, Pavelka K, Housa D, Haluzík M (2006) Increased adiponectin is negatively linked to the local inflammatory process in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Cytokine 35:247-252
74. Ehling A, Schäffler A, Herfarth H, Tarner IH, Anders S, Distler O et al (2006) The potential of adiponectin in driving arthritis. J Immunol 176:4468-4478
75. Westra J, Limburg PC, de Boer P, van Rijswijk MH (2004) Effects of RWJ 67657, a p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor, on the production of inflammatory mediators by rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts. Ann Rheum Dis 63:1453-1459
76. Kitahara K, Kusunoki N, Kakiuchi T, Suguro T, Kawai S (2009) Adiponectin stimulates IL-8 production by rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 378:218-223
77. Gómez R, Scotece M, Conde J, Gómez-Reino JJ, Lago F, Gualillo O (2011) Adiponectin and leptin increase IL-8 production in human chondrocytes. Ann Rheum Dis 70:2052-2054
78. Lago R, Gomez R, Otero M, Lago F, Gallego R, Dieguez C et al (2008) A new player in cartilage homeostasis: adiponectin induces nitric oxide synthase type II and pro-inflammatory cytokines in chondrocytes. Osteoarthr Cartil 16:1101-1109
79. Tan W, Wang F, Zhang M, Guo D, Zhang Q, He S (2009) High adiponectin and adiponectin receptor 1 expression in synovial fluids and synovial tissues of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthr Rheum 38:420-427
80. Kobashi C, Urakaze M, Kishida M, Kibayashi E, Kobayashi H, Kihara S et al (2005) Adiponectin inhibits endothelial synthesis of interleukin-8. Circ Res 97:1245-1252
81. Kusunoki N, Kitahara K, Kojima F, Tanaka N, Kaneko K, Endo H et al (2010) Adiponectin stimulates prostaglandin E (2) production in rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts. Arthr Rheum 62:1641-1649
82. Rovin BH, Song H (2006) Chemokine induction by the adipocyte-derived cytokine adiponectin. Clin Immunol 120:99-105
83. Tsatsanis C, Zacharioudaki V, Androulidaki A, Dermitzaki E, Charalampopoulos I, Minas V et al (2006) Peripheral factors in the metabolic syndrome: the pivotal role of adiponectin. Ann NY Acad Sci 1083:185-195
84. Behre CJ (2008) Adiponectin: a defense protein in catabolism. J Allergy Clin Immunol 122:1236
85. Ebina K, Fukuhara A, Ando W, Hirao M, Koga T, Oshima K et al (2009) Serum adiponectin concentrations correlate with severity of rheumatoid arthritis evaluated by extent of joint destruction. Clin Rheumatol 28:445-451
86. Venkatesh B, Hickman I, Nisbet J, Cohen J, Prins J (2009) Changes in serum adiponectin concentrations in critical illness: a preliminary investigation. Crit Care 13:R105
87. Giles JT, van der Heijde DM, Bathon JM (2011) Association of circulating adiponectin levels with progression of radiographic joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 70:1562-1568
88. Giles JT, Allison M, Bingham CO III, Scott WM Jr, Bathon JM (2009) Adiponectin is a mediator of the inverse association of adiposity with radiographic damage in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthr Rheum 61:1248-1256
89. Klein-Wieringa IR, van der Linden MP, Knevel R, Kwekkeboom JC, van Beelen E, Huizinga TW et al (2011) Baseline serum adipokine levels predict radiographic progression in early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthr Rheum 63:2567-2574
90. Luo XH, Guo LJ, Xie H, Yuan LQ, Wu XP, Zhou HD et al (2006) Adiponectin stimulates RANKL and inhibits OPG expression in human osteoblasts through the MAPK signaling pathway. J Bone Miner Res 21:1648-1656
91. Lee SW, Kim JH, Park MC, Park YB, Lee SK (2008) Adiponectin mitigates the severity of arthritis in mice with collageninduced arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 37:260-268
92. Chedid P, Hurtado-Nedelec M, Marion-Gaber B, Bournier O, Hayem G, Gougerot-Pocidalo MA et al (2012) Adiponectin and its globular fragment differentially modulate the oxidative burst of primary human phagocytes. Am J Pathol 180:682-692
93. Migita K, Maeda Y, Miyashita T, Kimura H, Nakamura M, Ishibashi H et al (2006) The serum levels of resistin in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol 24:698-701
94. Forsblad d'Elia H, Pullerits R, Carlsten H, Bokarewa M (2008) Resistin in serum is associated with higher levels of IL-1Ra in post-menopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 47:1082-1087
95. Brugos B, Kiss E, Dul C, Gubisch W, Szegedi G, Sipka S, Zeher M (2010) Measurement of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus could predict renal manifestation of the disease. Hum Immunol 71:874-877
96. Straburzyńska-Lupa A, Nowak A, Pilaczyńska- Szcześniak L, Straburzyńska-Migaj E, Romanowski W, Karolkiewicz J et al (2010) Visfatin, resistin, hsCRP and insulin resistance in relation to abdominal obesity in women with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 28:19-24
97. Moschen AR, Kaser A, Enrich B, Mosheimer B, Theurl M, Niederegger H et al (2007) Visfatin, an adipocytokine with proinflammatory and immunomodulating properties. J Immunol 178:1748-1758
98. Ozgen M, Koca SS, Dagli N, Balin M, Ustundag B, Isik A (2010) Serum adiponectin and vaspin levels in rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Med Res 41:457-463
99. Eisinger K, Bauer S, Schäffler A, Walter R, Neumann E, Buechler C, Müller-Ladner U, Frommer KW (2012) Chemerin induces CCL2 and TLR4 in synovial fibroblasts of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Exp Mol Pathol 92:90-96
100. Gupta K, Shukla M, Cowland JB, Malemud CJ, Haqqi TM (2007) Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin is expressed in osteoarthritis and forms a complex with matrix metalloproteinase 9. Arthr Rheum 56:3326-3335
101. Vallon R, Freuler F, Desta-Tsedu N, Robeva A, Dawson J, Wenner P et al (2001) Serum amyloid A (apoSAA) expression is up-regulated in rheumatoid arthritis and induces transcription of matrix metalloproteinases. J Immunol 166:2801-2807
102. Gill JM, Quisel AM, Rocca PV, Walters DT (2003) Diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Am Fam Physician 68:2179-2186
103. Mok CC, Lau CS (2003) Pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Pathol 56:481-490
104. Chung CP, Avalos I, Oeser A, Gebretsadik T, Shintani A, Raggi P et al (2007) High prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: association with disease characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors. Ann Rheum Dis 66:208-214
105. Caprio M, Fabbrini E, Isidori AM, Aversa A, Fabbri A (2001) Leptin in reproduction. Trends Endocrinol Metab 12:65-72
106. Garcia-Gonzalez A, Gonzalez-Lopez L, Valera-Gonzalez IC, Cardona-Muñoz EG, Salazar-Paramo M, González-Ortiz M et al (2002) Serum leptin levels in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol Int 22:138-141
107. Ryan MJ, McLemore GR Jr, Hendrix ST (2006) Insulin resistance and obesity in a mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus. Hypertension 48:988-993
108. Sada KE, Yamasaki Y, Maruyama M, Sugiyama H, Yamamura M, Maeshima Y et al (2006) Altered levels of adipocytokines in association with insulin resistance in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 33:1545-1552
109. Chung CP, Long AG, Solus JF, Rho YH, Oeser A, Raggi P et al (2009) Adipocytokines in systemic lupus erythematosus: relationship to inflammation, insulin resistance and coronary atherosclerosis. Lupus 18:799-806
110. Rovin BH, Song H, Hebert LA, Nadasdy T, Nadasdy G, Birmingham DJ et al (2005) Plasma, urine, and renal expression of adiponectin in human systemic lupus erythematosus. Kidney Int 68:1825-1833
111. Wislowska M, Rok M, Stepień K, Kuklo-Kowalska A (2008) Serum leptin in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol Int 28:467-473
112. Härle P, Pongratz G, Weidler C, Büttner R, Schölmerich J, Straub RH (2004) Possible role of leptin in hypoandrogenicity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 63:809-816
113. Tso TK, Huang HY, Chang CK, Liao YJ, Huang WN (2004) Clinical evaluation of insulin resistance and beta-cell function by the homeostasis model assessment in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol 23:416-420
114. Almehed K, d'Elia HF, Bokarewa M, Carlsten H (2008) Role of resistin as a marker of inflammation in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthr Res Ther 10:R15
115. Vadacca M, Margiotta D, Rigon A, Cacciapaglia F, Coppolino G, Amoroso A et al (2009) Adipokines and systemic lupus erythematosus: relationship with metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease risk factors. J Rheumatol 36:295-297
116. De Sanctis JB, Zabaleta M, Bianco NE, Garmendia JV, Rivas L (2009) Serum adipokine levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmunity 42:272-274
117. Daniels TE (1996) Sjogren's syndrome: clinical spectrum and current diagnostic controversies. Adv Dent Res 10:3-8
118. Toussirot E, Gaugler B, Bouhaddi M, Nguyen NU, Saas P, Dumoulin G (2010) Elevated adiponectin serum levels in women with systemic autoimmune diseases. Mediat Inflamm 2010:938408
119. Katsiougiannis S, Kapsogeorgou EK, Manoussakis MN, Skopouli FN (2006) Salivary gland epithelial cells: a new source of the immunoregulatory hormone adiponectin. Arthr Rheum 54:2295-2299
120. Boström EA, d'Elia HF, Dahlgren U, Simark-Mattsson C, Hasséus B, Carlsten H et al (2008) Salivary resistin reflects local inflammation in Sjögren's syndrome. J Rheumatol 35:2005-2011
121. Katsiougiannis S, Tenta R, Skopouli FN (2010) Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase by adiponectin rescues salivary gland epithelial cells from spontaneous and interferon-gammainduced apoptosis. Arthr Rheum 62:414-419
122. Sari I, Demir T, Kozaci LD, Akar S, Kavak T, Birlik M et al (2007) Body composition, insulin, and leptin levels in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Rheumatol 26:1427-1432
123. Toussirot E, Streit G, Nguyen NU, Dumoulin G, Le Huédé G, Saas P, Wendling D (2007) Adipose tissue, serum adipokines, and ghrelin in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Metabolism 56:1383-1389
124. Park MC, Lee SW, Choi ST, Park YB, Lee SK (2007) Serum leptin levels correlate with interleukin-6 levels and disease activity in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Scand J Rheumatol 36:101-106
125. Kotulska A, Kucharz EJ, Brzezińska-Wcislo L, Wadas U (2001) A decreased serum leptin level in patients with systemic sclerosis. Clin Rheumatol 20:300-302
126. Arakawa H, Jinnin M, Muchemwa FC, Makino T, Kajihara I, Makino K, Honda N, Sakai K, Fukushima S, Ihn H (2011) Adiponectinexpression is decreased in the involvedskin and sera of diffuse cutaneous scleroderma patients. Exp Dermatol 20:764-766
127. Popa C, Netea MG, de Graaf J, van den Hoogen FH, Radstake TR, Toenhake-Dijkstra H et al (2009) Circulating leptin and adiponectin concentrations during tumor necrosis factor blockade in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 36:724-730
128. Derdemezis CS, Filippatos TD, Voulgari PV, Tselepis AD, Drosos AA, Kiortsis DN (2009) Effects of a 6-month infliximab treatment on plasma levels of leptin and adiponectin in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 23:595-600
129. Härle P, Sarzi-Puttini P, Cutolo M, Straub RH (2006) No change of serum levels of leptin and adiponectin during anti-tumour necrosis factor antibody treatment with adalimumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 65:970-971
130. Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Unzueta MT, Berja A, Gonzalez-Juanatey C, Miranda-Filloy JA, Vazquez-Rodriguez TR et al (2009) Anti-TNF-alpha therapy does not modulate leptin in patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 27:222-228
131. Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Unzueta MT, Gonzalez-Juanatey C, Miranda-Filloy JA, Vazquez-Rodriguez TR, De Matias JM et al (2008) Anti-TNF-alpha therapy modulates resistin in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 26:311-316
132. Nagashima T, Okubo-Fornbacher H, Aoki Y, Kamata Y, Kimura H, Kamimura T et al (2008) Increase in plasma levels of adiponectin after administration of anti-tumor necrosis factor agents in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 35:936-938
133. Zhang C, Xu X, Potter BJ, Wang W, Kuo L, Michael L et al (2006) TNF-α contributes to endothelial dysfunction in ischemia/reperfusion injury. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 26:475-480
134. Iliopoulos D, Malizos KN, Tsezou A (2007) Epigenetic regulation of leptin affects MMP-13 expression in osteoarthritic chondrocytes: possible molecular target for osteoarthritis therapeutic intervention. Ann Rheum Dis 66:1616-1621
135. Busso N, Karababa M, Nobile M, Rolaz A, Van Gool F, Galli M et al (2008) Pharmacological inhibition of nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase/visfatin enzymatic activity identifies a new inflammatory pathway linked to NAD. PLoS ONE 3:e2267
136. Senolt L, Housa D, Vernerová Z, Jirásek T, Svobodová R, Veigl D, Anderlová K, Müller-Ladner U, Pavelka K, Haluzík M (2007) Resistin in rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue, synovial fluid and serum. Ann Rheum Dis 66:458-463