The origin of cancer stem cells

Frontiers in Bioscience - Scholar

Volumn 4 S, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 819-830

  Bu, Yiwen ^a   Cao, Deliang ^a  

^a SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Adult stem cell; And microenvironment; Cancer stem cell origin; Cancer stem cells; Cell fusion; Embryonic stem cells; Genomic instability; Horizontal gene transfer; Review

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CANCER STEM CELL; CANCER THERAPY; CELL FUSION; GENE MUTATION; GENOMIC INSTABILITY; HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER; HUMAN; MICROENVIRONMENT; NONHUMAN; SELF CONCEPT; STEM CELL; ANIMAL; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; DISEASE COURSE; NEOPLASM; PATHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL FUSION; DISEASE PROGRESSION; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; NEOPLASTIC STEM CELLS; STEM CELLS;

EID: 84864328500     PISSN: 19450516     EISSN: 19450524     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. B. B. Tysnes and R. Bjerkvig: Cancer initiation and progression: involvement of stem cells and the microenvironment. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1775(2), 283-97 (2007) (Pubitemid 46901154)
2. P. C. Nowell: The clonal evolution of tumor cell populations. Science, 194(4260), 23-8 (1976)
3. E. R. Fearon and B. Vogelstein: A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell, 61(5), 759-67 (1990)
4. C. M. Croce: Oncogenes and cancer. N Engl J Med, 358(5), 502-11 (2008) (Pubitemid 351185806)
5. D. Duelli and Y. Lazebnik: Cell fusion: a hidden enemy? Cancer Cell, 3(5), 445-8 (2003) (Pubitemid 38340291)
6. J. M. Pawelek: Tumour cell hybridization and metastasis revisited. Melanoma Res, 10(6), 507-14 (2000) (Pubitemid 32011972)
7. A. Z. Rizvi, J. R. Swain, P. S. Davies, A. S. Bailey, A. D. Decker, H. Willenbring, M. Grompe, W. H. Fleming and M. H. Wong: Bone marrow-derived cells fuse with normal and transformed intestinal stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 103(16), 6321-5 (2006)
8. E. H. Chen and E. N. Olson: Unveiling the mechanisms of cell-cell fusion. Science, 308(5720), 369-73 (2005) (Pubitemid 40530066)
9. M. Damelin, Y. E. Sun, V. B. Sodja and T. H. Bestor: Decatenation checkpoint deficiency in stem and progenitor cells. Cancer Cell, 8(6), 479-84 (2005) (Pubitemid 41773451)
10. J. G. Sinkovics: Horizontal gene transfers and cell fusions in microbiology, immunology and oncology (Review). Int J Oncol, 35(3), 441-65 (2009)
11. A. J. Becker, C. E. Mc and J. E. Till: Cytological demonstration of the clonal nature of spleen colonies derived from transplanted mouse marrow cells. Nature, 197, 452-4 (1963)
12. L. Siminovitch, E. A. McCulloch and J. E. Till: The Distribution of Colony-Forming Cells among Spleen Colonies. J Cell Physiol, 62, 327-36 (1963)
13. N. A. Lobo, Y. Shimono, D. Qian and M. F. Clarke: The biology of cancer stem cells. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol, 23, 675-99 (2007)
14. J. A. Knoblich: Mechanisms of asymmetric stem cell division. Cell, 132(4), 583-97 (2008) (Pubitemid 351253698)
15. J. Burkert, N. A. Wright and M. R. Alison: Stem cells and cancer: an intimate relationship. J Pathol, 209(3), 287-97 (2006) (Pubitemid 43997737)
16. C. E. Muller-Sieburg, R. H. Cho, M. Thoman, B. Adkins and H. B. Sieburg: Deterministic regulation of hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Blood, 100(4), 1302-9 (2002) (Pubitemid 34864285)
17. P. A. Beachy, S. S. Karhadkar and D. M. Berman: Tissue repair and stem cell renewal in carcinogenesis. Nature, 432(7015), 324-31 (2004) (Pubitemid 39551660)
18. Y. Jiang, B. N. Jahagirdar, R. L. Reinhardt, R. E. Schwartz, C. D. Keene, X. R. Ortiz-Gonzalez, M. Reyes, T. Lenvik, T. Lund, M. Blackstad, J. Du, S. Aldrich, A. Lisberg, W. C. Low, D. A. Largaespada and C. M. Verfaillie: Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow. Nature, 418(6893), 41-9 (2002) (Pubitemid 34742565)
19. B. E. Petersen, W. C. Bowen, K. D. Patrene, W. M. Mars, A. K. Sullivan, N. Murase, S. S. Boggs, J. S. Greenberger and J. P. Goff: Bone marrow as a potential source of hepatic oval cells. Science, 284(5417), 1168-70 (1999) (Pubitemid 29288406)
20. G. Ferrari, G. Cusella-De Angelis, M. Coletta, E. Paolucci, A. Stornaiuolo, G. Cossu and F. Mavilio: Muscle regeneration by bone marrow-derived myogenic progenitors. Science, 279(5356), 1528-30 (1998) (Pubitemid 28217075)
21. D. Orlic, J. Kajstura, S. Chimenti, I. Jakoniuk, S. M. Anderson, B. Li, J. Pickel, R. McKay, B. Nadal-Ginard, D. M. Bodine, A. Leri and P. Anversa: Bone marrow cells regenerate infarcted myocardium. Nature, 410(6829), 701-5 (2001) (Pubitemid 32290358)
22. E. Mezey, K. J. Chandross, G. Harta, R. A. Maki and S. R. McKercher: Turning blood into brain: cells bearing neuronal antigens generated in vivo from bone marrow. Science, 290(5497), 1779-82 (2000) (Pubitemid 32004811)
23. T. Schroeder: Hematopoietic stem cell heterogeneity: subtypes, not unpredictable behavior. Cell Stem Cell, 6(3), 203-7
24. C. A. Gregory, D. J. Prockop and J. L. Spees: Nonhematopoietic bone marrow stem cells: molecular control of expansion and differentiation. Exp Cell Res, 306(2), 330-5 (2005) (Pubitemid 40732757)
25. M. R. Alison, R. Poulsom, S. Forbes and N. A. Wright: An introduction to stem cells. J Pathol, 197(4), 419-23 (2002)
26. M. Amit and J. Itskovitz-Eldor: Derivation and spontaneous differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. J Anat, 200(Pt 3), 225-32 (2002) (Pubitemid 34467314)
27. A. Trounson: Derivation characteristics and perspectives for mammalian pluripotential stem cells. Reprod Fertil Dev, 17(1-2), 135-41 (2005) (Pubitemid 40103671)
28. K. S. O'Shea: Directed differentiation of embryonic stem cells: genetic and epigenetic methods. Wound Repair Regen, 9(6), 443-59 (2001) (Pubitemid 34266725)
29. Y. Yang, D. Liu and X. Pei: Progress in studies on the induction and differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Sci China C Life Sci, 48(5), 419-23 (2005) (Pubitemid 44804704)
30. Q. L. Ying, J. Nichols, I. Chambers and A. Smith: BMP induction of Id proteins suppresses differentiation and sustains embryonic stem cell self-renewal in collaboration with STAT3. Cell, 115(3), 281-92 (2003) (Pubitemid 37487702)
31. D. L. Clarke, C. B. Johansson, J. Wilbertz, B. Veress, E. Nilsson, H. Karlstrom, U. Lendahl and J. Frisen: Generalized potential of adult neural stem cells. Science, 288(5471), 1660-3 (2000) (Pubitemid 30387435)
32. D. S. Krause, N. D. Theise, M. I. Collector, O. Henegariu, S. Hwang, R. Gardner, S. Neutzel and S. J. Sharkis: Multi-organ, multi-lineage engraftment by a single bone marrow-derived stem cell. Cell, 105(3), 369-77 (2001) (Pubitemid 32455343)
33. S. K. Singh, I. D. Clarke, M. Terasaki, V. E. Bonn, C. Hawkins, J. Squire and P. B. Dirks: Identification of a cancer stem cell in human brain tumors. Cancer Res, 63(18), 5821-8 (2003) (Pubitemid 37187480)
34. C. A. O'Brien, A. Pollett, S. Gallinger and J. E. Dick: A human colon cancer cell capable of initiating tumour growth in immunodeficient mice. Nature, 445(7123), 106-10 (2007) (Pubitemid 46067310)
35. P. B. Gupta, C. L. Chaffer and R. A. Weinberg: Cancer stem cells: mirage or reality? Nat Med, 15(9), 1010-2 (2009)
36. C. H. Park, D. E. Bergsagel and E. A. McCulloch: Mouse myeloma tumor stem cells: a primary cell culture assay. J Natl Cancer Inst, 46(2), 411-22 (1971)
37. I. J. Fidler and I. R. Hart: Biological diversity in metastatic neoplasms: origins and implications. Science, 217(4564), 998-1003 (1982) (Pubitemid 12059094)
38. G. H. Heppner: Tumor heterogeneity. Cancer Res, 44(6), 2259-65 (1984) (Pubitemid 14110633)
39. W. R. Bruce and H. Van der Gaag: A Quantitative Assay for the Number of Murine Lymphoma Cells Capable of Proliferation in Vivo. Nature, 199, 79-80 (1963)
40. A. Hamburger and S. E. Salmon: Primary bioassay of human myeloma stem cells. J Clin Invest, 60(4), 846-54 (1977) (Pubitemid 8208477)
41. D. Bonnet and J. E. Dick: Human acute myeloid leukemia is organized as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive hematopoietic cell. Nat Med, 3(7), 730-7 (1997) (Pubitemid 27298715)
42. J. E. Visvader and G. J. Lindeman: Cancer stem cells in solid tumours: accumulating evidence and unresolved questions. Nat Rev Cancer, 8(10), 755-68 (2008)
43. D. Ponti, A. Costa, N. Zaffaroni, G. Pratesi, G. Petrangolini, D. Coradini, S. Pilotti, M. A. Pierotti and M. G. Daidone: Isolation and in vitro propagation of tumorigenic breast cancer cells with stem/progenitor cell properties. Cancer Res, 65(13), 5506-11 (2005) (Pubitemid 40911148)
44. J. Dou, M. Pan, P. Wen, Y. Li, Q. Tang, L. Chu, F. Zhao, C. Jiang, W. Hu, K. Hu and N. Gu: Isolation and identification of cancer stem-like cells from murine melanoma cell lines. Cell Mol Immunol, 4(6), 467-72 (2007)
45. S. C. Yu, Y. F. Ping, L. Yi, Z. H. Zhou, J. H. Chen, X. H. Yao, L. Gao, J. M. Wang and X. W. Bian: Isolation and characterization of cancer stem cells from a human glioblastoma cell line U87. Cancer Lett, 265(1), 124-34 (2008)
46. D. Huang, Q. Gao, L. Guo, C. Zhang, W. Jiang, H. Li, J. Wang, X. Han, Y. Shi and S. H. Lu: Isolation and identification of cancer stem-like cells in esophageal carcinoma cell lines. Stem Cells Dev, 18(3), 465-73 (2009)
47. C. T. Jordan, D. Upchurch, S. J. Szilvassy, M. L. Guzman, D. S. Howard, A. L. Pettigrew, T. Meyerrose, R. Rossi, B. Grimes, D. A. Rizzieri, S. M. Luger and G. L. Phillips: The interleukin-3 receptor alpha chain is a unique marker for human acute myelogenous leukemia stem cells. Leukemia, 14(10), 1777-84 (2000)
48. M. Al-Hajj, M. S. Wicha, A. Benito-Hernandez, S. J. Morrison and M. F. Clarke: Prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100(7), 3983-8 (2003) (Pubitemid 36418143)
49. A. T. Collins, P. A. Berry, C. Hyde, M. J. Stower and N. J. Maitland: Prospective identification of tumorigenic prostate cancer stem cells. Cancer Res, 65(23), 10946-51 (2005) (Pubitemid 41713363)
50. M. E. Prince, R. Sivanandan, A. Kaczorowski, G. T. Wolf, M. J. Kaplan, P. Dalerba, I. L. Weissman, M. F. Clarke and L. E. Ailles: Identification of a subpopulation of cells with cancer stem cell properties in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 104(3), 973-8 (2007) (Pubitemid 46154721)
51. A. J. Wagers and I. L. Weissman: Plasticity of adult stem cells. Cell, 116(5), 639-48 (2004) (Pubitemid 38326723)
52. F. D. Camargo, S. M. Chambers and M. A. Goodell: Stem cell plasticity: from transdifferentiation to macrophage fusion. Cell Prolif, 37(1), 55-65 (2004) (Pubitemid 38250585)
53. K. O'Malley and E. W. Scott: Stem cell fusion confusion. Exp Hematol, 32(2), 131-4 (2004) (Pubitemid 38177637)
54. J. Pomerantz and H. M. Blau: Nuclear reprogramming: a key to stem cell function in regenerative medicine. Nat Cell Biol, 6(9), 810-6 (2004) (Pubitemid 39207245)
55. J. M. Weimann, C. B. Johansson, A. Trejo and H. M. Blau: Stable reprogrammed heterokaryons form spontaneously in Purkinje neurons after bone marrow transplant. Nat Cell Biol, 5(11), 959-66 (2003) (Pubitemid 37406908)
56. H. M. Blau and B. T. Blakely: Plasticity of cell fate: insights from heterokaryons. Semin Cell Dev Biol, 10(3), 267-72 (1999) (Pubitemid 129502419)
57. M. Alvarez-Dolado, R. Pardal, J. M. Garcia-Verdugo, J. R. Fike, H. O. Lee, K. Pfeffer, C. Lois, S. J. Morrison and A. Alvarez-Buylla: Fusion of bone-marrow-derived cells with Purkinje neurons, cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes. Nature, 425(6961), 968-73 (2003) (Pubitemid 37376928)
58. G. Vassilopoulos, P. R. Wang and D. W. Russell: Transplanted bone marrow regenerates liver by cell fusion. Nature, 422(6934), 901-4 (2003) (Pubitemid 36520043)
59. L. B. Mekler: [Hybridization of transformed cells with lymphocytes as 1 of the probable causes of the progression leading to the development of metastatic malignant cells]. Vestn Akad Med Nauk SSSR, 26(8), 80-9 (1971)
60. T. F. Warner: Cell hybridizaiton: an explanation for the phenotypic diversity of certain tumours. Med Hypotheses, 1(1), 51-7 (1975)
61. L. Larizza, V. Schirrmacher and E. Pfluger: Acquisition of high metastatic capacity after in vitro fusion of a nonmetastatic tumor line with a bone marrow-derived macrophage. J Exp Med, 160(5), 1579-84 (1984) (Pubitemid 15220784)
62. M. Rachkovsky, S. Sodi, A. Chakraborty, Y. Avissar, J. Bolognia, J. M. McNiff, J. Platt, D. Bermudes and J. Pawelek: Melanoma x macrophage hybrids with enhanced metastatic potential. Clin Exp Metastasis, 16(4), 299-312 (1998) (Pubitemid 28255525)
63. B. M. Ogle, M. Cascalho and J. L. Platt: Biological implications of cell fusion. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 6(7), 567-75 (2005) (Pubitemid 40943047)
64. H. Harris and J. F. Watkins: Hybrid Cells Derived from Mouse and Man: Artificial Heterokaryons of Mammalian Cells from Different Species. Nature, 205, 640-6 (1965)
65. S. Aractingi, J. Kanitakis, S. Euvrard, C. Le Danff, I. Peguillet, K. Khosrotehrani, O. Lantz and E. D. Carosella: Skin carcinoma arising from donor cells in a kidney transplant recipient. Cancer Res, 65(5), 1755-60 (2005) (Pubitemid 40478601)
66. S. Sen: Aneuploidy and cancer. Curr Opin Oncol, 12(1), 82-8 (2000) (Pubitemid 32046843)
67. X. He, T. C. Tsang, B. L. Pipes, R. J. Ablin and D. T. Harris: A stem cell fusion model of carcinogenesis. J Exp Ther Oncol, 5(2), 101-9 (2005) (Pubitemid 41739370)
68. A. Vignery: Osteoclasts and giant cells: macrophagemacrophage fusion mechanism. Int J Exp Pathol, 81(5), 291-304 (2000) (Pubitemid 32061649)
69. G. Shemer and B. Podbilewicz: The story of cell fusion: big lessons from little worms. Bioessays, 25(7), 672-82 (2003) (Pubitemid 36850795)
70. N. M. van der Lugt, M. Alkema, A. Berns and J. Deschamps: The Polycomb-group homolog Bmi-1 is a regulator of murine Hox gene expression. Mech Dev, 58(1-2), 153-64 (1996) (Pubitemid 26302233)
71. S. Bel-Vialar, N. Core, R. Terranova, V. Goudot, A. Boned and M. Djabali: Altered retinoic acid sensitivity and temporal expression of Hox genes in polycomb-M33-deficient mice. Dev Biol, 224(2), 238-49 (2000) (Pubitemid 30661008)
72. T. Kajiume, Y. Ninomiya, H. Ishihara, R. Kanno and M. Kanno: Polycomb group gene mel-18 modulates the self-renewal activity and cell cycle status of hematopoietic stem cells. Exp Hematol, 32(6), 571-8 (2004) (Pubitemid 38739469)
73. J. Briscoe, L. Sussel, P. Serup, D. Hartigan-O'Connor, T. M. Jessell, J. L. Rubenstein and J. Ericson: Homeobox gene Nkx2.2 and specification of neuronal identity by graded Sonic hedgehog signalling. Nature, 398(6728), 622-7 (1999) (Pubitemid 29183690)
74. K. Yun, S. Fischman, J. Johnson, M. Hrabe de Angelis, G. Weinmaster and J. L. Rubenstein: Modulation of the notch signaling by Mash1 and Dlx1/2 regulates sequential specification and differentiation of progenitor cell types in the subcortical telencephalon. Development, 129(21), 5029-40 (2002) (Pubitemid 35355920)
75. T. Daikoku, H. Song, Y. Guo, A. Riesewijk, S. Mosselman, S. K. Das and S. K. Dey: Uterine Msx-1 and Wnt4 signaling becomes aberrant in mice with the loss of leukemia inhibitory factor or Hoxa-10: evidence for a novel cytokine-homeobox-Wnt signaling in implantation. Mol Endocrinol, 18(5), 1238-50 (2004) (Pubitemid 38591288)
76. J. Zakany, M. Kmita and D. Duboule: A dual role for Hox genes in limb anterior-posterior asymmetry. Science, 304(5677), 1669-72 (2004) (Pubitemid 38765858)
77. V. Horsley, K. M. Jansen, S. T. Mills and G. K. Pavlath: IL-4 acts as a myoblast recruitment factor during mammalian muscle growth. Cell, 113(4), 483-94 (2003) (Pubitemid 36588751)
78. V. Horsley and G. K. Pavlath: Forming a multinucleated cell: molecules that regulate myoblast fusion. Cells Tissues Organs, 176(1-3), 67-78 (2004) (Pubitemid 38199420)
79. A. Bergsmedh, A. Szeles, A. L. Spetz and L. Holmgren: Loss of the p21 (Cip1/Waf1) cyclin kinase inhibitor results in propagation of horizontally transferred DNA. Cancer Res, 62(2), 575-9 (2002) (Pubitemid 34106434)
80. A. Bergsmedh, A. Szeles, M. Henriksson, A. Bratt, M. J. Folkman, A. L. Spetz and L. Holmgren: Horizontal transfer of oncogenes by uptake of apoptotic bodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 98(11), 6407-11 (2001) (Pubitemid 32488250)
81. K. L. Palmer, V. N. Kos and M. S. Gilmore: Horizontal gene transfer and the genomics of enterococcal antibiotic resistance. Curr Opin Microbiol, 13(5), 632-9
82. J. A. Lake, R. Jain and M. C. Rivera: Mix and match in the tree of life. Science, 283(5410), 2027-8 (1999)
83. H. Ochman, J. G. Lawrence and E. A. Groisman: Lateral gene transfer and the nature of bacterial innovation. Nature, 405(6784), 299-304 (2000) (Pubitemid 30337055)
84. C. G. Kurland, B. Canback and O. G. Berg: Horizontal gene transfer: a critical view. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100(17), 9658-62 (2003) (Pubitemid 37086996)
85. M. Syvanen: Horizontal gene transfer: evidence and possible consequences. Annu Rev Genet, 28, 237-61 (1994)
86. L. Holmgren, A. Szeles, E. Rajnavolgyi, J. Folkman, G. Klein, I. Ernberg and K. I. Falk: Horizontal transfer of DNA by the uptake of apoptotic bodies. Blood, 93(11), 3956-63 (1999) (Pubitemid 29249845)
87. R. Bjerkvig, B. B. Tysnes, K. S. Aboody, J. Najbauer and A. J. Terzis: Opinion: the origin of the cancer stem cell: current controversies and new insights. Nat Rev Cancer, 5(11), 899-904 (2005) (Pubitemid 41746034)
88. R. Bjerknes, R. Bjerkvig and O. D. Laerum: Phagocytic capacity of normal and malignant rat glial cells in culture. J Natl Cancer Inst, 78(2), 279-88 (1987) (Pubitemid 17027744)
89. A. Rustom, R. Saffrich, I. Markovic, P. Walther and H. H. Gerdes: Nanotubular highways for intercellular organelle transport. Science, 303(5660), 1007-10 (2004) (Pubitemid 38209703)
90. M. F. Hansen and W. K. Cavenee: Tumor suppressors: recessive mutations that lead to cancer. Cell, 53(2), 173-4 (1988)
91. M. Ilyas, J. Straub, I. P. Tomlinson and W. F. Bodmer: Genetic pathways in colorectal and other cancers. Eur J Cancer, 35(3), 335-51 (1999) (Pubitemid 29151929)
92. R. M. Bachoo, E. A. Maher, K. L. Ligon, N. E. Sharpless, S. S. Chan, M. J. You, Y. Tang, J. DeFrances, E. Stover, R. Weissleder, D. H. Rowitch, D. N. Louis and R. A. DePinho: Epidermal growth factor receptor and Ink4a/Arf: convergent mechanisms governing terminal differentiation and transformation along the neural stem cell to astrocyte axis. Cancer Cell, 1(3), 269-77 (2002) (Pubitemid 41039151)
93. E. I. Fomchenko and E. C. Holland: Stem cells and brain cancer. Exp Cell Res, 306(2), 323-9 (2005) (Pubitemid 40732756)
94. J. Bartkova, Z. Horejsi, K. Koed, A. Kramer, F. Tort, K. Zieger, P. Guldberg, M. Sehested, J. M. Nesland, C. Lukas, T. Orntoft, J. Lukas and J. Bartek: DNA damage response as a candidate anti-cancer barrier in early human tumorigenesis. Nature, 434(7035), 864-70 (2005) (Pubitemid 40558993)
95. V. G. Gorgoulis, L. V. Vassiliou, P. Karakaidos, P. Zacharatos, A. Kotsinas, T. Liloglou, M. Venere, R. A. Ditullio, Jr., N. G. Kastrinakis, B. Levy, D. Kletsas, A. Yoneta, M. Herlyn, C. Kittas and T. D. Halazonetis: Activation of the DNA damage checkpoint and genomic instability in human precancerous lesions. Nature, 434(7035), 907-13 (2005) (Pubitemid 40559004)
96. M. Al-Hajj, M. W. Becker, M. Wicha, I. Weissman and M. F. Clarke: Therapeutic implications of cancer stem cells. Curr Opin Genet Dev, 14(1), 43-7 (2004) (Pubitemid 38167476)
97. S. Bixby, G. M. Kruger, J. T. Mosher, N. M. Joseph and S. J. Morrison: Cell-intrinsic differences between stem cells from different regions of the peripheral nervous system regulate the generation of neural diversity. Neuron, 35(4), 643-56 (2002) (Pubitemid 35223025)
98. S. Sell: Stem cell origin of cancer and differentiation therapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, 51(1), 1-28 (2004) (Pubitemid 38781748)
99. J. Houghton, A. Morozov, I. Smirnova and T. C. Wang: Stem cells and cancer. Semin Cancer Biol, 17(3), 191-203 (2007) (Pubitemid 46415739)
100. M. S. Wicha, S. Liu and G. Dontu: Cancer stem cells: an old idea-a paradigm shift. Cancer Res, 66(4), 1883-90; discussion 1895-6 (2006)
101. L. A. Loeb, K. R. Loeb and J. P. Anderson: Multiple mutations and cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100(3), 776-81 (2003) (Pubitemid 36183906)
102. D. Iliopoulos, H. A. Hirsch, G. Wang and K. Struhl: Inducible formation of breast cancer stem cells and their dynamic equilibrium with non-stem cancer cells via IL6 secretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 108(4), 1397-402
103. D. Iliopoulos, H. A. Hirsch and K. Struhl: An epigenetic switch involving NF-kappaB, Lin28, Let-7 MicroRNA, and IL6 links inflammation to cell transformation. Cell, 139(4), 693-706 (2009)
104. J. Konishi, K. S. Kawaguchi, H. Vo, N. Haruki, A. Gonzalez, D. P. Carbone and T. P. Dang: Gamma-secretase inhibitor prevents Notch3 activation and reduces proliferation in human lung cancers. Cancer Res, 67(17), 8051-7 (2007) (Pubitemid 47395139)
105. C. L. Curry, L. L. Reed, T. E. Golde, L. Miele, B. J. Nickoloff and K. E. Foreman: Gamma secretase inhibitor blocks Notch activation and induces apoptosis in Kaposi's sarcoma tumor cells. Oncogene, 24(42), 6333-44 (2005) (Pubitemid 41486467)
106. Y. Nefedova, D. M. Sullivan, S. C. Bolick, W. S. Dalton and D. I. Gabrilovich: Inhibition of Notch signaling induces apoptosis of myeloma cells and enhances sensitivity to chemotherapy. Blood, 111(4), 2220-9 (2008) (Pubitemid 351451536)
107. N. Chalhoub and S. J. Baker: PTEN and the PI3-kinase pathway in cancer. Annu Rev Pathol, 4, 127-50 (2009)
108. C. E. Eyler, W. C. Foo, K. M. LaFiura, R. E. McLendon, A. B. Hjelmeland and J. N. Rich: Brain cancer stem cells display preferential sensitivity to Akt inhibition. Stem Cells, 26(12), 3027-36 (2008)
109. R. K. Lindemann: Stroma-initiated hedgehog signaling takes center stage in B-cell lymphoma. Cancer Res, 68(4), 961-4 (2008) (Pubitemid 351272211)
110. J. F. Boylan, T. Lufkin, C. C. Achkar, R. Taneja, P. Chambon and L. J. Gudas: Targeted disruption of retinoic acid receptor alpha (RAR alpha) and RAR gamma results in receptor-specific alterations in retinoic acid-mediated differentiation and retinoic acid metabolism. Mol Cell Biol, 15(2), 843-51 (1995)
111. S. K. Cho, J. Yeh, M. Cho and R. D. Cummings: Transcriptional regulation of alpha1, 3-galactosyltransferase in embryonal carcinoma cells by retinoic acid. Masking of Lewis X antigens by alpha-galactosylation. J Biol Chem, 271(6), 3238-46 (1996)
112. C. Li and L. J. Gudas: Murine laminin B1 gene regulation during the retinoic acid-and dibutyryl cyclic AMP-induced differentiation of embryonic F9 teratocarcinoma stem cells. J Biol Chem, 271(12), 6810-8 (1996) (Pubitemid 26104115)
113. P. B. Gupta, T. T. Onder, G. Jiang, K. Tao, C. Kuperwasser, R. A. Weinberg and E. S. Lander: Identification of selective inhibitors of cancer stem cells by high-throughput screening. Cell, 138(4), 645-59 (2009)
114. Z. Y. He, C. Brakebusch, R. Fassler, J. A. Kreidberg, P. Primakoff and D. G. Myles: None of the integrins known to be present on the mouse egg or to be ADAM receptors are essential for sperm-egg binding and fusion. Dev Biol, 254(2), 226-37 (2003) (Pubitemid 36268993)
115. Z. Bar-Shavit: The osteoclast: a multinucleated, hematopoietic-origin, bone-resorbing osteoimmune cell. J Cell Biochem, 102(5), 1130-9 (2007) (Pubitemid 350220034)
116. E. H. Chen, E. Grote, W. Mohler and A. Vignery: Cell-cell fusion. FEBS Lett, 581(11), 2181-93 (2007) (Pubitemid 46722606)
117. M. Hoshina, M. Boothby and I. Boime: Cytological localization of chorionic gonadotropin alpha and placental lactogen mRNAs during development of the human placenta. J Cell Biol, 93(1), 190-8 (1982) (Pubitemid 12117055)
118. M. Hoshina, I. Boime and M. Mochizuki: [Cytological localization of hPL, hCG, and mRNA in chorionic tissue using in situ hybridization]. Nippon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi, 36(3), 397-404 (1984) (Pubitemid 14141988)
119. K. Benirschke: Remarkable placenta. Clin Anat, 11(3), 194-205 (1998) (Pubitemid 28210780)
120. R. E. Bittner, C. Schofer, K. Weipoltshammer, S. Ivanova, B. Streubel, E. Hauser, M. Freilinger, H. Hoger, A. Elbe-Burger and F. Wachtler: Recruitment of bonemarrowderived cells by skeletal and cardiac muscle in adult dystrophic mdx mice. Anat Embryol (Berl), 199(5), 391-6 (1999) (Pubitemid 29145837)
121. E. Gussoni, Y. Soneoka, C. D. Strickland, E. A. Buzney, M. K. Khan, A. F. Flint, L. M. Kunkel and R. C. Mulligan: Dystrophin expression in the mdx mouse restored by stem cell transplantation. Nature, 401(6751), 390-4 (1999) (Pubitemid 29454964)