ALK-immunoreactive neoplasms

International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology

Volumn 5, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 397-410

  Minoo, Parham ^a   Wang, Huan You ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

ALK positive neoplasms; Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL); Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)

Indexed keywords

ANAPLASTIC LYMPHOMA KINASE; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ENZYME INHIBITOR; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE;

DRUG ANTAGONISM; ENZYMOLOGY; FEMALE; GENETICS; HUMAN; LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA; MALE; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; MOLECULARLY TARGETED THERAPY; NEOPLASM; PATHOLOGY; PERSONALIZED MEDICINE; REVIEW;

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; ENZYME INHIBITORS; FEMALE; HUMANS; INDIVIDUALIZED MEDICINE; LYMPHOMA, LARGE-CELL, ANAPLASTIC; MALE; MOLECULAR TARGETED THERAPY; NEOPLASMS; RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES;

EID: 84864294035     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19362625     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (140)

1. Morris SW, Naeve C, Mathew P, James PL, Kirstein MN, Cui X, Witte DP. ALK, the chromosome 2 gene locus altered by the t(2;5) in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, encodes a novel neural receptor tyrosine kinase that is highly related to leukocyte tyrosine kinase (LTK). Oncogene 1997; 14: 2175-88.
2. Morris SW, Kirstein MN, Valentine MB, Dittmer KG, Shapiro DN, Saltman DL, Look AT. Fusion of a kinase gene, ALK, to a nucleolar protein gene, NPM, in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Science 1994; 263: 1281-4.
3. Iwahara T, Fujimoto J, Wen D, Cupples R, Bucay N, Arakawa T, Mori S, Ratzkin B, Yamamoto T. Molecular characterization of ALK, a receptor tyrosine kinase expressed specifically in the nervous system. Oncogene 1997; 14: 439-49.
4. Bilsland JG, Wheeldon A, Mead A, Znamenskiy P, Almond S, Waters KA, Thakur M, Beaumont V, Bonnert TP, Heavens R, Whiting P, McAllister G, Munoz-Sanjuan I. Behavioral and neurochemical alterations in mice deficient in anaplastic lymphoma kinase suggest therapeutic potential for psychiatric indications. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33: 685-700.
5. Allouche M. ALK is a novel dependence receptor: potential implications in development and cancer. Cell Cycle 2007; 6: 1533-1538.
6. Mourali J, Benard A, Lourenco FC, Monnet C, Greenland C, Moog-Lutz C, Racaud-Sultan C, Gonzalez-Dunia D, Vigny M, Mehlen P, Delsol G, Allouche M. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase is a dependence receptor whose proapoptotic functions are activated by caspase cleavage. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26: 6209-6222.
7. Kinney MC, Higgins RA, Medina EA. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma: twenty-five years of discovery. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2011; 135: 19-43.
8. Grisendi S, Mecucci C, Falini B, Pandolfi PP. Nucleophosmin and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2006; 6: 493-505.
9. Cools J, Wlodarska I, Somers R, Mentens N, Pedeutour F, Maes B, De Wolf-Peeters C, Pauwels P, Hagemeijer A, Marynen P. Identification of novel fusion partners of ALK, the anaplastic lymphoma kinase, in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma and inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2002; 34: 354-362.
10. Hernandez L, Bea S, Bellosillo B, Pinyol M, Falini B, Carbone A, Ott G, Rosenwald A, Fernández A, Pulford K, Mason D, Morris SW, Santos E, Campo E. Diversity of genomic breakpoints in TFG-ALK translocations in anaplastic large cell lymphomas: identification of a new TFG-ALK(XL) chimeric gene with transforming activity. Am J Pathol 2002; 160: 1487-1494.
11. Lamant L, Dastugue N, Pulford K, Delsol G, Mariame B. A new fusion gene TPM3-ALK in anaplastic large cell lymphoma created by a (1;2)(q25;p23) translocation. Blood 1999; 93: 3088-3095.
12. Meech SJ, McGavran L, Odom LF, Liang X, Meltesen L, Gump J, Wei Q, Carlsen S, Hunger SP. Unusual childhood extramedullary hematologic malignancy with natural killer cell properties that contains tropomyosin 4--anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene fusion. Blood 2001; 98: 1209-1216.
13. Lamant L, Gascoyne RD, Duplantier MM, Armstrong F, Raghab A, Chhanabhai M, Rajcan-Separovic E, Raghab J, Delsol G, Espinos E. Non-muscle myosin heavy chain (MYH9): a new partner fused to ALK in anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2003; 37: 427-432.
14. Touriol C, Greenland C, Lamant L, Pulford K, Bernard F, Rousset T, Mason DY, Delsol G. Further demonstration of the diversity of chromosomal changes involving 2p23 in ALK-positive lymphoma: 2 cases expressing ALK kinase fused to CLTCL (clathrin chain polypeptide-like). Blood 2000; 95: 3204-3207.
15. Barreca A, Lasorsa E, Riera L, Machiorlatti R, Piva R, Ponzoni M, Kwee I, Bertoni F, Piccaluga PP, Pileri SA, Inghirami G. European T-Cell Lymphoma Study Group. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase in human cancer. J Mol Endocrinol 2011; 47: R11-23.
16. Chiarle R, Voena C, Ambrogio C, Piva R, Inghirami G. The anaplastic lymphoma kinase in the pathogenesis of cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2008; 8: 11-23.
17. Falini B, Pulford K, Pucciarini A, Carbone A, De Wolf-Peeters C, Cordell J, Fizzotti M, Santucci A, Pelicci PG, Pileri S, Campo E, Ott G, Delsol G, Mason DY. Lymphomas expressing ALK fusion protein(s) other than NPM-ALK. Blood 1999; 94: 3509-3515.
18. Osajima-Hakomori Y, Miyake I, Ohira M, Nakagawara A, Nakagawa A, Sakai R. Biological role of anaplastic lymphoma kinase in neuroblastoma. Am J Pathol 2005; 167: 213-222.
19. Salido M, Pijuan L, Martinez-Aviles L, Galván AB, Cañadas I, Rovira A, Zanui M, Martínez A, Longarón R, Sole F, Serrano S, Bellosillo B, Wynes MW, Albanell J, Hirsch FR, Arriola E. Increased ALK gene copy number and amplification are frequent in non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2011; 6: 21-27.
20. Subramaniam MM, Piqueras M, Navarro S, Noguera R. Aberrant copy numbers of ALK gene is a frequent genetic alteration in neuroblastomas. Hum Pathol 2009; 40: 1638-1642.
21. Caren H, Abel F, Kogner P, Martinsson T. High incidence of DNA mutations and gene amplifications of the ALK gene in advanced sporadic neuroblastoma tumours. Biochem J 2008; 416: 153-159.
22. Chen Y, Takita J, Choi YL, Kato M, Ohira M, Sanada M, Wang L, Soda M, Kikuchi A, Igarashi T, Nakagawara A, Hayashi Y, Mano H, Ogawa S. Oncogenic mutations of ALK kinase in neuroblastoma. Nature 2008; 455: 971-974.
23. Janoueix-Lerosey I, Lequin D, Brugieres L, Ribeiro A, de Pontual L, Combaret V, Raynal V, Puisieux A, Schleiermacher G, Pierron G, Valteau-Couanet D, Frebourg T, Michon J, Lyonnet S, Amiel J, Delattre O. Somatic and germline activating mutations of the ALK kinase receptor in neuroblastoma. Nature 2008; 455: 967-970.
24. George RE, Sanda T, Hanna M, Fröhling S, Luther W 2nd, Zhang J, Ahn Y, Zhou W, London WB, McGrady P, Xue L, Zozulya S, Gregor VE, Webb TR, Gray NS, Gilliland DG, Diller L, Greulich H, Morris SW, Meyerson M, Look AT. Activating mutations in ALK provide a therapeutic target in neuroblastoma. Nature 2008; 455: 975-978.
25. Mosse YP, Laudenslager M, Longo L, Cole KA, Wood A, Attiyeh EF, Laquaglia MJ, Sennett R, Lynch JE, Perri P, Laureys G, Speleman F, Kim C, Hou C, Hakonarson H, Torkamani A, Schork NJ, Brodeur GM, Tonini GP, Rappaport E, Devoto M, Maris JM. Identification of ALK as a major familial neuroblastoma predisposition gene. Nature 2008; 455: 930-935.
26. Murugan AK, Xing M. Anaplastic thyroid cancers harbor novel oncogenic mutations of the ALK gene. Cancer Res 2011; 71: 4403-4411.
27. Turner SD, Alexander DR. What have we learnt from mouse models of NPM-ALK-induced lymphomagenesis? Leukemia 2005; 19: 1128-1134.
28. Kuefer MU, Look AT, Pulford K, Behm FG, Pattengale PK, Mason DY, Morris SW. Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer of NPM-ALK causes lymphoid malignancy in mice. Blood 1997; 90: 2901-2910.
29. Maes B, Vanhentenrijk V, Wlodarska I, Cools J, Peeters B, Marynen P, de Wolf-Peeters C. The NPM-ALK and the ATIC-ALK fusion genes can be detected in non-neoplastic cells. Am J Pathol 2001; 158: 2185-2193.
30. Trumper L, Pfreundschuh M, Bonin FV, Daus H. Detection of the t(2;5)-associated NPM/ALK fusion cDNA in peripheral blood cells of healthy individuals. Br J Haematol 1998; 103: 1138-1144.
31. McDuff FK, Turner SD. Aberrant anaplastic lymphoma kinase activity induces a p53 and Rb-dependent senescence-like arrest in the absence of detectable p53 stabilization. PLoS One 2011; 6: e17854.
32. Martinelli P, Bonetti P, Sironi C, Pruneri G, Fumagalli C, Raviele PR, Volorio S, Pileri S, Chiarle R, McDuff FK, Tusi BK, Turner SD, Inghirami G, Pelicci PG, Colombo E. The lymphomaassociated NPM-ALK oncogene elicits a p16INK4a/pRb-dependent tumor-suppressive pathway. Blood 2011; 117: 6617-6626.
33. Palmer RH, Vernersson E, Grabbe C, Hallberg B. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase: signalling in development and disease. Biochem J 2009; 420: 345-361.
34. Wasik MA, Zhang Q, Marzec M, Kasprzycka M, Wang HY, Liu X. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-induced malignancies: novel mechanisms of cell transformation and potential therapeutic approaches. Semin Oncol 2009; 36: S27-35.
35. Amin HM, Lai R. Pathobiology of ALK+ anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Blood 2007; 110: 2259-2267.
36. Bai RY, Dieter P, Peschel C, Morris SW, Duyster J. Nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase of large-cell anaplastic lymphoma is a constitutively active tyrosine kinase that utilizes phospholipase C-gamma to mediate its mitogenicity. Mol Cell Biol 1998; 18: 6951-6961.
37. Gu TL, Tothova Z, Scheijen B, Griffin JD, Gilliland DG, Sternberg DW. NPM-ALK fusion kinase of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma regulates survival and proliferative signaling through modulation of FOXO3a. Blood 2004; 103: 4622-4629.
38. Marzec M, Kasprzycka M, Liu X, El-Salem M, Halasa K, Raghunath PN, Bucki R, Wlodarski P, Wasik MA. Oncogenic tyrosine kinase NPM/ALK induces activation of the rapamycin-sensitive mTOR signaling pathway. Oncogene 2007; 26: 5606-5614.
39. Vega F, Medeiros LJ, Leventaki V, Atwell C, Cho-Vega JH, Tian L, Claret FX, Rassidakis GZ. Activation of mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway contributes to tumor cell survival in anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Cancer Res 2006; 66: 6589-6597.
40. Chiarle R, Simmons WJ, Cai H, Dhall G, Zamo A, Raz R, Karras JG, Levy DE, Inghirami G. Stat3 is required for ALK-mediated lymphomagenesis and provides a possible therapeutic target. Nat Med 2005; 11: 623-629.
41. Zamo A, Chiarle R, Piva R, Howes J, Fan Y, Chilosi M, Levy DE, Inghirami G. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) activates Stat3 and protects hematopoietic cells from cell death. Oncogene 2002; 21: 1038-1047.
42. Khoury JD, Medeiros LJ, Rassidakis GZ, Yared MA, Tsioli P, Leventaki V, Schmitt-Graeff A, Herling M, Amin HM, Lai R. Differential expression and clinical significance of tyrosinephosphorylated STAT3 in ALK+ and ALKanaplastic large cell lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9: 3692-3699.
43. Amin HM, McDonnell TJ, Ma Y, Lin Q, Fujio Y, Kunisada K, Leventaki V, Das P, Rassidakis GZ, Cutler C, Medeiros LJ, Lai R. Selective inhibition of STAT3 induces apoptosis and G(1) cell cycle arrest in ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Oncogene 2004; 23: 5426-5434.
44. Amin HM, Medeiros LJ, Ma Y, Feretzaki M, Das P, Leventaki V, Rassidakis GZ, O'Connor SL, McDonnell TJ, Lai R. Inhibition of JAK3 induces apoptosis and decreases anaplastic lymphoma kinase activity in anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Oncogene 2003; 22: 5399-5407.
45. Zhang Q, Wang HY, Liu X, Wasik MA. STAT5A is epigenetically silenced by the tyrosine kinase NPM1-ALK and acts as a tumor suppressor by reciprocally inhibiting NPM1-ALK expression. Nat Med 2007; 13: 1341-1348.
46. Khoury JD, Rassidakis GZ, Medeiros LJ, Amin HM, Lai R. Methylation of SHP1 gene and loss of SHP1 protein expression are frequent in systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Blood 2004; 104: 1580-1581.
47. Han Y, Amin HM, Franko B, Frantz C, Shi X, Lai R. Loss of SHP1 enhances JAK3/STAT3 signaling and decreases proteosome degradation of JAK3 and NPM-ALK in ALK+ anaplastic largecell lymphoma. Blood 2006; 108: 2796-2803.
48. Han Y, Amin HM, Frantz C, Franko B, Lee J, Lin Q, Lai R. Restoration of shp1 expression by 5-AZA-2'-deoxycytidine is associated with downregulation of JAK3/STAT3 signaling in ALKpositive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Leukemia 2006; 20: 1602-1609.
49. Stein H, Mason DY, Gerdes J, O'Connor N, Wainscoat J, Pallesen G, Gatter K, Falini B, Delsol G, Lemke H, Schwarting R, Lennert K. The expression of the Hodgkin's disease associated antigen Ki-1 in reactive and neoplastic lymphoid tissue: evidence that Reed-Sternberg cells and histiocytic malignancies are derived from activated lymphoid cells. Blood 1985; 66: 848-858.
50. Foss HD, Anagnostopoulos I, Araujo I, Assaf C, Demel G, Kummer JA, Hummel M, Stein H. Anaplastic large-cell lymphomas of T-cell and null-cell phenotype express cytotoxic molecules. Blood 1996; 88: 4005-4011.
51. Kaneko Y, Frizzera G, Edamura S, Maseki N, Sakurai M, Komada Y, Sakurai M, Tanaka H, Sasaki M, Suchi T. A novel translocation, t(2;5) (p23;q35), in childhood phagocytic large T-cell lymphoma mimicking malignant histiocytosis. Blood 1989; 73: 806-813.
52. Le Beau MM, Bitter MA, Larson RA, Doane LA, Ellis ED, Franklin WA, Rubin CM, Kadin ME, Vardiman JW. The t(2;5)(p23;q35): a recurring chromosomal abnormality in Ki-1-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Leukemia 1989; 3: 866-870.
53. Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, et al. WHO classification of tumors of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues; 2008.
54. Greer JP, Kinney MC, Collins RD, Salhany KE, Wolff SN, Hainsworth JD, Flexner JM, Stein RS. Clinical features of 31 patients with Ki-1 anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 1991; 9: 539-547.
55. Falini B, Pileri S, Zinzani PL, Carbone A, Zagonel V, Wolf-Peeters C, Verhoef G, Menestrina F, Todeschini G, Paulli M, Lazzarino M, Giardini R, Aiello A, Foss HD, Araujo I, Fizzotti M, Pelicci PG, Flenghi L, Martelli MF, Santucci A. ALK+ lymphoma: clinico-pathological findings and outcome. Blood 1999; 93: 2697-2706.
56. Stein H, Foss HD, Durkop H, Marafioti T, Delsol G, Pulford K, Pileri S, Falini B. CD30(+) anaplastic large cell lymphoma: a review of its histopathologic, genetic, and clinical features. Blood 2000; 96: 3681-3695.
57. Medeiros LJ, Elenitoba-Johnson KS. Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma. Am J Clin Pathol 2007; 127: 707-722.
58. Delsol G, Al Saati T, Gatter KC, Gerdes J, Schwarting R, Caveriviere P, Rigal-Huguet F, Robert A, Stein H, Mason DY. Coexpression of epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), Ki-1, and interleukin-2 receptor by anaplastic large cell lymphomas. Diagnostic value in so-called malignant histiocytosis. Am J Pathol 1988; 130: 59-70.
59. Brousset P, Rochaix P, Chittal S, Rubie H, Robert A, Delsol G. High incidence of Epstein-Barr virus detection in Hodgkin's disease and absence of detection in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma in children. Histopathology 1993; 23: 189-191.
60. Herling M, Rassidakis GZ, Jones D, Schmitt-Graeff A, Sarris AH, Medeiros LJ. Absence of Epstein-Barr virus in anaplastic large cell lymphoma: a study of 64 cases classified according to World Health Organization criteria. Hum Pathol 2004; 35: 455-459.
61. Gascoyne RD, Aoun P, Wu D, Chhanabhai M, Skinnider BF, Greiner TC, Morris SW, Connors JM, Vose JM, Viswanatha DS, Coldman A, Weisenburger DD. Prognostic significance of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) protein expression in adults with anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Blood 1999; 93: 3913-3921.
62. Savage KJ, Harris NL, Vose JM, Ullrich F, Jaffe ES, Connors JM, Rimsza L, Pileri SA, Chhanabhai M, Gascoyne RD, Armitage JO, Weisenburger DD. International Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Project. ALK- anaplastic large-cell lymphoma is clinically and immunophenotypically different from both ALK+ ALCL and peripheral T -cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified: report from the International Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Project. Blood 2008; 111: 5496-5504.
63. Delsol G, Lamant L, Mariame B, Pulford K, Dastugue N, Brousset P, Rigal-Huguet F, al Saati T, Cerretti DP, Morris SW, Mason DY. A new subtype of large B-cell lymphoma expressing the ALK kinase and lacking the 2; 5 translocation. Blood 1997; 89: 1483-1490.
64. Laurent C, Do C, Gascoyne RD, Lamant L, Ysebaert L, Laurent G, Delsol G, Brousset P. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a rare clinicopathologic entity with poor prognosis. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 4211-4216.
65. Gascoyne RD, Lamant L, Martin-Subero JI, Lestou VS, Harris NL, Müller-Hermelink HK, Seymour JF, Campbell LJ, Horsman DE, Auvigne I, Espinos E, Siebert R, Delsol G. ALK-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is associated with Clathrin-ALK rearrangements: report of 6 cases. Blood 2003; 102: 2568-2573.
66. Takeuchi K, Soda M, Togashi Y, Ota Y, Sekiguchi Y, Hatano S, Asaka R, Noguchi M, Mano H. Identification of a novel fusion, SQSTM1-ALK, in ALK-positive large B-cell lymphoma. Haematologica 2010; 96: 464-467.
67. Van Roosbroeck K, Cools J, Dierickx D, Thomas J, Vandenberghe P, Stul M, Delabie J, De Wolf-Peeters C, Marynen P, Wlodarska I. ALKpositive large B-cell lymphomas with cryptic SEC31A-ALK and NPM1-ALK fusions. Haematologica 2010; 95: 509-513.
68. Shi M, Minehart Miron P, Hutchinson L, Woda BA, Nath R, Cerny J, Yu H. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive large B-cell lymphoma with complex karyotype and novel ALK gene rearrangements. Hum Pathol 2011; 42: 1562-1567.
69. Reichard KK, McKenna RW, Kroft SH. ALKpositive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: report of four cases and review of the literature. Mod Pathol 2007; 20: 310-319.
70. Lee HW, Kim K, Kim W, Ko YH. ALK-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: report of three cases. Hematol Oncol 2008; 26: 108-113.
71. Wang WY, Gu L, Liu WP, Li GD, Liu HJ, Ma ZG. ALK-positive extramedullary plasmacytoma with expression of the CLTC-ALK fusion transcript. Pathol Res Pract 2011; 207: 587-591.
72. Chiarle R, Gong JZ, Guasparri I, Pesci A, Cai J, Liu J, Simmons WJ, Dhall G, Howes J, Piva R, Inghirami G. NPM-ALK transgenic mice spontaneously develop T-cell lymphomas and plasma cell tumors. Blood 2003; 101: 1919-1927.
73. Gleason BC, Hornick JL. Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumours: where are we now? J Clin Pathol 2008; 61: 428-437.
74. Yi E, Aubry MC. Pulmonary pseudoneoplasms. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2010; 134: 417-426.
75. Griffin CA, Hawkins AL, Dvorak C, Henkle C, Ellingham T, Perlman EJ. Recurrent involvement of 2p23 in inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 2776-2780.
76. Coffin CM, Watterson J, Priest JR, Dehner LP. Extrapulmonary inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (inflammatory pseudotumor). A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 84 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1995; 19: 859-872.
77. Janik JS, Janik JP, Lovell MA, Hendrickson RJ, Bensard DD, Greffe BS. Recurrent inflammatory pseudotumors in children. J Pediatr Surg 2003; 38: 1491-1495.
78. Cook JR, Dehner LP, Collins MH, Ma Z, Morris SW, Coffin CM, Hill DA. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) expression in the inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor: a comparative immunohistochemical study. Am J Surg Pathol 2001; 25: 1364-1371.
79. Coffin CM, Patel A, Perkins S, Elenitoba-Johnson KS, Perlman E, Griffin CA. ALK1 and p80 expression and chromosomal rearrangements involving 2p23 in inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. Mod Pathol 2001; 14: 569-576.
80. Chun YS, Wang L, Nascimento AG, Moir CR, Rodeberg DA. Pediatric inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor: anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) expression and prognosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2005; 45: 796-801.
81. Maris JM, Hogarty MD, Bagatell R, Cohn SL. Neuroblastoma. Lancet 2007; 369: 2106-2120.
82. Ogawa S, Takita J, Sanada M, Hayashi Y. Oncogenic mutations of ALK in neuroblastoma. Cancer Sci 2011; 102: 302-308.
83. Lamant L, Pulford K, Bischof D, Morris SW, Mason DY, Delsol G, Mariamé B. Expression of the ALK tyrosine kinase gene in neuroblastoma. Am J Pathol 2000; 156: 1711-1721.
84. Berthier A, Piqueras M, Villamon E, Berbegall A, Tadeo I, Castel V, Navarro S, Noguera R. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase expression in neuroblastomas and its relationship with genetic, prognostic, and predictive factors. Hum Pathol 2011; 42: 301-302.
85. Soda M, Choi YL, Enomoto M, Takada S, Yamashita Y, Ishikawa S, Fujiwara S, Watanabe H, Kurashina K, Hatanaka H, Bando M, Ohno S, Ishikawa Y, Aburatani H, Niki T, Sohara Y, Sugiyama Y, Mano H. Identification of the transforming EML4-ALK fusion gene in non-small-cell lung cancer. Nature 2007; 448: 561-566.
86. Takahashi T, Sonobe M, Kobayashi M, Yoshizawa A, Menju T, Nakayama E, Mino N, Iwakiri S, Sato K, Miyahara R, Okubo K, Manabe T, Date H. Clinicopathologic features of non-smallcell lung cancer with EML4-ALK fusion gene. Ann Surg Oncol 2010; 17: 889-897.
87. Soda M, Takada S, Takeuchi K, Choi YL, Enomoto M, Ueno T, Haruta H, Hamada T, Yamashita Y, Ishikawa Y, Sugiyama Y, Mano H. A mouse model for EML4-ALK-positive lung cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105: 19893-19897.
88. Shaw AT, Yeap BY, Mino-Kenudson M, Digumarthy SR, Costa DB, Heist RS, Solomon B, Stubbs H, Admane S, McDermott U, Settleman J, Kobayashi S, Mark EJ, Rodig SJ, Chirieac LR, Kwak EL, Lynch TJ, Iafrate AJ. Clinical features and outcome of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer who harbor EML4-ALK. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 4247-4253.
89. Rodig SJ, Mino-Kenudson M, Dacic S, Yeap BY, Shaw A, Barletta JA, Stubbs H, Law K, Lindeman N, Mark E, Janne PA, Lynch T, Johnson BE, Iafrate AJ, Chirieac LR. Unique clinicopathologic features characterize ALK-rearranged lung adenocarcinoma in the western population. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15: 5216-5223.
90. Koivunen JP, Mermel C, Zejnullahu K, Murphy C, Lifshits E, Holmes AJ, Choi HG, Kim J, Chiang D, Thomas R, Lee J, Richards WG, Sugarbaker DJ, Ducko C, Lindeman N, Marcoux JP, Engelman JA, Gray NS, Lee C, Meyerson M, Jänne PA. EML4-ALK fusion gene and efficacy of an ALK kinase inhibitor in lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14: 4275-4283.
91. Wong DW, Leung EL, So KK, Tam IY, Sihoe AD, Cheng LC, Ho KK, Au JS, Chung LP, Pik Wong M. University of Hong Kong Lung Cancer Study Group. The EML4-ALK fusion gene is involved in various histologic types of lung cancers from nonsmokers with wild-type EGFR and KRAS. Cancer 2009; 115: 1723-1733.
92. Lin E, Li L, Guan Y, Soriano R, Rivers CS, Mohan S, Pandita A, Tang J, Modrusan Z. Exon array profiling detects EML4-ALK fusion in breast, colorectal, and non-small cell lung cancers. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 7: 1466-1476.
93. Kelleher FC, McDermott R. The emerging pathogenic and therapeutic importance of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46: 2357-2368.
94. Inamura K, Takeuchi K, Togashi Y, Hatano S, Ninomiya H, Motoi N, Mun MY, Sakao Y, Okumura S, Nakagawa K, Soda M, Choi YL, Mano H, Ishikawa Y. EML4-ALK lung cancers are characterized by rare other mutations, a TTF-1 cell lineage, an acinar histology, and young onset. Mod Pathol 2009; 22: 508-515.
95. Takeuchi K, Choi YL, Togashi Y, Soda M, Hatano S, Inamura K, Takada S, Ueno T, Yamashita Y, Satoh Y, Okumura S, Nakagawa K, Ishikawa Y, Mano H. KIF5B-ALK, a novel fusion oncokinase identified by an immunohistochemistry-based diagnostic system for ALK-positive lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15: 3143-3149.
96. Wong DW, Leung EL, Wong SK, Tin VP, Sihoe AD, Cheng LC, Au JS, Chung LP, Wong MP. A novel KIF5B-ALK variant in nonsmall cell lung cancer. Cancer 2011; 117: 2709-2718.
97. Rikova K, Guo A, Zeng Q, Possemato A, Yu J, Haack H, Nardone J, Lee K, Reeves C, Li Y, Hu Y, Tan Z, Stokes M, Sullivan L, Mitchell J, Wetzel R, Macneill J, Ren JM, Yuan J, Bakalarski CE, Villen J, Kornhauser JM, Smith B, Li D, Zhou X, Gygi SP, Gu TL, Polakiewicz RD, Rush J, Comb MJ. Global survey of phosphotyrosine signaling identifies oncogenic kinases in lung cancer. Cell 2007; 131: 1190-1203.
98. Horn L, Pao W. EML4-ALK: honing in on a new target in non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 4232-4235.
99. Yoshida A, Tsuta K, Nakamura H, Kohno T, Takahashi F, Asamura H, Sekine I, Fukayama M, Shibata T, Furuta K, Tsuda H. Comprehensive histologic analysis of ALK-rearranged lung carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 2011; 35: 1226-1234.
100. Martelli MP, Sozzi G, Hernandez L, Pettirossi V, Navarro A, Conte D, Gasparini P, Perrone F, Modena P, Pastorino U, Carbone A, Fabbri A, Sidoni A, Nakamura S, Gambacorta M, Fernández PL, Ramirez J, Chan JK, Grigioni WF, Campo E, Pileri SA, Falini B. EML4-ALK rearrangement in non-small cell lung cancer and non-tumor lung tissues. Am J Pathol 2009; 174: 661-670.
101. Sasaki T, Rodig SJ, Chirieac LR, Janne PA. The biology and treatment of EML4-ALK non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46: 1773-1780.
102. Mano H, Takeuchi K. EML4-ALK fusion in lung. Am J Pathol 2010; 176: 1552-1553; author reply 1553-1554.
103. Boland JM, Erdogan S, Vasmatzis G, Yang P, Tillmans LS, Johnson MR, Wang X, Peterson LM, Halling KC, Oliveira AM, Aubry MC, Yi ES. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase immunoreactivity correlates with ALK gene rearrangement and transcriptional up-regulation in non-small cell lung carcinomas. Hum Pathol 2009; 40: 1152-1158.
104. Inamura K, Takeuchi K, Togashi Y, Nomura K, Ninomiya H, Okui M, Satoh Y, Okumura S, Nakagawa K, Soda M, Choi YL, Niki T, Mano H, Ishikawa Y. EML4-ALK fusion is linked to histological characteristics in a subset of lung cancers. J Thorac Oncol 2008; 3: 13-17.
105. Mino-Kenudson M, Chirieac LR, Law K, Hornick JL, Lindeman N, Mark EJ, Cohen DW, Johnson BE, Jänne PA, Iafrate AJ, Rodig SJ. A novel, highly sensitive antibody allows for the routine detection of ALK-rearranged lung adenocarcinomas by standard immunohistochemistry. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16: 1561-1571.
106. Pillay K, Govender D, Chetty R. ALK protein expression in rhabdomyosarcomas. Histopa thology 2002; 41: 461-467.
107. Corao DA, Biegel JA, Coffin CM, Barr FG, Wainwright LM, Ernst LM, Choi JK, Zhang PJ, Pawel BR. ALK expression in rhabdomyosarcomas: correlation with histologic subtype and fusion status. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2009; 12: 275-283.
108. Li XQ, Hisaoka M, Shi DR, Zhu XZ, Hashimoto H. Expression of anaplastic lymphoma kinase in soft tissue tumors: an immunohistochemical and molecular study of 249 cases. Hum Pathol 2004; 35: 711-721.
109. Jazii FR, Najafi Z, Malekzadeh R, Conrads TP, Ziaee AA, Abnet C, Yazdznbod M, Karkhane AA, Salekdeh GH. Identification of squamous cell carcinoma associated proteins by proteomics and loss of beta tropomyosin expression in esophageal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 7104-7112.
110. Du XL, Hu H, Lin DC, Xia SH, Shen XM, Zhang Y, Luo ML, Feng YB, Cai Y, Xu X, Han YL, Zhan QM, Wang MR. Proteomic profiling of proteins dysregulted in Chinese esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Mol Med (Berl) 2007; 85: 863-875.
111. Debelenko LV, Raimondi SC, Daw N, Shivakumar BR, Huang D, Nelson M, Bridge JA. Renal cell carcinoma with novel VCL-ALK fusion: new representative of ALK-associated tumor spectrum. Mod Pathol 2011; 24: 430-442.
112. Marino-Enriquez A, Ou WB, Weldon CB, Fletcher JA, Perez-Atayde AR. ALK rearrangement in sickle cell trait-associated renal medullary carcinoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2011; 50: 146-153.
113. McDermott U, Settleman J. Personalized cancer therapy with selective kinase inhibitors: an emerging paradigm in medical oncology. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 5650-5659.
114. Piva R, Chiarle R, Manazza AD, Taulli R, Simmons W, Ambrogio C, D'Escamard V, Pellegrino E, Ponzetto C, Palestro G, Inghirami G. Ablation of oncogenic ALK is a viable therapeutic approach for anaplastic large-cell lymphomas. Blood 2006; 107: 689-697.
115. Sequist LV, Gettinger S, Senzer NN, Martins RG, Jänne PA, Lilenbaum R, Gray JE, Iafrate AJ, Katayama R, Hafeez N, Sweeney J, Walker JR, Fritz C, Ross RW, Grayzel D, Engelman JA, Borger DR, Paez G, Natale R. Activity of IPI-504, a novel heat-shock protein 90 inhibitor, in patients with molecularly defined non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 4953-4960.
116. Hallberg B, Palmer RH. Crizotinib--latest champion in the cancer wars? N Engl J Med 2010; 363: 1760-1762.
117. Shaw AT, Solomon B. Targeting anaplastic lymphoma kinase in lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17: 2081-2086.
118. Kwak EL, Bang YJ, Camidge DR, Shaw AT, Solomon B, Maki RG, Ou SH, Dezube BJ, Jänne PA, Costa DB, Varella-Garcia M, Kim WH, Lynch TJ, Fidias P, Stubbs H, Engelman JA, Sequist LV, Tan W, Gandhi L, Mino-Kenudson M, Wei GC, Shreeve SM, Ratain MJ, Settleman J, Christensen JG, Haber DA, Wilner K, Salgia R, Shapiro GI, Clark JW, Iafrate AJ. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibition in non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2010; 363: 1693-1703.
119. Butrynski JE, D'Adamo DR, Hornick JL, Dal Cin P, Antonescu CR, Jhanwar SC, Ladanyi M, Capelletti M, Rodig SJ, Ramaiya N, Kwak EL, Clark JW, Wilner KD, Christensen JG, Jänne PA, Maki RG, Demetri GD, Shapiro GI. Crizotinib in ALK-rearranged inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. N Engl J Med 2010; 363: 1727-1733.
120. Galkin AV, Melnick JS, Kim S, Hood TL, Li N, Li L, Xia G, Steensma R, Chopiuk G, Jiang J, Wan Y, Ding P, Liu Y, Sun F, Schultz PG, Gray NS, Warmuth M. Identification of NVP-TAE684, a potent, selective, and efficacious inhibitor of NPM-ALK. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007; 104: 270-275.
121. Azarova AM, Gautam G, George RE. Emerging importance of ALK in neuroblastoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2011; 21: 267-275.
122. Cerchietti L, Damm-Welk C, Vater I, Klapper W, Harder L, Pott C, Yang SN, Reiter A, Siebert R, Melnick A, Woessmann W. Inhibition of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) activity provides a therapeutic approach for CLTC-ALKpositive human diffuse large B cell lymphomas. PLoS One 2011; 6: e18436.
123. Gerber DE, Minna JD. ALK inhibition for nonsmall cell lung cancer: from discovery to therapy in record time. Cancer Cell 2010; 18: 548-551.
124. Sasaki T, Janne PA. New Strategies for Treatment of ALK Rearranged Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17: 7213-7218.
125. Colleoni GW, Bridge JA, Garicochea B, Liu J, Filippa DA, Ladanyi M. ATIC-ALK: A novel variant ALK gene fusion in anaplastic large cell lymphoma resulting from the recurrent cryptic chromosomal inversion, inv(2)(p23q35). Am J Pathol 2000; 156: 781-789.
126. Ma Z, Cools J, Marynen P, Cui X, Siebert R, Gesk S, Schlegelberger B, Peeters B, De Wolf-Peeters C, Wlodarska I, Morris SW. Inv(2) (p23q35) in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma induces constitutive anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) tyrosine kinase activation by fusion to ATIC, an enzyme involved in purine nucleotide biosynthesis. Blood 2000; 95: 2144-2149.
127. Trinei M, Lanfrancone L, Campo E, Pulford K, Mason DY, Pelicci PG, Falini B. A new variant anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-fusion protein (ATIC-ALK) in a case of ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 793-798.
128. Tort F, Pinyol M, Pulford K, Roncador G, Hernandez L, Nayach I, Kluin-Nelemans HC, Kluin P, Touriol C, Delsol G, Mason D, Campo E. Molecular characterization of a new ALK translocation involving moesin (MSN-ALK) in anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Lab Invest 2001; 81: 419-426.
129. Adam P, Katzenberger T, Seeberger H, Gattenlöhner S, Wolf J, Steinlein C, Schmid M, Müller-Hermelink HK, Ott G. A case of a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of plasmablastic type associated with the t(2;5)(p23;q35) chromosome translocation. Am J Surg Pathol 2003; 27: 1473-1476.
130. Onciu M, Behm FG, Downing JR, Shurtleff SA, Raimondi SC, Ma Z, Morris SW, Kennedy W, Jones SC, Sandlund JT. ALK-positive plasmablastic B-cell lymphoma with expression of the NPM-ALK fusion transcript: report of 2 cases. Blood 2003; 102: 2642-2644.
131. De Paepe P, Baens M, van Krieken H, Verhasselt B, Stul M, Simons A, Poppe B, Laureys G, Brons P, Vandenberghe P, Speleman F, Praet M, De Wolf-Peeters C, Marynen P, Wlodarska I. ALK activation by the CLTC-ALK fusion is a recurrent event in large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2003; 102: 2638-2641.
132. Stachurski D, Miron PM, Al-Homsi S, Hutchinson L, Harris NL, Woda B, Wang SA. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with a complex karyotype and cryptic 3' ALK gene insertion to chromosome 4 q22-24. Hum Pathol 2007; 38: 940-945.
133. Bedwell C, Rowe D, Moulton D, Jones G, Bown N, Bacon CM. Cytogenetically complex SEC31AALK fusions are recurrent in ALK-positive large B-cell lymphomas. Haematologica 2010; 96: 343-346.
134. Van Roosbroeck K, Cools J, Dierickx D, Thomas J, Vandenberghe P, Stul M, Delabie J, De Wolf-Peeters C, Marynen P, Wlodarska I. ALKpositive large B-cell lymphomas with cryptic SEC31A-ALK and NPM1-ALK fusions. Haematologica 2010; 95: 509-513.
135. Lawrence B, Perez-Atayde A, Hibbard MK, Rubin BP, Dal Cin P, Pinkus JL, Pinkus GS, Xiao S, Yi ES, Fletcher CD, Fletcher JA. TPM3-ALK and TPM4-ALK oncogenes in inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors. Am J Pathol 2000; 157: 377-384.
136. Bridge JA, Kanamori M, Ma Z, Pickering D, Hill DA, Lydiatt W, Lui MY, Colleoni GW, Antonescu CR, Ladanyi M, Morris SW. Fusion of the ALK gene to the clathrin heavy chain gene, CLTC, in inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. Am J Pathol 2001; 159: 411-415.
137. Debelenko LV, Arthur DC, Pack SD, Helman LJ, Schrump DS, Tsokos M. Identification of CARSALK fusion in primary and metastatic lesions of an inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. Lab Invest 2003; 83: 1255-1265.
138. Debiec-Rychter M, Marynen P, Hagemeijer A, Pauwels P. ALK-ATIC fusion in urinary bladder inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2003; 38: 187-190.
139. Ma Z, Hill DA, Collins MH, Morris SW, Sumegi J, Zhou M, Zuppan C, Bridge JA. Fusion of ALK to the Ran-binding protein 2 (RANBP2) gene in inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2003; 37: 98-105.
140. Panagopoulos I, Nilsson T, Domanski HA, Isaksson M, Lindblom P, Mertens F, Mandahl N. Fusion of the SEC31L1 and ALK genes in an inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. Int J Cancer 2006; 118: 1181-1186.