메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 69, Issue 11, 2012, Pages 3290-3314

Evaluation of hydrometeor phase and ice properties in cloud-resolving model simulations of tropical deep convection using radiance and polarization measurements

Author keywords

Cloud resolving models; Cloud retrieval; Cloud water phase; Ice crystals; Remote sensing

Indexed keywords

ASYMMETRY PARAMETER; BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURES; CLOUD RESOLVING MODEL; CLOUD RETRIEVAL; CLOUD WATER; CLOUD-RESOLVING MODEL SIMULATIONS; DEEP CONVECTION; EFFECTIVE RADIUS; HOMOGENEOUS NUCLEATION; ICE CRYSTALS; ICE NUCLEATION; ICE PROPERTIES; INDEX VALUES; LIQUID CLOUD; MODEL ASSUMPTIONS; MODEL SIMULATION; MULTI-DIRECTIONAL; NEAR INFRARED REFLECTANCE; PARTICLE SHAPE; POLARIZATION MEASUREMENTS; POLARIZED REFLECTANCES; RETRIEVAL ALGORITHMS; SATELLITE MEASUREMENTS; SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS;

EID: 84864257184     PISSN: 00224928     EISSN: 15200469     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-11-0314.1     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (32)

References (146)
  • 1
    • 0029412311 scopus 로고
    • A model for particle microphysics, turbulent mixing, and radiative transfer in the stratocumulus-topped marine boundary layer and comparisons with measurements
    • Ackerman, A. S., P. V. Hobbs, and O. B. Toon, 1995: A model for particle microphysics, turbulent mixing, and radiative transfer in the stratocumulus-topped marine boundary layer and comparisons with measurements. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1204-1236.
    • (1995) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.52 , pp. 1204-1236
    • Ackerman, A.S.1    Hobbs, P.V.2    Toon, O.B.3
  • 2
    • 72049085025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of the ice phase in tropical altocumulus: SAMUM lidar observations over Cape Verde
    • doi:10.1029/ 2008JD011659
    • Ansmann, A., and Coauthors, 2009: Evolution of the ice phase in tropical altocumulus: SAMUM lidar observations over Cape Verde. J. Geophys. Res., 114, D17208, doi:10.1029/ 2008JD011659.
    • (2009) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.114
    • Ansmann, A.1
  • 3
    • 0000791335 scopus 로고
    • The dimension of ice crystals in natural clouds
    • Auer, A., and D. Veal, 1970: The dimension of ice crystals in natural clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 27, 919-926.
    • (1970) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.27 , pp. 919-926
    • Auer, A.1    Veal, D.2
  • 4
    • 79951875544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial statistics of likely convective clouds in CloudSat data
    • doi:10.1029/2010JD014444
    • Bacmeister, J. T., and G. L. Stephens, 2011: Spatial statistics of likely convective clouds in CloudSat data. J. Geophys. Res., 116, D04104, doi:10.1029/2010JD014444.
    • (2011) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.116
    • Bacmeister, J.T.1    Stephens, G.L.2
  • 5
    • 0030618071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloud microphysics and climate: Tropospheric processes
    • Baker M., 1997: Cloud microphysics and climate: Tropospheric processes. Science, 276, 1072-1078.
    • (1997) Science , vol.276 , pp. 1072-1078
    • Baker, M.1
  • 6
    • 67649528692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of the light scattering properties of cirrus
    • Baran, A. J., 2009: A review of the light scattering properties of cirrus. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 110, 1239-1260.
    • (2009) J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer , vol.110 , pp. 1239-1260
    • Baran, A.J.1
  • 8
    • 79251517441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using in situ estimates of ice water content, volume extinction coefficient, and the total solar optical depth obtained during the tropical ACTIVE campaign to test an ensemble model of cirrus ice crystals
    • Baran, A. J., P. J. Connolly, A. J. Heymsfield, and A. Bansemer, 2011: Using in situ estimates of ice water content, volume extinction coefficient, and the total solar optical depth obtained during the tropical ACTIVE campaign to test an ensemble model of cirrus ice crystals. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 199-218.
    • (2011) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.137 , pp. 199-218
    • Baran, A.J.1    Connolly, P.J.2    Heymsfield, A.J.3    Bansemer, A.4
  • 11
    • 77956616532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of ice particle roughness on the scattering phase matrix
    • Baum, B. A., P. Yang, Y.-X. Hu, and Q. Feng, 2010: The impact of ice particle roughness on the scattering phase matrix. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 111, 2534-2549.
    • (2010) J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer , vol.111 , pp. 2534-2549
    • Baum, B.A.1    Yang, P.2    Hu, Y.-X.3    Feng, Q.4
  • 14
    • 77956460568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GOES 12 observations of convective storm variability and evolution during the Tropical Composition, Clouds and Climate Coupling Experiment field program
    • doi:10.1029/ 2009JD013227
    • Bedka, K. M., and P. Minnis, 2010: GOES 12 observations of convective storm variability and evolution during the Tropical Composition, Clouds and Climate Coupling Experiment field program. J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00J13, doi:10.1029/ 2009JD013227.
    • (2010) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.115
    • Bedka, K.M.1    Minnis, P.2
  • 15
    • 79953115248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • COSP: Satellite simulation software for model assessment
    • Bodas-Salcedo, A., and Coauthors, 2011: COSP: Satellite simulation software for model assessment. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 92, 1023-1043.
    • (2011) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.92 , pp. 1023-1043
    • Bodas-Salcedo, A.1
  • 16
    • 0024897250 scopus 로고
    • A general equation for the terminal fall speed of solid hydrometeors
    • Böhm, J., 1989: A general equation for the terminal fall speed of solid hydrometeors. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 2419-2427.
    • (1989) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.46 , pp. 2419-2427
    • Böhm, J.1
  • 18
    • 84872002703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PARASOL level-1 product: Data format and user manual
    • Available online at
    • Bréon, F. M., 2006: PARASOL level-1 product: Data format and user manual. CNES, 33 pp. [Available online at http://www.icare.univ-lille1.fr/products/download/Parasol_Level-1_format.pdf.]
    • (2006) CNES , pp. 33
    • Bréon, F.M.1
  • 19
    • 0032098369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloud droplet effective radius from spaceborne polarization measurements
    • Bréon, F. M., and P. Goloub, 1998: Cloud droplet effective radius from spaceborne polarization measurements. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1879-1882.
    • (1998) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.25 , pp. 1879-1882
    • Bréon, F.M.1    Goloub, P.2
  • 20
    • 0035390481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The microphysical properties of tropical convective anvil cirrus: A comparison of models and observations
    • Brown, P. R. A., and A. J. Heymsfield, 2001: The microphysical properties of tropical convective anvil cirrus: A comparison of models and observations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 1535-1550.
    • (2001) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.127 , pp. 1535-1550
    • Brown, P.R.A.1    Heymsfield, A.J.2
  • 22
    • 77649138102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of CALIOP measurements to the evaluation of cloud phase derived from MODIS infrared channels
    • Cho, H.-M., S. L. Nasiri, and P. Yang, 2009: Application of CALIOP measurements to the evaluation of cloud phase derived from MODIS infrared channels. J. Appl.Meteor. Climatol., 48, 2169-2180.
    • (2009) J. Appl.Meteor. Climatol. , vol.48 , pp. 2169-2180
    • Cho, H.-M.1    Nasiri, S.L.2    Yang, P.3
  • 25
    • 78149386263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of small ice cloud particles using passive radiometric observations
    • Cooper, S. J., and T. J. Garrett, 2010: Identification of small ice cloud particles using passive radiometric observations. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 49, 2334-2347.
    • (2010) J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol. , vol.49 , pp. 2334-2347
    • Cooper, S.J.1    Garrett, T.J.2
  • 26
    • 0000404476 scopus 로고
    • The adding method for multiple scattering calculations of polarized light
    • De Haan, J., P. Bosma, and J. Hovenier, 1987: The adding method for multiple scattering calculations of polarized light. Astron. Astrophys., 183, 371-391.
    • (1987) Astron. Astrophys. , vol.183 , pp. 371-391
    • Haan, D.J.1    Bosma, P.2    Hovenier, J.3
  • 27
    • 77954504891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical anvil characteristics and water vapor of the tropical tropopause layer: Impact of heterogeneous and homogeneous freezing parameterizations
    • doi:10.1029/2009JD012696
    • Fan, J., J. M. Comstock, M. Ovchinnikov, S. A. McFarlane, G. McFarquhar, and G. Allen, 2010: Tropical anvil characteristics and water vapor of the tropical tropopause layer: Impact of heterogeneous and homogeneous freezing parameterizations. J. Geophys. Res., 115, D12201, doi:10.1029/2009JD012696.
    • (2010) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.115
    • Fan, J.1    Comstock, J.M.2    Ovchinnikov, M.3    Mcfarlane, S.A.4    Mcfarquhar, G.5    Allen, G.6
  • 31
    • 0028581066 scopus 로고
    • An observational and theoretical study of the radiative properties of cirrus: Some results from ICE'89
    • Francis, P. N., A. Jones, R. W. Saunders, K. P. Shine, A. Slingo, and Z. Sun, 1994: An observational and theoretical study of the radiative properties of cirrus: Some results from ICE'89. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 120, 809-848.
    • (1994) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.120 , pp. 809-848
    • Francis, P.N.1    Jones, A.2    Saunders, R.W.3    Shine, K.P.4    Slingo, A.5    Sun, Z.6
  • 32
    • 39749141643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anvil characteristics as seen by C-POL during the TropicalWarm Pool International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE)
    • Frederick, K., and C. Schumacher, 2008: Anvil characteristics as seen by C-POL during the TropicalWarm Pool International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE). Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 206-222.
    • (2008) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.136 , pp. 206-222
    • Frederick, K.1    Schumacher, C.2
  • 33
    • 2342417333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for the predominance of mid-tropospheric aerosols as subtropical anvil cloud nuclei
    • Fridlind, A. M., and Coauthors, 2004: Evidence for the predominance of mid-tropospheric aerosols as subtropical anvil cloud nuclei. Science, 304, 718-722.
    • (2004) Science , vol.304 , pp. 718-722
    • Fridlind, A.M.1
  • 36
    • 84863337759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of TWP-ICE observational data with cloud-resolving model results
    • doi:10.1029/2011JD016595
    • Fridlind, A. M., and Coauthors, 2012a: A comparison of TWP-ICE observational data with cloud-resolving model results. J. Geophys. Res., 117, D05204, doi:10.1029/2011JD016595.
    • (2012) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.117
    • Fridlind, A.M.1
  • 37
    • 84855772391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A FIRE-ACE/ SHEBA case study of mixed-phase Arctic boundary layer clouds: Entrainment rate limitations on rapid primary ice nucleation processes
    • Fridlind, A. M., B. Van Diedenhoven, A. Ackerman, A.Avramov, A.Mrowiec, H. Morrison, P. Zuidema, and M. Shupe, 2012b: A FIRE-ACE/ SHEBA case study of mixed-phase Arctic boundary layer clouds: Entrainment rate limitations on rapid primary ice nucleation processes. J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 365-389.
    • (2012) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.69 , pp. 365-389
    • Fridlind, A.M.1    van Diedenhoven, B.2    Ackerman, A.3    Avramov, A.4    Mrowiec, A.5    Morrison, H.6    Zuidema, P.7    Shupe, M.8
  • 38
    • 37349026177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new parameterization of an asymmetry factor of cirrus clouds for climate models
    • Fu, Q., 2007: A new parameterization of an asymmetry factor of cirrus clouds for climate models. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 4140-4150.
    • (2007) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.64 , pp. 4140-4150
    • Fu, Q.1
  • 39
    • 0032463620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An accurate parameterization of the infrared radiative properties of cirrus clouds for climate models
    • Fu, Q., P. Yang, and W. B. Sun, 1998: An accurate parameterization of the infrared radiative properties of cirrus clouds for climate models. J. Climate, 11, 2223-2237.
    • (1998) J. Climate , vol.11 , pp. 2223-2237
    • Fu, Q.1    Yang, P.2    Sun, W.B.3
  • 40
    • 0033566498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling of scattering and absorption by nonspherical cirrus ice particles at thermal infrared wavelengths
    • Fu, Q., W. B. Sun, and P. Yang, 1999: Modeling of scattering and absorption by nonspherical cirrus ice particles at thermal infrared wavelengths. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2937-2947.
    • (1999) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.56 , pp. 2937-2947
    • Fu, Q.1    Sun, W.B.2    Yang, P.3
  • 41
    • 34948856324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deep convective system evolution over Africa and the tropical Atlantic
    • Futyan, J. M., and A. D. Del Genio, 2007: Deep convective system evolution over Africa and the tropical Atlantic. J. Climate, 20, 5041-5060.
    • (2007) J. Climate , vol.20 , pp. 5041-5060
    • Futyan, J.M.1    Genio, D.A.D.2
  • 43
    • 27344449709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of a Florida cirrus anvil
    • Garrett, T. J.,, and Coauthors, 2005: Evolution of a Florida cirrus anvil. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 2352-2372.
    • (2005) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.62 , pp. 2352-2372
    • Garrett, T.J.1
  • 44
    • 33846862943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microphysical and optical properties of midlatitude cirrus clouds observed in the Southern Hemisphere during INCA
    • Gayet, J.-F., and Coauthors, 2006: Microphysical and optical properties of midlatitude cirrus clouds observed in the Southern Hemisphere during INCA. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 132, 2719-2748.
    • (2006) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.132 , pp. 2719-2748
    • Gayet, J.-F.1
  • 45
    • 0035866891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of direct comparison of cloud top temperature and infrared split window signature against independent retrievals of cloud thermodynamic phase
    • Giraud, V., O. Thouron, J. Riedi, and P. Goloub, 2001: Analysis of direct comparison of cloud top temperature and infrared split window signature against independent retrievals of cloud thermodynamic phase. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 983-986.
    • (2001) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.28 , pp. 983-986
    • Giraud, V.1    Thouron, O.2    Riedi, J.3    Goloub, P.4
  • 46
    • 16644378345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloud thermodynamical phase classification from the POLDER spaceborne instrument
    • Goloub, P., M. Herman, H. Chepfer, J. Riedi, G. Brogniez, P. Couvert, and G. Sé ze, 2000: Cloud thermodynamical phase classification from the POLDER spaceborne instrument. J. Geophys. Res., 105 (D11), 14 747-14 759.
    • (2000) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.105 , Issue.11 D , pp. 14747-14759
    • Goloub, P.1    Herman, M.2    Chepfer, H.3    Riedi, J.4    Brogniez, G.5    Couvert, P.6    Séze, G.7
  • 47
    • 0033429640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A parameterization of cloud microphysics for long-term cloud-resolving modeling of tropical convection
    • Grabowski, W. W., 1999: A parameterization of cloud microphysics for long-term cloud-resolving modeling of tropical convection. Atmos. Res., 52, 17-41.
    • (1999) Atmos. Res. , vol.52 , pp. 17-41
    • Grabowski, W.W.1
  • 50
    • 0033611359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Representation of a nonspherical ice particle by a collection of independent spheres for scattering and absorption of radiation
    • Grenfell, T. C., and S. G. Warren, 1999: Representation of a nonspherical ice particle by a collection of independent spheres for scattering and absorption of radiation. J. Geophys. Res., 104 (D24), 31 697-31 709.
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104 , Issue.24 D , pp. 31697-31709
    • Grenfell, T.C.1    Warren, S.G.2
  • 51
    • 0001310874 scopus 로고
    • Light scattering in planetary atmospheres
    • Hansen, J. E., and L. D. Travis, 1974: Light scattering in planetary atmospheres. Space Sci. Rev., 16, 527-610.
    • (1974) Space Sci. Rev. , vol.16 , pp. 527-610
    • Hansen, J.E.1    Travis, L.D.2
  • 52
    • 0035894802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical convection and the energy balance at the top of the atmosphere
    • Hartmann, D. L., L. A. Moy, and Q. Fu, 2001: Tropical convection and the energy balance at the top of the atmosphere. J. Climate, 14, 4495-4511.
    • (2001) J. Climate , vol.14 , pp. 4495-4511
    • Hartmann, D.L.1    Moy, L.A.2    Fu, Q.3
  • 53
    • 80053366568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of ice nuclei on cirrus clouds in a global climate model
    • doi:10.1029/2010JD015302
    • Hendricks, J., B. Kärcher, and U. Lohmann, 2011: Effects of ice nuclei on cirrus clouds in a global climate model. J. Geophys. Res., 116, D18206, doi:10.1029/2010JD015302.
    • (2011) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.116
    • Hendricks, J.1    Kärcher, B.2    Lohmann, U.3
  • 55
    • 0025657684 scopus 로고
    • A scheme for parameterizing icecloud water content in general circulation models
    • Heymsfield, A. J., and L. J. Donner, 1990: A scheme for parameterizing icecloud water content in general circulation models. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1865-1877.
    • (1990) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.47 , pp. 1865-1877
    • Heymsfield, A.J.1    Donner, L.J.2
  • 56
    • 0034176945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cirrus crystal terminal velocities
    • Heymsfield, A. J., and J. Iaquinta, 2000: Cirrus crystal terminal velocities. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 916-938.
    • (2000) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.57 , pp. 916-938
    • Heymsfield, A.J.1    Iaquinta, J.2
  • 57
    • 77951848462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microphysics of maritime tropical convective updrafts at temperatures from 2208 to 2608
    • Heymsfield, A. J., A. Bansemer, G. Heymsfield, and A. O. Fierro, 2009: Microphysics of maritime tropical convective updrafts at temperatures from 2208 to 2608. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 3530-3562.
    • (2009) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.66 , pp. 3530-3562
    • Heymsfield, A.J.1    Bansemer, A.2    Heymsfield, G.3    Fierro, A.O.4
  • 58
  • 59
    • 77953170577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of high-level clouds represented in a global cloud system-resolving model with CALIPSO/CloudSat and geostationary satellite observations
    • doi:10.1029/2009JD012371.
    • Inoue, T., M. Satoh, Y. Hagihara, H. Miura, and J. Schmetz, 2010: Comparison of high-level clouds represented in a global cloud system-resolving model with CALIPSO/CloudSat and geostationary satellite observations. J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00H22, doi:10.1029/2009JD012371.
    • (2010) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.115
    • Inoue, T.1    Satoh, M.2    Hagihara, Y.3    Miura, H.4    Schmetz, J.5
  • 60
    • 0028668102 scopus 로고
    • Ice nucleation in the upper troposphere: Sensitivity to aerosol number density, temperature, and cooling rate
    • doi:10.1029/94GL01287
    • Jensen, E. J., and O. B. Toon, 1994: Ice nucleation in the upper troposphere: Sensitivity to aerosol number density, temperature, and cooling rate. Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2019, doi:10.1029/94GL01287.
    • (1994) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.21 , pp. 2019
    • Jensen, E.J.1    Toon, O.B.2
  • 61
    • 78751495570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of convection and aerosol pollution on ice cloud particle effective radius
    • Jiang, J. H., and Coauthors, 2011: Influence of convection and aerosol pollution on ice cloud particle effective radius. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 457-463.
    • (2011) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.11 , pp. 457-463
    • Jiang, J.H.1
  • 64
    • 77956053722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observations and modeling of ice cloud shortwave spectral albedo during the Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling Experiment (TC4)
    • doi:10.1029/2009JD013127
    • Kindel, B. C., K. S. Schmidt, P. Pilewskie, B. A. Baum, P. Yang, and S. Platnick, 2010: Observations and modeling of ice cloud shortwave spectral albedo during the Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling Experiment (TC4). J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00J18, doi:10.1029/2009JD013127.
    • (2010) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.115
    • Kindel, B.C.1    Schmidt, K.S.2    Pilewskie, P.3    Baum, B.A.4    Yang, P.5    Platnick, S.6
  • 65
    • 3242716952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remote sensing of liquid water and ice cloud optical thickness and effective radius in the Arctic: Application of airborne multispectral MAS data
    • King, M. D., S. Platnick, P. Yang, G. T. Arnold, M. A. Gray, J. C. Riedi, S. A. Ackerman, and K.-N. Liou, 2004: Remote sensing of liquid water and ice cloud optical thickness and effective radius in the Arctic: Application of airborne multispectral MAS data. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 21, 857-875.
    • (2004) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.21 , pp. 857-875
    • King, M.D.1    Platnick, S.2    Yang, P.3    Arnold, G.T.4    Gray, M.A.5    Riedi, J.C.6    Ackerman, S.A.7    Liou, K.-N.8
  • 66
    • 22144457937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling total and polarized reflectances of ice clouds: Evaluation by means of POLDER and ATSR-2 measurements
    • Knap, W. H., L. C. Labonnote, G. Brogniez, and P. Stammes, 2005: Modeling total and polarized reflectances of ice clouds: Evaluation by means of POLDER and ATSR-2 measurements. Appl. Opt., 44, 4060-4073.
    • (2005) Appl. Opt. , vol.44 , pp. 4060-4073
    • Knap, W.H.1    Labonnote, L.C.2    Brogniez, G.3    Stammes, P.4
  • 67
    • 0141626549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roundness and aspect ratio of particles in ice clouds
    • Korolev, A., and G. Isaac, 2003: Roundness and aspect ratio of particles in ice clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 1795-1808.
    • (2003) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.60 , pp. 1795-1808
    • Korolev, A.1    Isaac, G.2
  • 68
    • 80052546237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Small ice particles in tropospheric clouds: Fact or artifact? Airborne icing instrumentation evaluation experiment
    • Korolev, A., E. F. Emery, J. W. Strapp, S. G. Cober, G. A. Isaac, M.Wasey, and D. Marcotte, 2011: Small ice particles in tropospheric clouds: Fact or artifact? Airborne icing instrumentation evaluation experiment. Bull. Amer.Meteor. Soc., 92, 967-973.
    • (2011) Bull. Amer.Meteor. Soc. , vol.92 , pp. 967-973
    • Korolev, A.1    Emery, E.F.2    Strapp, J.W.3    Cober, S.G.4    Isaac, G.A.5    Wasey, M.6    Marcotte, D.7
  • 69
    • 36649005550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radiative and convective driving of tropical high clouds
    • Kubar, T. L., D. L. Hartmann, and R. Wood, 2007: Radiative and convective driving of tropical high clouds. J. Climate, 20, 5510-5526.
    • (2007) J. Climate , vol.20 , pp. 5510-5526
    • Kubar, T.L.1    Hartmann, D.L.2    Wood, R.3
  • 70
    • 0026289608 scopus 로고
    • A description of the correlated k distribution method for modeling nongray gaseous absorption, thermal emission, and multiple scattering in vertically inhomogeneous atmospheres
    • Lacis, A. A., and V. Oinas, 1991: A description of the correlated k distribution method for modeling nongray gaseous absorption, thermal emission, and multiple scattering in vertically inhomogeneous atmospheres. J. Geophys. Res., 96 (D5), 9027-9063.
    • (1991) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.96 , Issue.5 D , pp. 9027-9063
    • Lacis, A.A.1    Oinas, V.2
  • 71
    • 77956034568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microphysical and radiative properties of tropical clouds investigated in TC4 andNAMMA
    • doi:10.1029/2009JD013017
    • Lawson, R. P., E. Jensen, D. L. Mitchell, B. Baker, Q. Mo, and B. Pilson, 2010: Microphysical and radiative properties of tropical clouds investigated in TC4 andNAMMA.J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00J08, doi:10.1029/2009JD013017.
    • (2010) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.115
    • Lawson, R.P.1    Jensen, E.2    Mitchell, D.L.3    Baker, B.4    Mo, Q.5    Pilson, B.6
  • 72
    • 33746192649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The time-space exchangeability of satellite retrieved relations between cloud top temperature and particle effective radius
    • Lensky, I. M., and D. Rosenfeld, 2006: The time-space exchangeability of satellite retrieved relations between cloud top temperature and particle effective radius. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2887-2894.
    • (2006) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.6 , pp. 2887-2894
    • Lensky, I.M.1    Rosenfeld, D.2
  • 73
    • 84863075157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the use of scattering kernels to calculate ice cloud bulk optical properties
    • Liu, X., S. Ding, L. Bi, and P. Yang, 2012: On the use of scattering kernels to calculate ice cloud bulk optical properties. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 29, 50-63.
    • (2012) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.29 , pp. 50-63
    • Liu, X.1    Ding, S.2    Bi, L.3    Yang, P.4
  • 74
    • 0013083405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Angular distribution models for top-of-atmosphere radiative flux estimation from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System Instrument on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite
    • Loeb, N. G., N. Manalo-Smith, S. Kato, W. F. Miller, S. K. Gupta, P. Minnis, and B. A. Wielicki, 2003: Angular distribution models for top-of-atmosphere radiative flux estimation from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System Instrument on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite. Part I: Methodology. J. Appl. Meteor., 42, 240-265.
    • (2003) Part I: Methodology. J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.42 , pp. 240-265
    • Loeb, N.G.1    Manalo-Smith, N.2    Kato, S.3    Miller, W.F.4    Gupta, S.K.5    Minnis, P.6    Wielicki, B.A.7
  • 75
    • 20444486833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Angular distribution models for top-of-atmosphere radiative flux estimation from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System Instrument on the Terra satellite
    • Loeb, N. G., S. Kato, K. Loukachine, and N. Manalo-Smith, 2005: Angular distribution models for top-of-atmosphere radiative flux estimation from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System Instrument on the Terra satellite. Part I: Methodology. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 22, 338-351.
    • (2005) Part I: Methodology. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.22 , pp. 338-351
    • Loeb, N.G.1    Kato, S.2    Loukachine, K.3    Manalo-Smith, N.4
  • 76
    • 65649107288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Terminal versus transient cumulus congestus: A CloudSat perspective
    • doi:10.1029/ 2008GL036927
    • Luo, Z., G. Y. Liu, G. L. Stephens, and R. H. Johnson, 2009: Terminal versus transient cumulus congestus: A CloudSat perspective. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L05808, doi:10.1029/ 2008GL036927.
    • (2009) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.36
    • Luo, Z.1    Liu, G.Y.2    Stephens, G.L.3    Johnson, R.H.4
  • 77
    • 0030391043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Single scattering properties of atmospheric ice crystals
    • Macke, A., J. Mueller, and E. Raschke, 1996: Single scattering properties of atmospheric ice crystals. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 2813-2825.
    • (1996) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.53 , pp. 2813-2825
    • Macke, A.1    Mueller, J.2    Raschke, E.3
  • 78
    • 0033153607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Horizontal radiative fluxes in clouds and accuracy of the independent pixel approximation at absorbing wavelengths
    • doi:10.1029/ 1999GL900306
    • Marshak, A., L. Oreopoulos, A. B. Davis, W. J. Wiscombe, and R. F. Cahalan, 1999: Horizontal radiative fluxes in clouds and accuracy of the independent pixel approximation at absorbing wavelengths. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1585, doi:10.1029/ 1999GL900306.
    • (1999) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.26 , pp. 1585
    • Marshak, A.1    Oreopoulos, L.2    Davis, A.B.3    Wiscombe, W.J.4    Cahalan, R.F.5
  • 79
    • 78651065300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Satellite data simulator unit: A multisensor, multispectral satellite simulator package
    • Masunaga, H., and Coauthors, 2010: Satellite data simulator unit: A multisensor, multispectral satellite simulator package. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 91, 1625-1632.
    • (2010) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.91 , pp. 1625-1632
    • Masunaga, H.1
  • 81
    • 0000550798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parameterization of tropical cirrus ice crystal size distributions and implications for radiative transfer: Results from CEPEX
    • McFarquhar, G. M., and A. J. Heymsfield, 1997: Parameterization of tropical cirrus ice crystal size distributions and implications for radiative transfer: Results from CEPEX. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2187-2200.
    • (1997) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.54 , pp. 2187-2200
    • Mcfarquhar, G.M.1    Heymsfield, A.J.2
  • 82
    • 0031821411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The definition and significance of an effective radius for ice clouds
    • McFarquhar, G. M., and A. J. Heymsfield, 1998: The definition and significance of an effective radius for ice clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2039-2052.
    • (1998) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.55 , pp. 2039-2052
    • Mcfarquhar, G.M.1    Heymsfield, A.J.2
  • 83
    • 34548624584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Importance of small ice crystals to cirrus properties: Observations from the Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE)
    • doi:10.1029/2007GL029865
    • McFarquhar, G. M., and A. J. Heymsfield, J. Um, M. Freer, D. Baumgardner, G. L. Kok, and G. Mace, 2007: Importance of small ice crystals to cirrus properties: Observations from the Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE). Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L13803, doi:10.1029/2007GL029865.
    • (2007) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.34
    • Mcfarquhar, G.M.1    Heymsfield, A.J.2    Um, J.3    Freer, M.4    Baumgardner, D.5    Kok, G.L.6    Mace, G.7
  • 85
    • 84974687151 scopus 로고
    • Beiträge zurOptik trüberMedien, speziell kolloidaler Metallö sungen
    • Mie, G., 1908: Beiträge zurOptik trüberMedien, speziell kolloidaler Metallö sungen. Ann. Phys., 330, 377-445.
    • (1908) Ann. Phys. , vol.330 , pp. 377-445
    • Mie, G.1
  • 86
    • 50849095812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating the top altitude of optically thick ice clouds from thermal infrared satellite observations using CALIPSO data
    • doi:10.1029/2008GL033947
    • Minnis, P., C. R. Yost, S. Sun-Mack, and Y. Chen, 2008: Estimating the top altitude of optically thick ice clouds from thermal infrared satellite observations using CALIPSO data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L12801, doi:10.1029/2008GL033947.
    • (2008) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.35
    • Minnis, P.1    Yost, C.R.2    Sun-Mack, S.3    Chen, Y.4
  • 87
    • 80455164717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CERES edition-2 cloud property retrievals using TRMM VIRS and Terra and Aqua MODIS data-Part I: Algorithms
    • Minnis, P., and Coauthors, 2011: CERES edition-2 cloud property retrievals using TRMM VIRS and Terra and Aqua MODIS data-Part I: Algorithms. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 49, 4374-4400.
    • (2011) IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. , vol.49 , pp. 4374-4400
    • Minnis, P.1
  • 88
    • 0030431092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of mass-and area-dimensional power laws for determining precipitation particle terminal velocities
    • Mitchell, D. L., 1996: Use of mass-and area-dimensional power laws for determining precipitation particle terminal velocities. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1710-1723.
    • (1996) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.53 , pp. 1710-1723
    • Mitchell, D.L.1
  • 89
    • 0036693067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effective diameter in radiation transfer: General definition, applications, and limitations
    • Mitchell, D. L., 2002: Effective diameter in radiation transfer: General definition, applications, and limitations. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2330-2346.
    • (2002) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.59 , pp. 2330-2346
    • Mitchell, D.L.1
  • 90
    • 84871991325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Satellite retrieval of the liquid water fraction in tropical clouds between 220 and 238 8C
    • Mitchell, D. L., and R. P. d'Entremont, 2011: Satellite retrieval of the liquid water fraction in tropical clouds between 220 and 238 8C. Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., 4, 7657-7698.
    • (2011) Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss. , vol.4 , pp. 7657-7698
    • Mitchell, D.L.1    D'entremont, R.P.2
  • 93
    • 80053067481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Representing the ice fall speed in climate models: Results from Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling (TC4) and the Indirect and Semi-Direct Aerosol Campaign (ISDAC)
    • doi:10.1029/2010JD015433
    • Mitchell, D. L.,S. Mishra, and R. P. Lawson, 2011b: Representing the ice fall speed in climate models: Results from Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling (TC4) and the Indirect and Semi-Direct Aerosol Campaign (ISDAC). J. Geophys. Res., 116, D00T03, doi:10.1029/2010JD015433.
    • (2011) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.116
    • Mitchell, D.L.1    Mishra, S.2    Lawson, R.P.3
  • 95
    • 84902594937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intercomparison of cloud model simulations of Arctic mixed-phase boundary layer clouds observed during SHEBA/FIRE-ACE
    • doi:10.1029/2011MS000066
    • Morrison, H., and Coauthors, 2011: Intercomparison of cloud model simulations of Arctic mixed-phase boundary layer clouds observed during SHEBA/FIRE-ACE. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 3, M06003, doi:10.1029/2011MS000066.
    • (2011) J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst. , vol.3
    • Morrison, H.1
  • 96
    • 45449122740 scopus 로고
    • Algorithms for radiative intensity calculations in moderately thick atmospheres using a truncation approximation
    • Nakajima, T. Y., and M. Tanaka, 1988: Algorithms for radiative intensity calculations in moderately thick atmospheres using a truncation approximation. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 40, 51-69.
    • (1988) J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer , vol.40 , pp. 51-69
    • Nakajima, T.Y.1    Tanaka, M.2
  • 97
    • 0025679643 scopus 로고
    • Determination of the optical thickness and effective particle radius of clouds from reflected solar radiation measurements
    • Nakajima, T. Y., and M. D. King, 1990: Determination of the optical thickness and effective particle radius of clouds from reflected solar radiation measurements. Part I: Theory. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1878-1893.
    • (1990) Part I: Theory. J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.47 , pp. 1878-1893
    • Nakajima, T.Y.1    King, M.D.2
  • 98
    • 62749149375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Limitations of bispectral infrared cloud phase determination and potential for improvement
    • Nasiri, S. L., and B. H. Kahn, 2008: Limitations of bispectral infrared cloud phase determination and potential for improvement. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 47, 2895-2910.
    • (2008) J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol. , vol.47 , pp. 2895-2910
    • Nasiri, S.L.1    Kahn, B.H.2
  • 99
    • 77953737812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermodynamic phase profiles of optically thin midlatitude clouds and their relation to temperature
    • doi:10.1029/ 2009JD012889
    • Naud, C. M., and Coauthors, 2010: Thermodynamic phase profiles of optically thin midlatitude clouds and their relation to temperature. J. Geophys. Res., 115, D11202, doi:10.1029/ 2009JD012889.
    • (2010) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.115
    • Naud, C.M.1
  • 100
    • 1342269943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Representation of a nonspherical ice particle by a collection of independent spheres for scattering and absorption of radiation: 2
    • doi:10.1029/2002JD003302
    • Neshyba, S. P., T. C. Grenfell, and S. G. Warren, 2003: Representation of a nonspherical ice particle by a collection of independent spheres for scattering and absorption of radiation: 2. Hexagonal columns and plates. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4448, doi:10.1029/2002JD003302.
    • (2003) Hexagonal columns and plates. J. Geophys. Res. , vol.108 , pp. 4448
    • Neshyba, S.P.1    Grenfell, T.C.2    Warren, S.G.3
  • 101
    • 14744292662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Classification of particle shapes from lidar depolarization ratios in convective ice clouds compared to in situ observations during CRYSTAL-FACE
    • doi:10.1029/2004JD004883
    • Noel, V., D. M. Winker, M. McGill, and P. Lawson, 2004: Classification of particle shapes from lidar depolarization ratios in convective ice clouds compared to in situ observations during CRYSTAL-FACE. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D24213, doi:10.1029/2004JD004883.
    • (2004) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.109
    • Noel, V.1    Winker, D.M.2    Mcgill, M.3    Lawson, P.4
  • 103
    • 84858730806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polarimetric retrievals of surface and cirrus clouds properties in the region affected by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill
    • Ottaviani, M., and Coauthors, 2012: Polarimetric retrievals of surface and cirrus clouds properties in the region affected by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Remote Sens. Environ., 121, 389-403.
    • (2012) Remote Sens. Environ. , vol.121 , pp. 389-403
    • Ottaviani, M.1
  • 104
    • 34147137273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nucleation processes in deep convection simulated by a cloud-systemresolving model with double-moment bulk microphysics
    • Phillips, V. T. J., L. J. Donner, and S. T. Garner, 2007: Nucleation processes in deep convection simulated by a cloud-systemresolving model with double-moment bulk microphysics. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 738-761.
    • (2007) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.64 , pp. 738-761
    • Phillips, V.T.J.1    Donner, L.J.2    Garner, S.T.3
  • 105
    • 16644382051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vertical photon transport in cloud remote sensing problems
    • Platnick, S., 2000: Vertical photon transport in cloud remote sensing problems. J. Geophys. Res., 105 (D18), 22 919-22 935.
    • (2000) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.105 , Issue.18 D , pp. 22919-22935
    • Platnick, S.1
  • 107
    • 79958704981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obtaining best estimates for the microphysical and radiative properties of tropical ice clouds from TWP-ICE in situ microphysical observations
    • Protat, A., G. M. McFarquhar, J. Um, and J. Delanoë, 2011: Obtaining best estimates for the microphysical and radiative properties of tropical ice clouds from TWP-ICE in situ microphysical observations. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 50, 895-915.
    • (2011) J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol. , vol.50 , pp. 895-915
    • Protat, A.1    Mcfarquhar, G.M.2    Um, J.3    Delanoë, J.4
  • 109
    • 0035362689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of POLDER cloud phase retrievals to active remote sensors measurements at the ARM SGP site
    • Riedi, J., P. Goloub, and R. T. Marchand, 2001: Comparison of POLDER cloud phase retrievals to active remote sensors measurements at the ARM SGP site. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2185-2188.
    • (2001) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.28 , pp. 2185-2188
    • Riedi, J.1    Goloub, P.2    Marchand, R.T.3
  • 110
    • 78650161591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloud thermodynamic phase inferred from merged POLDER and MODIS data
    • Riedi, J., and Coauthors, 2010: Cloud thermodynamic phase inferred from merged POLDER and MODIS data. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11 851-11 865.
    • (2010) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.10
    • Riedi, J.1
  • 111
    • 0037255456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulation of satellite channel radiances in the Met Office Unified Model
    • Ringer, M. A., J. M. Edwards, and A. Slingo, 2003: Simulation of satellite channel radiances in the Met Office Unified Model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 129, 1169-1190.
    • (2003) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.129 , pp. 1169-1190
    • Ringer, M.A.1    Edwards, J.M.2    Slingo, A.3
  • 112
    • 0033784685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remote sensing of optical and microphysical properties of cirrus clouds using Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer channels: Methodology and sensitivity to physical assumptions
    • Rolland, P., K. N. Liou, M. D. King, S. C. Tsay, and G. M. McFarquhar, 2000: Remote sensing of optical and microphysical properties of cirrus clouds using Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer channels: Methodology and sensitivity to physical assumptions. J. Geophys. Res., 105 (D9), 11 721-11 738.
    • (2000) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.105 , Issue.9 D , pp. 11721-11738
    • Rolland, P.1    Liou, K.N.2    King, M.D.3    Tsay, S.C.4    Mcfarquhar, G.M.5
  • 113
    • 0034713365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deep convective clouds with sustained supercooled liquid water down to 237
    • Rosenfeld, D., and W. L. Woodley, 2000: Deep convective clouds with sustained supercooled liquid water down to 237.5 8C. Nature, 405, 440-442.
    • (2000) 5 8C. Nature , vol.405 , pp. 440-442
    • Rosenfeld, D.1    Woodley, W.L.2
  • 114
    • 42549152804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Satellite detection of severe convective storms by their retrieved vertical profiles of cloud particle effective radius and thermodynamic phase
    • doi:10.1029/ 2007JD008600
    • Rosenfeld, D., and W. L. Woodley, A. Lerner, G. Kelman, and D. T. Lindsey, 2008: Satellite detection of severe convective storms by their retrieved vertical profiles of cloud particle effective radius and thermodynamic phase. J. Geophys. Res., 113, D04208, doi:10.1029/ 2007JD008600.
    • (2008) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.113
    • Rosenfeld, D.1    Woodley, W.L.2    Lerner, A.3    Kelman, G.4    Lindsey, D.T.5
  • 116
    • 0042323504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advances in understanding clouds from ISCCP
    • Rossow, W. B., and R. A. Schiffer, 1999: Advances in understanding clouds from ISCCP. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80, 2261-2287
    • (1999) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.80 , pp. 2261-2287
    • Rossow, W.B.1    Schiffer, R.A.2
  • 117
    • 0032750661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observed evolution of tropical deep convective events and their environment
    • Sherwood, S. C., and R. Wahrlich, 1999: Observed evolution of tropical deep convective events and their environment. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 1777-1795.
    • (1999) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.127 , pp. 1777-1795
    • Sherwood, S.C.1    Wahrlich, R.2
  • 118
    • 33646377880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Small ice crystals and the climatology of lightning
    • doi:10.1029/2005GL025242.
    • Sherwood, S. C., V. T. J. Phillips, and J. S. Wettlaufer, 2006: Small ice crystals and the climatology of lightning. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L05804, doi:10.1029/2005GL025242.
    • (2006) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.33
    • Sherwood, S.C.1    Phillips, V.T.J.2    Wettlaufer, J.S.3
  • 119
    • 0026299544 scopus 로고
    • A theoretical and observational study of the radiative properties of cirrus: Results from FIRE 1986
    • Stackhouse, P. W. Jr., and G. L. Stephens, 1991: A theoretical and observational study of the radiative properties of cirrus: Results from FIRE 1986. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 2044-2059.
    • (1991) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.48 , pp. 2044-2059
    • Stackhouse Jr., P.W.1    Stephens, G.L.2
  • 120
    • 0024839546 scopus 로고
    • Rapid calculation of radiative heating rates and photodissociation rates in inhomogeneous multiple scattering atmospheres
    • Toon, O. B., C. P. McKay, T. P. Ackerman, and K. Santhanam, 1989: Rapid calculation of radiative heating rates and photodissociation rates in inhomogeneous multiple scattering atmospheres. J. Geophys. Res., 94 (D13), 16 287-16 301.
    • (1989) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.94 , Issue.13 D , pp. 16287-16301
    • Toon, O.B.1    Mckay, C.P.2    Ackerman, T.P.3    Santhanam, K.4
  • 121
    • 67649424386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Single-scattering properties of aggregates of plates
    • Um, J., and G. M. McFarquhar, 2009: Single-scattering properties of aggregates of plates. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 135, 291-304.
    • (2009) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.135 , pp. 291-304
    • Um, J.1    Mcfarquhar, G.M.2
  • 122
    • 79953716287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dependence of the single-scattering properties of small ice crystals on idealized shape models
    • Um, J., and G. M. McFarquhar, 2011: Dependence of the single-scattering properties of small ice crystals on idealized shape models. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3159-3171.
    • (2011) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.11 , pp. 3159-3171
    • Um, J.1    Mcfarquhar, G.M.2
  • 123
    • 79958762027 scopus 로고
    • Light Scattering by Small Particles
    • van de Hulst, H. C., 1957: Light Scattering by Small Particles. Wiley, 470 pp.
    • (1957) Wiley , pp. 470
    • van de Hulst, H.C.1
  • 124
    • 67650451402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of ice formation in large-eddy simulations of supercooled Arctic stratocumulus using ground-based lidar and cloud radar
    • doi:10.1029/2008JD011198
    • van Diedenhoven, B., A. M. Fridlind, A. S. Ackerman, E. W. Eloranta, and G. M. McFarquhar, 2009: An evaluation of ice formation in large-eddy simulations of supercooled Arctic stratocumulus using ground-based lidar and cloud radar. J. Geophys. Res., 114, D10203, doi:10.1029/2008JD011198.
    • (2009) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.114
    • van Diedenhoven, B.1    Fridlind, A.M.2    Ackerman, A.S.3    Eloranta, E.W.4    Mcfarquhar, G.M.5
  • 125
    • 79959827306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of cloud-resolving model intercomparison simulations using TWP-ICE observations: Precipitation and cloud structure
    • doi:10.1029/2010JD015180
    • Varble, A., and Coauthors, 2011: Evaluation of cloud-resolving model intercomparison simulations using TWP-ICE observations: Precipitation and cloud structure. J. Geophys. Res., 116, D12206, doi:10.1029/2010JD015180.
    • (2011) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.116
    • Varble, A.1
  • 126
    • 68249104959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remote sensing of cirrus cloud vertical size profile using MODIS data
    • doi:10.1029/ 2008JD011327
    • Wang, X., K. N. Liou, S. S. C. Ou, G. G. Mace, and M. Deng, 2009a: Remote sensing of cirrus cloud vertical size profile using MODIS data. J. Geophys. Res., 114, D09205, doi:10.1029/ 2008JD011327.
    • (2009) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.114
    • Wang, X.1    Liou, K.N.2    Ou, S.S.C.3    Mace, G.G.4    Deng, M.5
  • 127
    • 72049125308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating regional cloud-permitting simulations of the WRF model for the Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE), Darwin, 2006
    • doi:10.1029/2009JD012729
    • Wang, Y., C. N. Long, L. R. Leung, J. Dudhia, S. A. McFarlane, J. H. Mather, S. J. Ghan, and X. Liu, 2009b: Evaluating regional cloud-permitting simulations of the WRF model for the Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE), Darwin, 2006. J. Geophys. Res., 114, D21203, doi:10.1029/2009JD012729.
    • (2009) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.114
    • Wang, Y.1    Long, C.N.2    Leung, L.R.3    Dudhia, J.4    Mcfarlane, S.A.5    Mather, J.H.6    Ghan, S.J.7    Liu, X.8
  • 128
    • 71949083030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optical constants of ice from the ultraviolet to the microwave: A revised compilation
    • doi:10.1029/2007JD009744
    • Warren, S. G., and R. E. Brandt, 2008: Optical constants of ice from the ultraviolet to the microwave: A revised compilation. J. Geophys. Res., 113, D14220, doi:10.1029/2007JD009744. Westbrook, C. D., 2008: The fall speeds of sub-100 micron ice crystals. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 134, 1243-1251.
    • (2008) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.113
    • Warren, S.G.1    Brandt, R.E.2
  • 129
    • 50949098896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The fall speeds of sub-100 micron ice crystals
    • Westbrook, C. D., 2008: The fall speeds of sub-100 micron ice crystals. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 134, 1243-1251.
    • (2008) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.134 , pp. 1243-1251
    • Westbrook, C.D.1
  • 130
    • 79960803786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence that ice forms primarily in supercooled liquid clouds at temperatures
    • doi:10.1029/2011GL048021
    • Westbrook, C. D., and A. J. Illingworth, 2011: Evidence that ice forms primarily in supercooled liquid clouds at temperatures .2278C. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L14808, doi:10.1029/2011GL048021.
    • (2011) 2278C. Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.38
    • Westbrook, C.D.1    Illingworth, A.J.2
  • 131
    • 37649029530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theory of growth by differential sedimentation, with application to snowflake formation
    • doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.70.021403
    • Westbrook, C. D., R. C. Ball, P. R. Field, and A. J. Heymsfield, 2004: Theory of growth by differential sedimentation, with application to snowflake formation. Phys. Rev., E70, 021403, doi:10.1103/ PhysRevE.70.021403.
    • (2004) Phys. Rev. , vol.70 E , pp. 021403
    • Westbrook, C.D.1    Ball, R.C.2    Field, P.R.3    Heymsfield, A.J.4
  • 132
    • 38849126136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The capacitance of pristine ice crystals and aggregate snowflakes
    • Westbrook, C. D., R. J. Hogan, and A. J. Illingworth, 2008: The capacitance of pristine ice crystals and aggregate snowflakes. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 206-219.
    • (2008) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.65 , pp. 206-219
    • Westbrook, C.D.1    Hogan, R.J.2    Illingworth, A.J.3
  • 133
    • 0000221018 scopus 로고
    • The Delta-M method: Rapid yet accurate radiative flux calculations for strongly asymmetric phase functions
    • Wiscombe, W. J., 1977: The Delta-M method: Rapid yet accurate radiative flux calculations for strongly asymmetric phase functions. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1408-1422.
    • (1977) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.34 , pp. 1408-1422
    • Wiscombe, W.J.1
  • 134
    • 66249083496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WRF and GISS SCM simulations of convective updraft properties during TWP-ICE
    • doi:10.1029/2008JD010851
    • Wu, J., A. D. Del Genio, M.-S. Yao, and A. B. Wolf, 2009: WRF and GISS SCM simulations of convective updraft properties during TWP-ICE. J. Geophys. Res., 114, D04206, doi:10.1029/ 2008JD010851.
    • (2009) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.114
    • Wu, J.1    Genio, D.A.D.2    Yao, M.-S.3    Wolf, A.B.4
  • 135
    • 0035302480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The diurnal cycle in the tropics
    • Yang, G.-Y., and J. Slingo, 2001: The diurnal cycle in the tropics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 784-801.
    • (2001) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.129 , pp. 784-801
    • Yang, G.-Y.1    Slingo, J.2
  • 136
    • 67649386622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dependence of ice crystal optical properties on particle aspect ratio
    • Yang, P., and Q. Fu, 2009: Dependence of ice crystal optical properties on particle aspect ratio. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 110, 1604-1614.
    • (2009) J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer , vol.110 , pp. 1604-1614
    • Yang, P.1    Fu, Q.2
  • 137
    • 0010335137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of cirrus bidirectional reflectance to vertical inhomogeneity of ice crystal habits and size distributions for two Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) bands
    • Yang, P., and Coauthors, 2001: Sensitivity of cirrus bidirectional reflectance to vertical inhomogeneity of ice crystal habits and size distributions for two Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) bands. J. Geophys. Res., 106 (D15), 17 267-17 291.
    • (2001) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.106 , Issue.15 D , pp. 17267-17291
    • Yang, P.1
  • 138
    • 25444514813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scattering and absorption property database for nonspherical ice particles in the nearthrough far-infrared spectral region
    • Yang, P.,H. Wei, H.-L. Huang, B. A. Baum, Y. X. Hu, G. W. Kattawar, M. I. Mishchenko, and Q. Fu, 2005: Scattering and absorption property database for nonspherical ice particles in the nearthrough far-infrared spectral region. Appl. Opt., 44, 5512-5523.
    • (2005) Appl. Opt. , vol.44 , pp. 5512-5523
    • Yang, P.1    Wei, H.2    Huang, H.-L.3    Baum, B.A.4    Hu, Y.X.5    Kattawar, G.W.6    Mishchenko, M.I.7    Fu, Q.8
  • 139
    • 45849090382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uncertainties associated with the surface texture of ice particles in satellite-based retrieval of cirrus clouds-Part I: Singlescattering properties of ice crystals with surface roughness
    • Yang, P., G. Kattawar, G. Hong, P. Minnis, and Y. Hu, 2008a: Uncertainties associated with the surface texture of ice particles in satellite-based retrieval of cirrus clouds-Part I: Singlescattering properties of ice crystals with surface roughness. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 46, 1940-1947.
    • (2008) IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. , vol.46 , pp. 1940-1947
    • Yang, P.1    Kattawar, G.2    Hong, G.3    Minnis, P.4    Hu, Y.5
  • 140
    • 45849090381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uncertainties associated with the surface texture of ice particles in satellitebased retrieval of cirrus clouds: Part II-Effect of particle surface roughness on retrieved cloud optical thickness and effective particle size
    • Yang, P., G. Hong, G. Kattawar, and P. Minnis, 2008b: Uncertainties associated with the surface texture of ice particles in satellitebased retrieval of cirrus clouds: Part II-Effect of particle surface roughness on retrieved cloud optical thickness and effective particle size. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 46, 1948-1957.
    • (2008) IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. , vol.46 , pp. 1948-1957
    • Yang, P.1    Hong, G.2    Kattawar, G.3    Minnis, P.4
  • 141
    • 77956312937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global analysis of cloud phase and ice crystal orientation from Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) data using attenuated backscattering and depolarization ratio
    • doi:10.1029/2009JD012334
    • Yoshida, R., H. Okamoto, Y. Hagihara, and H. Ishimoto, 2010: Global analysis of cloud phase and ice crystal orientation from Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) data using attenuated backscattering and depolarization ratio. J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00H32, doi:10.1029/2009JD012334.
    • (2010) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.115
    • Yoshida, R.1    Okamoto, H.2    Hagihara, Y.3    Ishimoto, H.4
  • 142
    • 77955478282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • General macro-and microphysical properties of deep convective clouds as observed by MODIS
    • Yuan, T., and Z. Li, 2010: General macro-and microphysical properties of deep convective clouds as observed by MODIS. J. Climate, 23, 3457-3473.
    • (2010) J. Climate , vol.23 , pp. 3457-3473
    • Yuan, T.1    Li, Z.2
  • 143
    • 85082740437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating glaciation temperature of deep convective clouds with remote sensing data
    • doi:10.1029/ 2010GL042753
    • Yuan, T., J. V. Martins, Z. Li, and L. A. Remer, 2010: Estimating glaciation temperature of deep convective clouds with remote sensing data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L08808, doi:10.1029/ 2010GL042753.
    • (2010) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.37
    • Yuan, T.1    Martins, J.V.2    Li, Z.3    Remer, L.A.4
  • 144
    • 75449084766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of ice particle model on satellite ice cloud retrieval: Lessons learned from MODIS and POLDER cloud product comparison
    • Zhang, Z., P. Yang, G. Kattawar, J. Riedi, B. A. Baum, S. Platnick, and H. Huang, 2009: Influence of ice particle model on satellite ice cloud retrieval: Lessons learned from MODIS and POLDER cloud product comparison. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7115-7129.
    • (2009) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.9 , pp. 7115-7129
    • Zhang, Z.1    Yang, P.2    Kattawar, G.3    Riedi, J.4    Baum, B.A.5    Platnick, S.6    Huang, H.7
  • 145
    • 77956455512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of ice particle size vertical inhomogeneity on the passive remote sensing of ice clouds
    • doi:10.1029/2010JD013835
    • Zhang, Z., S. Platnick, P. Yang, A. K. Heidinger, and J. M. Comstock, 2010: Effects of ice particle size vertical inhomogeneity on the passive remote sensing of ice clouds. J. Geophys. Res., 115, D17203, doi:10.1029/2010JD013835.
    • (2010) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.115
    • Zhang, Z.1    Platnick, S.2    Yang, P.3    Heidinger, A.K.4    Comstock, J.M.5
  • 146
    • 77957955835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing remote sensing on artificial observations: Impact of drizzle and 3-D cloud structure on effective radius retrievals
    • Zinner, T., G. Wind, S. Platnick, and A. S. Ackerman, 2010: Testing remote sensing on artificial observations: Impact of drizzle and 3-D cloud structure on effective radius retrievals. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 9535-9549.
    • (2010) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.10 , pp. 9535-9549
    • Zinner, T.1    Wind, G.2    Platnick, S.3    Ackerman, A.S.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.