Small, highly reflective ice crystals in low-latitude cirrus

Geophysical Research Letters

Volumn 30, Issue 21, 2003, Pages

  Garrett, T J ^a   Gerber, H ^b   Baumgardner, D G ^c   Twohy, C H ^d   Weinstock, E M ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

^b Gerber Scientific Inc   (United States)

^c UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO   (Mexico)

^d OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HEAT LOSSES; ICE; LIGHT ABSORPTION; SOLAR ENERGY;

CIRRUS; ICE CRYSTALS;

CLOUDS;

AIRBORNE SENSING; CIRRUS; CLOUD RADIATIVE FORCING; ICE CRYSTAL; REFLECTIVITY;

FLORIDA; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 1642405537     PISSN: 00948276     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2003GL018153     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Arnott, W. P. D., D. Mitchell, C. Schmitt, D. Kingsmill, D. Ivanova, and M. R. Poellot, Analysis of the FSSP performance for measurement of small crystal spectra in cirrus, 13th International Conference on Clouds and Precipitation, 191-193, 2000.
2. Auriol, F., J.-F. Gayet, G. Febvre, O. Jourdan, O. L. Labonnote, and G. Brogniez, In situ observation of cirrus scattering phase functions with 22 degree and 46 degree halos: Cloud field study on 19 February 1998, J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 3376-3390, 2001.
3. Baumgardner, D., H. Jonsson, W. Dawson, D. O'Connor, and R. Newton, The cloud, aerosol and precipitation spectrometer (CAPS): A new instrument for cloud investigations, Atmos. Res., 59-60, 251-264, 2002.
4. Boudala, F. S., G. A. Isaac, Q. Fu, and S. G. Cober, Parameterization of effective ice particle size for high-latitude Clouds, Int. J. Clim., 22, 1267-1284, 2002.
5. Chýlek, P., P. Damiano, and E. P. Shettle, 1992 Infrared emittance of water clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1459-1472, 1992.
6. Dessler, A. E., and P. Yang, The Distribution of Tropical Thin Cirrus Clouds Inferred from Terra MODIS Data, J. Clim., 16, 1241-1248, 2003.
7. Foot, J. S., Some observations of the optical properties of clouds, Part 2, Cirrus, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 114, 145-164, 1988.
8. Gardiner, B. A., and J. Hallett, Degradation of in-cloud forward scattering spectrometer probe measurements in the presence of ice particles, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 2, 171-189, 1985.
9. Garrett, T. J., P. V. Hobbs, and H. Gerber, Shortwave, single-scattering properties of arctic ice clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 15,155-15,172, 2001.
10. Gerber, H., Y. Takano, T. J. Garrett, and P. V. Hobbs, Nephelometer measurements of the asymmetry parameter, volume extinction coefficient, and backscatter ratio in Arctic clouds, J. Atmos. Sci, 57, 3021-3034, 2000.
11. Hartmann, D. L., M. E. Ockert-Bell, and M. L. Michelsen, The effect of cloud type on Earth's energy balance: Global analysis, J. Clim., 5, 1281-1304, 1992.
12. Heymsfield, A. J., and G. M. McFarquhar, High albedos of cirrus in the tropical Pacific warm pool: microphysical interpretations from CEPEX and from Kwajalein, Marshall Islands, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 2424-2451, 1996.
13. Jensen, E. J., S. Kinne, and O. B. Toon, Tropical cirrus cloud radiative forcing: Sensitivity studies, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2023-2026, 1994.
14. Kärcher, B., and U. Lohmann, A parameterization of cirrus cloud formation: Homogeneous freezing of supercooled aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 107, doi:10.1029/2001JD000470, 2002.
15. Key, J., and A. J. Schweiger, Tools for atmospheric radiative transfer: Streamer and FluxNet, Comput. Geosci., 24, 443-451, 1998.
16. Kiehl, J. T., J. J., Hack, G. B. Bonan, B. A. Boville, D. L. Williamson, and P. J. Rasch, The National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model: CCM3, J. Clim., 11, 1131-1149, 1998.
17. Knollenberg, R. G., K. Kelly, and J. C. Wilson, Measurements of high number densities of ice crystals in the tops of tropical cumulonimbus, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 8639-8664, 1993.
18. Korolev, A. V., G. A. Isaac, and J. Hallett, Ice particle habits in Arctic clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1299-1302, 1999.
19. Kristjánsson, J. E., J. M. Edwards, and D. L. Mitchell, Impact of a new scheme for optical properties of ice crystals on climates of two GCMs, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 10,063-10,079, 2000.
20. Macke, A., M. Mishchenko, and B. Cairns, The influence of inclusions on light scattering by large ice particles, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 23,311-23,316, 1996.
21. McFarquhar, G. M., S. lacobellis, and R. C. J. Somerville, SCM Simulations of tropical ice clouds using observationally based parameterizations of microphysics, J. Clim., 16, 1643-1664, 2003.
22. Mitchell, D. L., A. Macke, and Y. Liu, Modelling cirrus cloud, part II. Treatment of radiative properties, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 2967-2988, 1996.
23. Meador, W. E., and W. R. Weaver, Two-stream approximations to radiative transfer in planetary atmospheres: a unified description of existing methods and a new improvement, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 630-643, 1980.
24. Norris, J. R., and C. P. Weaver, Improved techniques for evaluation GCM cloudiness applied to the NCAR CCM3, J. Clim., 14, 2540-2549, 2001.
25. Prabhakara, C., R. S. Fraser, G. Dalu, M. L. C. Wu, and R. J. Curran. Thin cirrus clouds: Seasonal distribution over oceans deduced from Nimbus-4 IRIS, J. Appl. Meteorol., 27, 379-399, 1988.
26. Sprang, R., G. Eidmann, M. Riese, D. Offerman, P. Preusse, L. Pfister, and P.-H. Wang, CRISTA observations of cirrus clouds around the tropopause, J. Geophys. Res., 107, doi:10.1029/2001JD000698, 2002.
27. Stephens, G. L., S.-C. Tsay, J. W. Stackhouse Jr., and P. W. Flatau, The relevance of the microphysical and radiative properties of cirrus clouds to climate and climatic feedback, J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1742-1753, 1990.
28. Takano, Y., and K.-N. Liou, Solar radiative transfer in cirrus clouds, Pt. 1, Single-scattering and optical properties of hexagonal ice crystals, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3-36, 1989.
29. Twohy, C. H., A. J. Schanot, and W. A. Cooper, Measurement of condensed water content in liquid and ice clouds using an airborne counterflow virtual impactor, J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 14, 197-202, 1997.
30. Twohy, C. H., J. W. Strapp, and M. Wendisch, Performance of a counterflow virtual impactor in the NASA Icing Research Tunnel, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 20, 791-790, 2003.
31. Webb, M., C. Senior, S. Bony, and J.-J. Morcrette, Combining ERBE and ISCCP data to assess clouds in the Hadley Centre, ECMWF and LMD atmospheric climate models, Clim. Dyn., 17, 905-922, 2001.
32. Weinstock, E. M., et al., New fast response photofragment fluorescence hygrometer for use on the NASA ER-2 and the Perseus remotely piloted aircraft, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 65, 3544-3554, 1994.
33. Yang, P., and K.-N. Liou, Single scattering properties of complex ice crystals in terrestrial atmosphere, Contr. Atmos. Phys., 71, 223-248, 1998.