Evidence that ice forms primarily in supercooled liquid clouds at temperatures >-27°C

Geophysical Research Letters

Volumn 38, Issue 14, 2011, Pages

  Westbrook, C D ^a   Illingworth, A J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF READING   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLOUDS; CRYOGENIC LIQUIDS; OPTICAL RADAR; PRECIPITATION (METEOROLOGY); SUPERCOOLING;

ICE CLOUDS; ICE PARTICLES; LIDAR OBSERVATION; LIQUID CLOUD; SUPERCOOLED LIQUIDS; WATER DROPLETS;

ICE;

CLOUD; COOLING; DROPLET; FREEZING; HOMOGENEITY; ICE; LIDAR; NUCLEATION; OBSERVATIONAL METHOD; PRECIPITATION INTENSITY; TEMPERATURE EFFECT;

UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 79960803786     PISSN: 00948276     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2011GL048021     Document Type: Article

References (12)

1. Ansmann, A., M. Tesche, P. Seifert, D. Althausen, R. Engelmann, J. Fruntke, U. Wandinger, I. Mattis, and D. Müller (2009), Evolution of the ice phase in tropical altocumulus: SAMUM lidar observations over Cape Verde, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D17208, doi:10.1029/2008JD011659.
2. de Boer, G., H. Morrison, M. D. Shupe, and R. Hildner (2011), Evidence of liquid-dependent ice nucleation in high-latitude stratiform clouds from surface remote sensors, Geophys. Res. Lett, 38, L01803, doi:10.1029/2010GL046016.
3. DeMott, P. J., et al. (2010), Predicting global atmospheric ice nuclei distributions and their impacts on climate, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 107, 11,217-11,222, doi:10.1073/pnas.0910818107.
4. Hogan, R. J., M. D. Behera, E. J. O'Connor, and A. J. Illingworth (2004), Estimating the global distribution of supercooled liquid water clouds using spaceborne lidar, Geophys. Res. Lett, 31, L05106, doi:10.1029/2003GL018977.
5. Illingworth, A. J., et al. (2007), Cloudnet: Continuous evaluation of cloud profiles in seven operational models using ground-based observations, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 88, 883-898, doi:10.1175/BAMS-88-6-883. (Pubitemid 47570137)
6. Khain, A., et al. (2008), Combined observational and model investigations of the Z-LWC relationship in stratocumulus clouds, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol, 47, 591-606, doi:10.1175/2007JAMC1701.1.
7. Mason, B. J. (1971), The Physics of Clouds, 2nd ed., Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, U. K.
8. Mittermaier, M. P., and A. J. Illingworth (2003), Comparison of model-derived and radar-observed freezing level heights: Implications for vertical reflectivity profile correction schemes, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc, 129, 83-95, doi:10.1256/qj.02.19. (Pubitemid 36238608)
9. Rauber, R. M., and A. Tokay (1991), An explanation for the existence of supercooled water at the top of cold clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1005-1023, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1991)0482.0.CO;2.
10. Seifert, P., A. Ansmann, I. Mattis, U. Wandinger, M. Tesche, R. Engelmann, D. Müller, C. Pérez, and K. Haustein (2010), Saharan dust and heterogeneous ice formation: eleven years of cloud observations at a central European EARLINET site, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D20201, doi:10.1029/2009JD013222.
11. Shupe, M. D. (2007), A ground-based multisensor cloud phase classifier, Geophys. Res. Lett, 34, L22809, doi:10.1029/2007GL031008. (Pubitemid 351222838)
12. Westbrook, C. D., A. J. Illingworth, R. J. Hogan, and E. J. O'Connor (2010), Doppler lidar measurements of oriented planar ice crystals falling from supercooled and glaciated cloud layers, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc, 136, 260-276, doi:10.1002/qj.528.