Parameterization of tropical cirrus ice crystal size distributions and implications for radiative transfer: Results from CEPEX

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volumn 54, Issue 17, 1997, Pages 2187-2200

  Mcfarquhar, Greg M ^a   Heymsfield, Andrew J ^a  

^a NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000550798     PISSN: 00224928     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<2187:POTCIC>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Arnott, W. P., Y. Dong, J. Hallett, and M. R. Poellot, 1994: Role of small ice crystals in radiative properties of cirrus: A case study. FIRE II, 22 November 1991. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 1371-1381.
2. Borovikov, A. M., L. I. Gaivoronskii, E. G. Zak, V. V. Kostarev, I. Z. Mazin, V. E. Minervin, A. Kh. Khrgian, and S. M. Shmeter, 1963: Cloud Physics. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, 392 pp.
3. Briegleb, B. P., 1992: Delta-Eddington approximation for solar radiation in the NCAR community climate model. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 7603-7612.
4. Brown, P. R. A., and P. N. Francis, 1995: Improved measurements of the ice water content in cirrus using a total-water probe. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 410-414.
5. Chylek, P., and G. Videen, 1994: Longwave radiative properties of polydispersed hexagonal ice crystals. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 175-190.
6. Committee on Earth Sciences, 1989: Our changing planet: The FY 1990 U.S. Global Change Research Program, U.S. Geological Survey, 118 pp. [Available from U.S. Global Change Research Program, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, Reston, Va., 22092.]
7. Dowling, D. R., and L. F. Radke, 1990: A summary of the physical properties of cirrus clouds. J. Appl. Meteor., 29, 970-978.
8. Ebert, E. E., and J. A. Curry, 1992: A parameterization of ice cloud optical properties for climate models. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 3831-3836.
9. Efron, B., and R. J. Tibshirani, 1993: An Introduction to the Bootstrap. Chapman and Hall, 436 pp.
10. Feingold, G., and Z. Levin, 1986: The lognormal fit to raindrop spectra from frontal convective clouds in Israel. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 25, 1346-1363.
11. Griffith, K. T., S. K. Cox, and R. G. Knollenberg, 1980: Infrared radiative properties of tropical cirrus clouds inferred from aircraft measurements. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1077-1087.
12. Heymsfield, A. J., 1977: Precipitation development in stratiform ice clouds: A microphysical and dynamical study. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 367-381.
13. _, 1986: Ice particles observed in a cirriform cloud at - 83°C and implications for polar stratospheric clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 851-855.
14. _, and C. M. R. Platt, 1984: A parameterization of the particle size spectrum of ice clouds in terms of ambient temperature and the ice water content. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 846-855.
15. _, and L. M. Miloshevich, 1991: Limit to greenhouse warming? Nature, 351, 14-15.
16. _, and G. M. McFarquhar, 1996: On the high albedos of anvil cirrus in the tropical Pacific warm pool: Microphysical interpretations from CEPEX. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 2424-2451.
17. _, K. M. Miller, and J. D. Spinhirne, 1990: The 27-28 October 1986 FIRE IFO cirrus case study: Cloud microstructure. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 2313-2328.
18. Hobbs, R., B. Morrison, R. Ashenden, and R. F. Ide, 1996: Comparison of two data processing techniques for optical array probes. FAA Int. Conf. on Aircraft Inflight Icing, Springfield, VA, FAA, 69-90.
19. Kinne, S., T. P. Ackerman, A. J. Heymsfield, F. P. J. Valero, K. Sassen, and J. D. Spinhirne, 1992: Cirrus microphysics and radiative transfer: Cloud field study on 28 October 1986. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 661-684.
20. Knollenberg, R. G., A. J. Dascher, and D. Huffman, 1982: Measurements of the aerosol and ice crystal populations in tropical stratospheric cumulonimbus anvils. Geophys. Res. Lett., 9, 613-616.
21. _, K. Kelly, and J. C. Wilson, 1993: Measurements of high number densities of ice crystals in the tops of tropical cumulonimbus. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 8639-8664.
22. Kosarev, A. L., and I. P. Mazin, 1989: Empirical model of physical structure of the upper level clouds of the middle latitudes. Radiation Properties of Cirrus Clouds, Nauka, 29-52.
23. Liou, K. N., and Y. Takano, 1994. Light scattering by nonspherical particles: Remote sensing and climatic implications. Atmos. Res., 31, 271-298.
24. McFarquhar, G. M., and A. J. Heymsfield, 1996: Microphysical characteristics of three cirrus anvils sampled during the Central Equatorial Pacific Experiment. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 2401-2423.
25. Mitchell, D. L., and W. P. Arnott, 1994: A model predicting the evolution of ice partical size spectra and radiative properties of cirrus clouds. Part II: Dependence of absorption and extinction on ice crystal morphology. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 817-832.
26. Platt, C. M. R., and Harshvardhan, 1988: Temperature dependence of cirrus extinction: Implications for climate feedback. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 11051-11058.
27. Press, W. H., S. A. Teukolsky, W. T. Vetterling, and B. P. Flannery, 1992: Numerical Recipes in FORTRAN. The Art of Scientific Computing, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 963 pp.
28. Ramaswamy, V., and V. Ramanathan, 1989: Solar absorption by cirrus clouds and the maintenance of the tropical upper troposphere thermal structure. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 2293-2310.
29. Roeckner, E., U. Schlese, J. Biercamp, and P. Loewe, 1987: Cloud optical depth feedback and climate modeling. Nature, 329, 138-140.
30. Spinhirne, J. D., and W. D. Hart, 1990: Cirrus structure and radiative parameters from airborne lidar and spectral radiometer observations: The 28 October 1986 FIRE study. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 2329-2343.
31. Stephens, G. L., S. Tsay, P. W. Stackhouse Jr., and P. J. Flatau, 1990: The relevance of the microphysical and radiative properties of cirrus clouds to climate and climate feedback. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1742-1753.
32. Sundqvist, H., 1978: A parameterization scheme for non-convective parameterization including prediction of cloud water content. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 104, 677-690.
33. Thekaekara, M. P., and A. J. Drummond, 1971: Standard values for the solar constant and its spectral components. Nat. Phys. Sci., 229, 6-9.
34. van de Hulst, V. C., 1956: Light Scattering by Small Particles, Dover Publications, 182 pp.
35. Varley, D. J., 1978: Cirrus particle distribution study, Part I. Air Force Geophysical Laboratory Rep. AFGL-TR-78-0192, 71 pp. [Available from Air Force Geophysical Laboratory. Hanscom Air Force Base, MA 01731.]
36. Warren, S. G., 1984: Optical constants of ice from the ultraviolet to the microwave. Appl. Opt., 23, 1206-1235.
37. Welch, R. M., S. K. Cox, and J. M. Davis, 1980: Solar Radiation and Clouds. Meteor. Monogr., No. 39, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 93 pp.
38. Zender, C. S., and J. T. Kiehl, 1994: Radiative sensitivities of tropical anvils to small ice crystals. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 25869-25880.