Diagnostic and therapeutical role of vitamin D in chronic hepatitis C virus infection

Frontiers in Bioscience - Elite

Volumn 4 E, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 1276-1286

  Cacopardo, Bruno ^a   Camma, Calogero ^b   Petta, Salvatore ^b   Pinzone, Marilia Rita ^a   Cappellani, Alessandro ^c   Zanghi, Antonio ^c   Nicolosi, Anna ^d   Nunnari, Giuseppe ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CATANIA   (Italy)

^b Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CATANIA   (Italy)

^d Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology ^*  (Italy)

Author keywords

Chronic hepatitis C; Liver fibrosis; Pegylated Interferon; Review; Ribavirin; Sustained Virological Response; VDR; Vitamin D

Indexed keywords

CALCITRIOL; COLECALCIFEROL; PEGINTERFERON ALPHA2A PLUS RIBAVIRIN; PEGINTERFERON ALPHA2B PLUS RIBAVIRIN; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN D RECEPTOR; DIAGNOSTIC AGENT;

ANTIVIRAL THERAPY; ARTICLE; HEPATITIS C; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOCHEMISTRY; INFECTION; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER FIBROSIS; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; VIRAL CLEARANCE; VITAMIN BLOOD LEVEL; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION; REVIEW;

HEPATITIS C VIRUS;

HEPATITIS C, CHRONIC; HUMANS; VITAMIN D;

EID: 84860844280     PISSN: 19450494     EISSN: 19450508     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2741/e458     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. Daniel Bikle: Nonclassic actions of Vitamin D. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94, 26-34 (2009)
2. Michael F. Holick: Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 357, 266-281 (2007)
3. Adrian F. Gombart: The vitamin D-antimicrobial peptide pathway and its role in protection against infection. Future Microbiol 4, 1151-1165 (2009)
4. Glenville Jones, Stephen A. Strugnell and Hector F. DeLuca: Current understanding of the molecular actions of Vitamin D. Physiol Rev 78, 1193-1231 (1998) (Pubitemid 28491953)
5. David E. Prosser and Glenville Jones: Enzymes involved in the activation and inactivation of Vitamin D. Trends Biochem Sci 29, 664-673 (2004) (Pubitemid 39491265)
6. Roger Bouillon, Maryan Garmyn, Annemieke Verstuyf, Siegfried Segaert, Kristina Casteels and Chantal Mathieu: Paracrine role for calcitriol in the immune system and skin creates new therapeutic possibilities for Vitamin D analogs. Eur J Endocrinol 133, 7-16 (1995)
7. Lutgart Overbergh, Brigitte Decallonne, Dirk Valckx, Annemieke Verstuyf, Jos Depovere, Jos M. Laureys, Omer Rutgeerts, Rene Saint-Arnaud, Roger Bouillon and Chantal Mathieu: Identification and immune regulation of 25- hydroxyvitamin D-1-alpha-hydroxylase in murine macrophages. Clin Exp Immunol 120, 139-146 (2000) (Pubitemid 30176911)
8. Lutgart Overbergh, Katinka Stoffels, Mark Waer, Annemieke Verstuyf, Roger Bouillon and Chantal Mathieu: Immune regulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 alphahydroxylase in human monocytic THP1 cells: mechanisms of interferon-gamma mediated induction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91, 3566-3574 (2006) (Pubitemid 44402139)
9. Katinka Stoffels, Lutgart Overbergh, Annapaula Giulietti, Lieve Verlinden, Roger Bouillon and Chantal Mathieu: Immune regulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin-D-3-1 alpha-hydroxylase in human monocytes. J Bone Miner Res 21, 37-47 (2006) (Pubitemid 43023225)
10. David J. Mangelsdorf, Carl S. Thummel, Miguel Beato, Peter Herrlich, Günther Schütz, Kazuhiko Umesono, Bruce Blumberg, Philippe Kastner, Manuel Mark, Pierre Chambon and Ronald M. Evans: The nuclear receptor superfamily: the second decade. Cell 83, 835-839 (1995)
11. Sylvia Christakos, Mihali Raval-Pandya, Roman P. Wernyj and Wen Yang: Genomic mechanisms involved in the pleiotropic actions of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Biochem J 316, 361-371 (1996) (Pubitemid 26182127)
12. John S. Adams and Martin Hewison: Unexpected actions of Vitamin D: new perspectives on the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 4, 80-90 (2008) (Pubitemid 351156900)
13. John H. White: Vitamin D signaling, infectious diseases and regulation of innate immunity. Infect Immun 76, 3837-3843 (2008)
14. Martin Hewison: Vitamin D and innate immunity. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 9, 485-490 (2008) (Pubitemid 351677902)
15. Luciano Adorini: Intervention in autoimmunity: the potential of Vitamin D receptor agonists. Cell Immunol 233, 115-124 (2005) (Pubitemid 41074064)
16. Diego M. Provvedini, Constantine D. Tsoukas, Leonard J. Deftos and Stavros C. Manolagas: 1,25- Dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors in human leukocytes. Science 221, 1181-1183 (1983) (Pubitemid 13001231)
17. Alana Brennan, David R. Katz, J. D. Nunn, Stewart Barker, Martin Hewison, Laurence J. Fraher and Jeffrey L. O'Riordan: Dendritic cells from human tissues express receptors for the immunoregulatory Vitamin D3 metabolite, dihydroxycholecalciferol. Immunology 61, 457-461 (1987) (Pubitemid 17127352)
18. Ashok K. Bhalla, Edward P. Amento, B. Serog and Laurie H. Glimcher: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits antigen-induced T cell activation. J Immunol 133, 1748- 1754 (1984) (Pubitemid 14035260)
19. John S. Adams, O. P. Sharma, Mercedes A. Gacad and Frederick R. Singer: Metabolism of 25-hydroxyVitamin D3 by cultured pulmonary alveolar macrophages in sarcoidosis. J Clin Invest 72, 1856-1860 (1983) (Pubitemid 14229067)
20. John S. Adams and Mercedes A. Gacad: Characterization of 1alpha-hydroxylation of Vitamin D3 sterols by cultured alveolar macrophages from patients with sarcoidosis. J Exp Med 161, 755-765 (1985) (Pubitemid 15083775)
21. William F. C. Rigby, Terryl Stacy and Michael W. Fanger: Inhibition of T lymphocyte mitogenesis by 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol). J Clin Invest 74, 1451- 1455 (1984) (Pubitemid 15200239)
22. Sheng Chen, Gary P. Sims, Xiao Xiang Chen, Yue Ying Gu, Shunle Chen and Peter E. Lipsky: Modulatory effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on human B cell differentiation. J Immunol 179, 1634-1647 (2007)
23. Iris Alroy, Terri L. Towers and Leonard P. Freedman: Transcriptional repression of the interleukin-2 gene by Vitamin D3: direct inhibition NFATp/AP-1 complex formation by a nuclear hormone receptor. Mol Cell Biol 15, 5789-5799 (1995)
24. Jacques M. Lemire, D. Clay Archer, Lucinda Beck and Hans L. Spiegelberg: Immunosuppressive actions of 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3: preferential inhibition of Th1 functions. J Nutr 125, 1704S-1708S (1995)
25. Andre Boonstra, Franck J. Barrat, Chad Crain, Victoria L. Heath, Huub F. J. Savelkoul and Anne O'Garra: 1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 has a direct effect on naive CD4 (+) T cells to enhance the development of Th2 cells. J Immunol 167, 4974-4980 (2001) (Pubitemid 33009728)
26. Chris M. Bunce, Geoffery Brown and Martin Hewison: Vitamin D and haematopoiesis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 8, 245-251 (1997)
27. Giuseppe Penna and Luciano Adorini: 1alpha, 25- dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits differentiation, maturation, activation and survival of dendritic cells leading to impaired alloreactive T cell activation. J Immunol 164, 2405-2411 (2000) (Pubitemid 30115468)
28. Marina Kreutz, Reinhard Andreesen, Stefan W. Krause, Andras Szabo, Eberhard Ritz and Helmut Reichel: 1,25- Dihydroxyvitamin D3 production and Vitamin D3 receptor expression are developmentally regulated during differentiation of human monocytes into macrophages. Blood 82, 1300-1307 (1993) (Pubitemid 23254006)
29. Martin Hewison, Lisa Freeman, Susan V. Hughes, Katie N. Evans, Rosemary Bland, Aristides G. Eliopoulos, Mark D. Kilby, Paul A. H. Moss and Ronjon Chakraverty: Differential regulation of Vitamin D receptor and its ligand in human monocyte derived dendritic cells. J Immunol 170, 5382-5390 (2003) (Pubitemid 36617823)
30. Graham A. Rook, Jennifer Steele, Laurence J. Fraher, Stewart Barker, Rafik Karmali, Jeffrey L. O'Riordan and John Stanford: Vitamin D3, gamma interferon and control of proliferation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by human monocytes. Immunology 57, 159-163 (1986) (Pubitemid 16232232)
31. Philip T. Liu, Steffen Stenger, Huiying Li, Linda Wenzel, Belinda H. Tan, Stephan R. Krutzik, Maria Teresa Ochoa, Jürgen Schauber, Kent Wu, Christoph Meinken, Diane L. Kamen, Manfred Wagner, Robert Bals, Andreas Steinmeyer, Ulrich Zügel, Richard L. Gallo, David Eisenberg, Martin Hewison, Bruce W. Hollis, John S. Adams, Barry R. Bloom and Robert L. Modlin: Toll-like receptor triggering of a Vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response. Science 311, 1770-1773 (2006)
32. Adrian F. Gombart, Niels Borregaard and H. Phillip Koeffler: Human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) gene is a direct target of the Vitamin D receptor and is strongly up-regulated in myeloid cells by 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3. FASEB J 19, 1067-1077 (2005) (Pubitemid 40946432)
33. Tian-Tian Wang, Frederick P. Nestel, Veronique Bourdeau, Yoshihiko Nagai, Qiuyu Wang, Jie Liao, Luz Tavera-Mendoza, Roberto Lin, John H. Hanrahan, Sylvie Mader and John H. White: Cutting edge: 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a direct inducer of antimicrobial peptide gene expression. J Immunol 173, 2909-2912 (2004) (Pubitemid 39141992)
34. John M. Grange, Peter D. Davies, Rebecca C. Brown, J. Stuart Woodhead and T. Kardjito: A study of Vitamin D levels in Indonesian patients with untreated pulmonary tuberculosis. Tubercle 66, 187-191 (1985) (Pubitemid 16150077)
35. Robert J. Wilkinson, Martin Llewelyn, Zahra Toossi, Punita Patel, Geoffrey Pasvol, Ajit Lalvani, Dennis Wright, Mohammed Latif and Robert N. Davidson: Influence of Vitamin D deficiency and Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms on tuberculosis among Gujarati Asians in West London: a case-control study. Lancet 355, 618-621 (2000) (Pubitemid 30099469)
36. Daniel E. Roth, Giselle Soto, Fanny Arenas, Christian T. Bautista, Jaime Ortiz, Richard Rodriguez, Lilia Cabrera and Robert H. Gilman: Association between Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and response to treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 190, 920-927 (2004) (Pubitemid 39120969)
37. Adrian R. Martineau, Robert J. Wilkinson, Kathalin A. Wilkinson, Sandra M. Newton, Beate Kampmann, Bridget M. Hall, Geoffrey E. Packe, Robert N. Davidson, Sandra M. Eldridge, Zoe J. Maunsell, Sandra J. Rainbow, Jacqueline L. Berry and Christopher J. Griffiths: A single dose of Vitamin D enhances immunity to mycobacteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 176, 208-213 (2007) (Pubitemid 47057859)
38. Milan Chromek, Zuzana Slamova, Peter Bergman, Laszlo Kovacs, L'udmila Podracka, Ingrid Ehren, Tomas Hökfelt, Gudmundur H. Gudmundsson, Richard L. Gallo, Birgitta Agerberth and Annelie Brauner: The antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin protects the urinary tract against invasive bacterial infection. Nat Med 12 (6), 636-641 (2006) (Pubitemid 43865231)
39. Shaoping Wu, Anne P. Liao, Yinglin Xia, Yan Chun Li, Jian-Dong Li, R. Balfour Sartor and Jun Sun: Vitamin D receptor negatively regulates bacterial-stimulated NF-k-B activity in intestine. Am J Pathol 177 (2), 686-697 (2010)
40. Leo Jeng, Alexandra V. Yamshchikov, Suzanne E. Judd, Henry M. Blumberg, Gregory S. Martin, Thomas R. Ziegler and Vin Tangpricha: Alterations in Vitamin D status and anti-microbial peptide levels in patients in the intensive care unit with sepsis. J Transl Med 7, 28 (2009)
41. Lisa M. Bodnar, Marijane A. Krohn and Hyagriv N. Simhan: Maternal Vitamin D deficiency is associated with bacterial vaginosis in the first trimester of pregnancy. J Nutr 139 (6), 1157-1161 (2009)
42. James R. Sabetta, Paolo De Petrillo, Ralph J. Cipriani, Joanne Smardin, Lillian A. Burns and Marie L. Landry: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and the incidence of acute viral respiratory tract infections in healthy adults. PLoS ONE 5 (6), e11088 (2010)
43. Lulu Muhe, Sileshi Lulseged, Karen E. Mason and Eric A. F. Simoes: Case-control study of the role of nutritional rickets in the risk of developing pneumonia in Ethiopian children. Lancet 349, 1801-1804 (1997) (Pubitemid 27257557)
44. Salem M. Banajeh, N. N. al-Sunbali and S. H. al- Sanahani: Clinical characteristics and outcome of children aged under 5 years hospitalized with severe pneumonia in Yemen. Ann Trop Paediatr 17, 321-326 (1997) (Pubitemid 27511114)
45. V. Wayse, Aisha Yousafzai, K. Mogale and Suzanne Filteau: Association of subclinical Vitamin D deficiency with severe acute lower respiratory infection in Indian children under 5 years. Eur J Clin Nutr 58, 563-567 (2004) (Pubitemid 38500124)
46. Guner Karatekin, Akin Kaya, Ozgul Salihoglu, Huriye Balci and Asiye Nuhoglu: Association of subclinical Vitamin D deficiency in newborns with acute lower respiratory infection and their mothers. Eur J Clin Nutr 63 (4), 473-477 (2009)
47. Charlotte J. Haug, Pal Aukrust, Egil Haug, Lars Morkrid, Fredrik Müller and Stig S. Froland: Severe deficiency of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in human immunodeficiency virus infection: association with immunological hyperactivity and only minor changes in calcium homeostasis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83 (11), 3832-3838 (1998) (Pubitemid 28513558)
48. Yolanda Barber, Carmen Rubio, Elvira Fernandez, Manuel Rubio and Joan Fibla: Host genetic background at CCR5 chemokine receptor and Vitamin D receptor loci and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 disease progression among HIV-seropositive injection drug users. J Infect Dis 184, 1279-1288 (2001) (Pubitemid 33055572)
49. Monica P. Duarte, Maria Lucia F. Farias, Henrique Sergio M. Coelho, Laura Mc. Mendonca, Lisa Stabnov, Maria Do Carmo Oliveira, Ricardo A. Lamy and Dhianah S. Oliveira: Calcium-parathyroid hormone-Vitamin D axis and metabolic bone disease in chronic viral liver disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 16, 1022-1027 (2001) (Pubitemid 32947145)
50. Chih Cheng Chen, Sophia S. Wang, F. S. Jeng and Seung Deok Lee: Metabolic bone disease of liver cirrhosis: is it parallel to the clinical severity of cirrhosis? J Gastroenterol Hepatol 11, 417-421 (1996)
51. Leon Fisher and Alexander Fisher: Vitamin D and parathyroid hormone in outpatients with noncholestatic chronic liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 5, 513-520 (2007) (Pubitemid 46575356)
52. Ana Monegal, Miquel Navasa, Nuria Guanabens, Pilar Peris, Ferran Pons, M. J. Martinez de Osaba, Antoni Rimola, Juan Rodes and Jose Munoz-Gómez: Osteoporosis and bone mineral metabolism disorders in cirrhotic patients referred for orthotopic liver transplantation. Calcif Tissue Int 60, 148-154 (1997) (Pubitemid 27058703)
53. Katsunobu Tsuneoka, Yukihiko Tameda, Koujirou Takase and Takafumi Nakano: Osteodystrophy in patients with chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol 31, 669-678 (1996) (Pubitemid 26345533)
54. Giovanni Targher, Lorenzo Bertolini, Luca Scala, Massimo Cigolini, Luciano Zenari, Giancarlo Falezza and Guido Arcaro: Associations between serum 25- hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations and liver histology in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 17,517-524 (2007) (Pubitemid 47176859)
55. Wolf Peter Hofmann, Bernd Kronenberger, Jorg Bojunga, Bernhard Stamm, Eva Herrmann, Arno Bucker, Ulrike Mihm, Michael von Wagner, Stefan Zeuzem and Christoph Sarrazin: Prospective study of bone mineral density and metabolism in patients with chronic hepatitis C during pegylated interferon and ribavirin therapy. J Viral Hepatitis 15, 790-796 (2008)
56. Jihad Arteh, Srilakshmi Narra and Satheesh Nair: Prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency in chronic liver disease. Dig Dis Sci 55 (9), 2624-2628 (2010)
57. Roger Bouillon, Johan Auwerx, L. Dekeyser, Johan Fevery, Willy Lissens and Pieter De Moor: Serum Vitamin D metabolites and their binding protein in patients with liver cirrhosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 59, 86-89 (1984) (Pubitemid 14087530)
58. Herbert L. Bonkovsky, Monica Hawkins, Karen Steinberg, Theodore Hersh, John T. Galambos, J. Michael Henderson, William J. Millikan and John R. Galloway: Prevalence and prediction of osteopenia in chronic liver disease. Hepatology 12, 273-280 (1990) (Pubitemid 20285790)
59. Jorge L. Gonzalez-Calvin, Francisco Gallego-Rojo, Ramon Fernandez-Perez, Francisco Casado-Caballero, Elena Ruiz-Escolano and Enrique G. Olivares: Osteoporosis, mineral metabolism and serum soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor p55 in viral cirrhosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89, 4325-4330 (2004) (Pubitemid 39244433)
60. Melania Manco, Paolo Ciampalini and Valerio Nobili: Low levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (3) in children with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 51 (6), 2229 (2010)
61. Salvatore Petta, Calogero Camma, Concetta Scazzone, Claudio Tripodo, Vito Di Marco, Antonino Bono, Daniela Cabibi, Giusalba Licata, Rossana Porcasi, Giulio Marchesini and Antonio Craxi: Low vitamin D serum level is related to severe fibrosis and low responsiveness to interferon-based therapy in genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 51 (4),1158-1167 (2010)
62. Salvatore Petta, Calogero Camma, Vito Di Marco, Nicola Alessi, Daniela Cabibi, Rosalia Caldarella, Anna Licata, Fatima Massenti, Giuseppe Tarantino, Giulio Marchesini and Antonio Craxi: Insulin resistance and diabetes increase fibrosis in the liver of patients with genotype 1 HCV infection. Am J Gastroenterol 103, 1136-1144 (2008) (Pubitemid 351677995)
63. Martin Willheim, Ralf Thien, Karl Schrattbauer, Erika Bajna, Margareta Holub, Reinhard Gruber, Karin Baier, Peter Pietschmann, Walter Reinisch, Otto Scheiner and Meinrad Peterlik: Regulatory effects of 1alpha,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the cytokine production of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84, 3739-3744 (1999) (Pubitemid 30645234)
64. Peter M. Timms, Nasima Mannan, Graham A. Hitman, Kate Noonan, Peter G. Mills, Denise Syndercombe-Court, Ebun Aganna, Christopher P. Price and Barbara J. Boucher: Circulating MMP9, Vitamin D and variation in the TIMP-1 response with VDR genotype: mechanisms for inflammatory damage in chronic disorders? Q J Med 95, 787-796 (2002) (Pubitemid 36032948)
65. Massimo Cigolini, Maria Pina Iagulli, Valentino Miconi, Micaela Galiotto, Simonetta Lombardi and Giovanni Targher: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations and prevalence of cardiovascular disease among type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 29, 722-724 (2006) (Pubitemid 44115386)
66. Margherita T. Cantorna, Yan Zhu, Monica Froicu and Anja Wittke: Vitamin D status, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and the immune system. Am J Clin Nutr 80 (6), 1717S-1720S (2004)
67. R. Evans, AASLD, The Liver Meeting 2008
68. Takeshi Inagaki, Mihwa Choi, Antonio Moschetta, Li Peng, Carolyn L. Cummins, Jeffrey G. McDonald, Guizhen Luo, Stacey A. Jones, Bryan Goodwin, James A. Richardson, Robert D. Gerard, Joyce J. Repa, David J. Mangelsdorf and Steven A. Kliewer: Fibroblast growth factor 15 functions as an enterohepatic signal to regulate bile acid homeostasis. Cell Metab. 2 (4), 217-225 (2005)
69. Daniel R. Schmidt, Sam R. Holmstrom, Klementina Fon Tacer, Angie L. Bookout, Steven A. Kliewer and David J. Mangelsdorf: Regulation of bile acid synthesis by fat-soluble vitamins A and D. J Biol Chem. 285 (19), 14486-14494 (2010)
70. Kwang-Hoon Song, Tiangang Li, Erika Owsley, Stephen Strom and John Y. L. Chiang: Bile acids activate fibroblast growth factor 19 signaling in human hepatocytes to inhibit cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase gene expression. Hepatology 49 (1), 297-305 (2009)
71. Sherif Saadeh, Greg Cammell, William D. Carey, Zobair Younossi, David Barnes and Kirk Easley: The role of liver biopsy in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 33, 196-200 (2001) (Pubitemid 32016902)
72. Arie Regev, Mariana Berho, Lennox J. Jeffers, Clara Milikowski, Enrique G. Molina, Nikolaos T. Pyrsopoulos, Zheng-Zhou Feng, K. Rajender Reddy and Eugene R. Schiff: Sampling error and intraobserver variation in liver biopsy in patients with chronic HCV infection. Am J Gastroenterol 97, 2614-2618 (2002)
73. Pornpen Thampanitchawong and Teerha Piratvisuth: Liver biopsy: complications and risk factors. World J Gastroenterol 5, 301-304 (1999)
74. Thierry Poynard, Vlad Ratziu and Pierre Bedossa: Appropriateness of liver biopsy. Can J Gastroenterol 14, 543-548 (2000) (Pubitemid 30447225)
75. Mireen Friedrich-Rust, Mei-Fang Ong, Swantje Martens, Christoph Sarrazin, Joerg Bojunga, Stephan Zeuzem and Eva Herrmann: Performance of transient elastography for the staging of liver fibrosis: a metaanalysis. Gastroenterology 134, 960-974 (2008)
76. Katsuyoshi Ito, Donald G. Mitchell, Hie Won Hann, Yong Kim, Takeshi Fujita, Hajime Okazaki, Kazumitsu Honjo and Naofumi Matsunaga: Viral-induced cirrhosis: grading of severity using MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 173, 591-596 (1999) (Pubitemid 29395273)
77. Jayant A. Talwalkar: Elastography for detecting hepatic fibrosis: options and considerations. Gastroenterology 135, 299-302 (2008) (Pubitemid 351899031)
78. Marianne Ziol, Adriana Handra-Luca, Adrien Kettaneh, Christos Christidis, Frederic Mal, Farhad Kazemi, Victor de Ledinghen, Patrick Marcellin, Daniel Dhumeaux, Jean-Claude Trinchet and Michel Beaugrand: Noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis by measurement of stiffness in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 41, 48-54 (2005) (Pubitemid 40066382)
79. Marc Bourliere, Guillaume Penaranda, Denis Ouzan, Christophe Renou, Danielle Botta-Fridlund, Albert Tran, Eric Rosenthal, Claire Wartelle-Bladou, Patrick Delasalle, Valerie Oules, Isabelle Portal, Patrizia Castellani, Laurent Lecomte, Maria Alessandra Rosenthal Allieri and Philippe Halfon: Optimized stepwise combination algorithms of non-invasive liver fibrosis scores including Hepascore in hepatitis C virus patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 28, 458-467 (2008) (Pubitemid 352033276)
80. Michael Adler, Beatrice Gulbis, Christophe Moreno, Sylvie Evrard, Gontran Verset, Philippe Golstein, Brigitte Frotscher, Nathalie Nagy and Philippe Thiry: The predictive value of FIB-4 versus FibroTest, APRI, FibroIndex and Forns index to noninvasively estimate fibrosis in hepatitis C and nonhepatitis C liver diseases. Hepatology 47, 762-763 (2008) (Pubitemid 351280750)
81. Masahiko Koda, Yoshiko Matunaga, Manri Kawakami, Yukihiro Kishimoto, Takeaki Suou and Yoshikazu Murawaki: FibroIndex, a practical index for predicting significant fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 45, 297-306 (2007) (Pubitemid 46374586)
82. Anais Vallet-Pichard, Vincent Mallet, Bertrand Nalpas, Virginie Verkarre, Antoine Nalpas, Valerie Dhalluin-Venier, Helène Fontaine and Stanislas Pol: FIB-4: an inexpensive and accurate marker of fibrosis in HCV infection. Comparison with liver biopsy and fibrotest. Hepatology 46, 32-36 (2007) (Pubitemid 47171918)
83. Leon A. Adams, Max Bulsara, Enrico Rossi, Bastiaan DeBoer, David Speers, Jacob George, James Kench, Geoffrey Farrell, Geoffrey W. McCaughan and Gary P. Jeffrey: Hepascore: an accurate validated predictor of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C infection. Clin Chem 51, 1867-1873 (2005) (Pubitemid 41368177)
84. Chun-Tao Wai, Joel K. Greenson, Robert J. Fontana, John D. Kalbfleisch, Jorge A. Marrero, Hari S. Conjeevaram and Anna S. F. Lok: A simple noninvasive index can predict both significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 38, 518-526 (2003) (Pubitemid 36919874)
85. Ai-Sheng Ho, Chun-Chia Cheng, Shui-Cheng Lee, Meng-Lun Liu, Jing-Ying Lee, Wen-Ming Wang and Chia-Chi Wang: Novel biomarkers predict liver fibrosis in hepatitis C patients: alpha 2 macroglobulin, Vitamin D binding protein and apolipoprotein AI. J Biomed Sci 17, 58 (2010)
86. Michael W. Fried, Mitchell L. Shiffman, K. Rajender Reddy, Coleman Smith, George Marinos, Fernando L. Goncales, Dieter Haussinger, Moises Diago, Giampiero Carosi, Daniel Dhumeaux, Antonio Craxi, Amy Lin, Joseph Hoffman and Jian Yu: Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 347, 975-982 (2002)
87. Michael P. Manns, John G. McHutchison, Stuart C. Gordon, Vinod K. Rustgi, Mitchell Shiffman, Robert Reindollar, Zachary D. Goodman, Kenneth Koury, Mei-Hsiu Ling, Janice K. Albrecht and International Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group: Peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin compared with interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a randomised trial. Lancet 358, 958-965 (2001) (Pubitemid 32913521)
88. Morris Sherman, Stephen Shafran, Kelly Burak, Karen Doucette, Winnie Wong, Nigel Girgrah, Eric Yoshida, Eberhard Renner, Philip Wong and Marc Deschenes: Management of chronic hepatitis C: Consensus guidelines. Can J Gastroenterol 21, 25C-34C (2007) (Pubitemid 47177083)
89. Muhammad Idrees and Sheikh Riazuddin: A study of best positive predictors for sustained virologic response to interferon alpha plus ribavirin therapy in naive chronic hepatitis C patients. BMC Gastroenterol 9, 5 (2009)
90. Markus Cornberg, Dietrich Huppe, Jan Wiegand, G. Felten, Heiner Wedemeyer and Michael P. Manns: Treatment of chronic hepatitis C with PEG-interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin: 24 weeks of therapy are sufficient for HCV genotype 2 and 3. Z Gastroenterol 41, 517-522 (2003) (Pubitemid 36798995)
91. Thierry Poynard, Patrick Marcellin, Samuel Lee, Claus Niederau, G. S. Minuk, Gaetano Ideo, Vincent Bain, Jenny Heathcote, Stephan Zeuzem, Christian Trepo and Jan Albrecht: Randomized trial of interferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin for 48 weeks versus interferon alpha-2b plus placebo for 48 weeks for the treatment of chronic hepatitis-C virus. Lancet 351, 1426-1432 (1998) (Pubitemid 28510876)
92. Stephanos J. Hadziyannis, Hoel Sette Jr, Timothy R. Morgan, Venkatesh Balan, Moises Diago, Patrick Marcellin, Giuliano Ramadori, Henry Bodenheimer Jr, Donna Bernstein, Mario Rizzetto, Stefan Zeuzem, Paul J. Pockros, Amy Lin and Andrew M. Ackrill, PEGASYS International Study Group: Peginterferon alpha2a and ribavirin combination therapy in chronic hepatitis C: a randomized study of treatment duration and ribavirin dose. Ann Intern Med 140, 346-355 (2004)
93. Lisa I. Backus, Derek B. Boothroyd, Barbara R. Phillips and Larry A. Mole: Predictors of response of US veterans to treatment for the hepatitis C virus. Hepatology 46, 37-47 (2007) (Pubitemid 47171919)
94. Giovanni Tarantino, Paolo Conca, Paolo Sorrentino and Manuela Ariello: Metabolic factors involved in the therapeutic response of patients with hepatitis C virus-related chronic hepatitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 21, 1266-1268 (2006) (Pubitemid 44034338)
95. Gregory T. Everson, John C. Hoefs, Leonard B. Seeff, Herbert L. Bonkovsky, Deepa Naishadham, Mitchell L. Shiffman, Jeffrey A. Kahn, Anna S. F. Lok, Adrian M. Di Bisceglie, William M. Lee, Jules L. Dienstag, Marc G. Ghany and Chihiro Morishima: Impact of disease severity on outcome of antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C: lessons from the HALT-C trial. Hepatology 44, 1675-1684 (2006) (Pubitemid 44953672)
96. Gary L. Davis, John B. Wong, John G. McHutchison, Michael P. Manns, Joann Harvey and Janice Albrecht: Early virologic response to treatment with peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 38, 645-652 (2003) (Pubitemid 37052151)
97. Thomas Berg, Christoph Sarrazin, Eva Herrmann, Holger Hinrichsen, Tilman Gerlach, Reinhart Zachoval, Bertram Wiedenmann, Uwe Hopf and Stefan Zeuzem: Prediction of treatment outcome in patients with chronic hepatitis C: significance of baseline parameters and viral dynamics during therapy. Hepatology 37, 600-609 (2003) (Pubitemid 36258782)
98. Jill Palmer Smith: Treatment of chronic hepatitis C with amantadine. Dig Dis Sci 42, 1681-1687 (1997)
99. Gerlinde Teuber, Thomas Berg, Ulrike Naumann, Jochen Raedle, S. Brinkmann, Uwe Hopf and Stefan Zeuzem: Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial with interferon-alpha with and without amantadine sulphate in primary interferon-alpha nonresponders with chronic hepatitis C. J Viral Hepat 8, 276-283 (2001) (Pubitemid 32673739)
100. Ji-Dong Jia, Michael Bauer, Jae Jin Cho, Martin Ruehl, Stefano Milani, Gabriele Boigk, Ernst Otto Riecken and Detlef Schuppan: Antifibrotic effect of silymarin in rat secondary biliary fibrosis is mediated by downregulation of procollagen I, TIMP-1 and TGF-b1RNA. J Hepatol 35, 392-398 (2001) (Pubitemid 32844194)
101. Koichi Watashi, Naoto Ishii, Makoto Hijikata, Daisuke Inoue, Takayuki Murata, Yusuke Miyanari and Kunitada Shimotohno: Cyclophilin B is a functional regulator of hepatitis C virus RNA polymerase. Mol Cell 19, 111-122 (2005) (Pubitemid 40884662)
102. Robert Flisiak, Andrzej Horban, Philippe Gallay, Michael Bobardt, Suganja Selvarajah, Alicja Wiercinska-Drapalo, Ewa Siwak, Iwona Cielniak, Jozef Higersberger, Jarek Kierkus, Christian Aeschlimann, Pierre Grosgurin, Valerie Nicolas-Metral, Jean-Maurice Dumont, Herve Porchet, Raf Crabbe and Pietro Scalfaro: The cyclophilin inhibitor Debio-025 shows potent anti-hepatitis C effect in patients coinfected with hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus. Hepatology 47, 817-826 (2008) (Pubitemid 351449673)
103. Brent E. Korba, Abigail B. Montero, Kristine Farrar, Karen Gaye, Sampa Mukerjee, Marc S. Ayers and Jean-Francois Rossignol: Nitazoxanide, tizoxanide and other thiazolides are potent inhibitors of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus replication. Antiviral Res 77, 56-63 (2008)
104. Jean-Francois Rossignol, Asem Elfert, Yehia El-Gohary and Emmet B. Keeffe: Improved virologic response in chronic hepatitis C genotype 4 treated with nitazoxanide, peginterferon and ribavirin. Gastroenterology 136, 856-862 (2009)
105. Marina Rode von Essen, Martina Kongsbak, Peter Schjerling, Klaus Olgaard, Niels Odum and Carsten Geisler: Vitamin D controls T cell antigen receptor signalling and activation of human T cells. Nat Immunol 11,344-349 (2010)
106. Masahiko Yano, Masanori Ikeda, Ken-ichi Abe, Hiromichi Dansako, Shogo Ohkoshi, Yutaka Aoyagi and Nobuyuki Kato: Comprehensive analysis of the effects of ordinary nutrients on hepatitis C virus RNA replication in cell culture. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51 (6), 2016-2027 (2007) (Pubitemid 46903089)
107. Davide Bitetto, Carlo Fabris, Edmondo Falleti, Ezio Fornasiere, Elisa Fumolo, Elisabetta Fontanini, Annarosa Cussigh, Giuseppa Occhino, Umberto Baccarani, Mario Pirisi and Pierluigi Toniutto: Vitamin D and the risk of acute allograft rejection following human liver transplantation. Liver Int 30 (3), 417-444 (2010)
108. Saif Abu-Mouch, Zvi Fireman, J. Jarchovsky and Nimer Assy: The beneficial effect of vitamin D combined eg interferon and ribavirin for chronic HCV infection. Hepatology 50 (Suppl), LB20 (2009)
109. Thomas J. Wang: Common genetic determinants of Vitamin D insufficiency: a genome-wide association study. Lancet 376 (9736), 180-188 (2010)
110. Andre G. Uitterlinden, Yue Fang, Joyce B. van Meurs, Huibert A. P. Pols and Johannes P. van Leeuwen: Genetics and biology of Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms. Gene 338 (2), 143-156 (2004) (Pubitemid 39094759)