Role of inflammation and metalloproteinases in plaque disruption and thrombosis

Vascular Medicine

Volumn 3, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 199-206

  Shah, Prediman K ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b CEDARS SINAI MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Inflammation; Metalloproteinases; Plaque disruption; Thrombosis

Indexed keywords

ANTIOXIDANT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; ESTROGEN; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE;

ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CORONARY ARTERY THROMBOSIS; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; THROMBOGENESIS; THROMBOSIS;

EID: 0031744030     PISSN: 1358863X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1358836x9800300304     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Constantinides P. Plaque fissures in human coronary thrombosis. J Atherosclerosis Res 1966; 6: 1-17.
2. Friedman M. The coronary thrombus, its origin and fate. Human Pathol 1971; 2: 81-128.
3. Falk E. Plaque rupture with severe pre-existing stenosis precipitating coronary thrombosis: characteristics of coronary atherosclerotic plaques underlying fatal occlusive thrombi Br Heart J 1983; 50: 127-34.
4. Davies MJ, Thomas A. Thrombosis and acute coronary-artery lesions in sudden cardiac ischemic death. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 1137-40.
5. Davies MJ, Thomas AC. Plaque fissuring - the cause of acute myocardial infarction, sudden ischaemic death, and crescendo angina. Br Heart J 1985; 53: 363-73.
6. Constantinides P. Cause of thrombosis in human atherosclerotic arteries. Am J Cardiol 1990, 66 (suppl G) 37G-40G.
7. Fuster V, Badimon L, Badimon J et al The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and the acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 242-50, 310-18
8. Fuster V, Lewis A, Lewis A Conner Memorial Lecture. Mechanisms leading to myocardial infarction insights from studies of vascular biology. Circulation 1994; 90: 2126-46.
9. Falk E, Shah PK, Fuster V. Coronary plaque disruption. Circulation 1995, 92. 657-71.
10. Shah PK, Moreno P, Falk E. Pathophysiology of plaque rupture. J Vasc Med Biol 1995, 5 244-58.
11. Shah PK. Pathophysiology of plaque rupture and the concept of plaque stabilization. Cardiol Clin 1996; 14: 17-29
12. Shah PK. Pathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes. Am J Cardiol 1997, 79(6): 790-92.
13. Burke AP, Farb A, Malcom GT. You-Hui Liang, Smialek J. Virmani R Coronary risk factors and plaque morphology in men with coronary disease who died suddenly. N Engl J Med 1997, 336: 1276-82.
14. Ambrose JA, Tannenbaum MA, Alexopoulos D et al. Angiographic progression of coronary artery disease and the development of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988; 12, 56-62.
15. Little WC, Constantinescu M, Applegate RJ et al. Can coronary angiography predict the site of a subsequent myocardial infarction in patients with mild-to-moderate coronary artery disease? Circulation 1988; 78: 1157-66.
16. Giroud D, Li JM. Urban P et al Relation of the site of acute myocardial infarction to the most severe coronary arterial stenosis at prior angiography. Am J Cardiol 1992; 69: 729-732.
17. Alderman EL, Corley SD, Fisher LD et al. Five-year angiographic follow-up of factors associated with progression coronary artery disease in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS): CASS participating investigators and staff. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993, 22. 1141-54.
18. Naqvi TZ, Hachamovitch R, Herman D, Buchbinder N, Kiat H, Shah PK Does the presence and site of myocardial ischemia on perfusion scintigraphy predict the occurrence and site of future myocardial infarction in patients with stable coronary artery disease? Am J Cardiol 1997; 79: 1521-24.
19. Qiao JH, Fishbein MC. The severity of coronary atherosclerosis at sites of plaque rupture with occlusive thrombosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991; 17: 1138-12.
20. Loree HM, Kamm RD, Stringfellow RG et al. Effects of fibrous cap thickness on peak circumferential stress in model atherosclerotic vessels Circ Res 1992; 71: 850-58
21. Lendon CL, Davies MJ, Born GVR et al. Atherosclerotic plaque caps are locally weakened when macrophage density is increased Atherosclerosis 1991; 87: 87-90.
22. Burleigh MC, Briggs AD, Lendon CL et al. Collagen type I and III. collagen content, GAGs and mechanical strength of human atherosclerotic plaque caps, span-wise variations. Atherosclerosis 1992; 96: 71-81
23. Davies MJ, Richardson PD, Woolf N et al Risk of thrombosis in human atherosclerotic plaques: role of extracellular lipid, macrophage, and smooth muscle cell content. Br Heart J 1993; 69: 377-81.
24. van der Wal AC, Becker AE, van der Loos CM et al. Site of intimai rupture or erosion of thrombosed coronary atherosclerotic plaques is characterized by an inflammatory process irrespective of the dominant plaque morphology. Circulation 1994; 89: 36-44.
25. Moreno PR, Falk E, Palacios IF et al. Macrophage infiltration in acute coronary syndromes: implications for plaque rupture. Circulation 1994; 90: 775-78.
26. Kovanen PT, Kaartinen M, Paavonen T. Infiltrates of activated mast cells at the site of coronary atheromatous erosion or rupture in myocardial infarction. Circulation 1995; 92: 1084-88.
27. Kragel AH, Gertz SD, Roberts WC. Morphologic comparison of frequency and type of acute analysis of the composition lesions in major epicardial coronary arteries in unstable angina, sudden coronary death and acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991; 18(3): 801-803.
28. Kragel AH, Reddy SG, Wittes JT et al. Morphometric analysis of the composition of coronary arterial plaques in isolated unstable angina pectoris with pain at rest. Am J Cardiol 1990; 66: 562-67.
29. Wight TN Cell biology of arterial proteoglycans Arteriosclerosis 1989, 9: 1-20.
30. Guyton JR, Klemp KF. Development of the atherosclerotic core region: chemical and ulrastructural analysis of microdissected atherosclerotic lesions from human aorta. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1994; 14: 1305-14.
31. Richardson PD, Davies MJ, Born GVR. Influence of plaque configuration and stress distribution oil fissuring of coronary atherosclerotic plaques. Lancer 1989; ii: 941-44.
32. Lee RT, Kamm RD. Vascular mechanics for the cardiologist. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 23: 1289-95.
33. Henney AM, Wakeley PR, Davies MJ et al. Localization of stromelysin gene expression in atherosclerotic plaques by in situ hybridization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88. 8154-58
34. Galis ZS, Sukhova OK, Lark MW, Libby P. Increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases and matrix degrading activity in vulnerable regions of human atherosclerotic plaques. J Clin Invest 1994; 94: 2493-503
35. Brown DL, Hibbs MS, Kearney M, Loushin C, Isner JM. Identification of 92-kD gelatinase in human coronary atherosclerotic lesions. Association of active enzyme synthesis with unstable angina. Circulation 1995; 91: 2125-31
36. Li Z, Li L, Zielke HR et al. Increased expression of 72-kd type IV collagenase (MMP-2) in human aortic atherosclerotic lesions. Am J Pathol 1996; 148: 121-28.
37. Nikkari ST, O'Brien KD, Ferguson M et al. Interstitial collagenase (MMP-1) expression in human carotid atherosclerosis. Circulation 1995; 92: 1393-98.
38. Halpert I, Sires UI, Roby JD et al. Matrilysin is expressed by lipid-laden macrophages at sites of potential rupture in atherosclerotic lesions and localizes to areas of versican deposition, a proteoglycan substrate for the enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 9748-53.
39. Woessner F. Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors FASEB J 1991, 5: 2145-54.
40. Birkedal-Hansen H. Proteolytic remodeling of extracellular matrix. Curr Biol 1995; 7. 728-35.
41. Nagase H. Activation mechanisms of matrix metalloproteinases. Biol Chem 1997, 378 (3-4). 151-60.
42. Wahl LM, Corcoran ML. Regulation of monocyte/macrophage metalloproteinase production by cytokines. J Pertodontol 1993; 64. 467-73.
43. Xu X-P, Meisel SR, Ong JM et al. Oxidized low density lipoprotein transcriptionally regulates matrix meralloproteinase-9 and its tissue inhibitor in human monocyte-derived macrophages Circulation 1998 (in press).
44. Lee RT, Schoen FJ, Loree HM, Lark MW, Libby P. Circumferential stress and matrix metalloproteinase 1 in human coronary atherosclerosis. Implications for plaque rupture. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996; 16(8): 1070-73
45. Rajagopalan S, Meng XP, Ramasamy S, Harrison DG, Galis ZS. Reactive oxygen species produced by macrophage-derived foam cells regulate the activity of vascular matrix metalloproteinases in vitro: implications for atherosclerotic plaque stability. J Clin Invest 1996, 98(11): 2572-79.
46. Galis ZS, Kranzhofer R, Fenton JW, II, Libby P. Thrombin promotes activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 produced by cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17(3): 483-89.
47. Brooks PC, Stromblad S, Sanders LC et al. Localization of matrix metalloproteinase MMP-2 to the surface of invasive cells by interaction with integrin alpha v beta 3. Cell 1996; 85(5). 683-93.
48. Sato H, Takino T, Okada Y et al. A matrix metalloproteinase expressed on the surface of invasive tumor cells. Nature 1994; 370: 61-65
49. Xu X-P, Ong JM, Kaul S, Cercek B, Sharifi BG, Shah PK A novel membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase (MT-MMP) is expressed in human atherosclerotic plaques and localized in macrophages and smooth muscle cells. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998, 31(2): 419A.
50. Shah PK, Falk E, Badimon JJ et al. Human monocyte-derived macrophages induce collagen breakdown in atherosclerotic fibrous caps: potential role of matrix degrading metalloproteinases and implication for plaque rupture. Circulation 1995; 92: 1565-69.
51. Geng Y-J, Libby P. Evidence for apoptosis in advanced human atheroma. Am J Pathol 1995, 147 251-66.
52. Björkerud S, Björkerud B. Apoptosis is abundant in human atherosclerotic lesions, especially in inflammatory cells (macrophages and T cells), and may contribute to the accumulation of gruel and plaque instability. Am J Pathol 1996; 149. 367-80.
53. Mallat Z, Ohan J, Leseche G, Tedgui A. Colocalization of CPP-32 with apoptotic cells in human atherosclerotic plaques. Circulation 1997; 96(2): 424-28.
54. Libby P. Molecular bases of the acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 1995; 91: 2844-50.
55. Wallner K, Shah PK, Fishbein MC, Forrester JS, Kaul S, Sharifi BG. Expression of Tenascin-C in human coronary atherosclerotic plaque. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 31(2): 73A.
56. MacIssac AI, Thomas JD, Topol EJ. Toward the quiescent coronary plaque. J Am Cell Cardiol 1993; 22: 1228-41.
57. Cheng GC, Loree HM, Kamm RD et al. Distribution of circumferential stress in ruptured and stable atherosclerotic lesions: a structural analysis with histopathological correlation. Circulation 1993, 87. 1179-87.
58. Gertz SD, Roberts WC Hemodynamic shear force in rupture of coronary arterial atherosclerotic plaques. Am J Cardiol 1990; 66: 1368-72.
59. Mizushige K, Reisman M, Buchbinder M et al. Atheroma deformation during the cardiac cycle: evaluation by intracoronary ultrasound. Circulation 1993, 88 (suppl I): I-550.
60. Lin CS, Penha PD, Zak FG et al. Morphodynamic interpretation of acute coronary thrombosis, with special reference to volcano-like eruption of atheromatous plaque caused by coronary artery spasm. Angiology 1988, (June): 535-47.
61. Kaski JC, Tousoulis D, McFadden E et al. Variant angina pectoris, role of coronary spasm in the development of fixed coronary obstructions Circulation 1992; 85: 619-26.
62. Fernandez-Ortiz A, Badimon JJ, Falk E et al. Characterization of the relative thrombogenicity of atherosclerotic plaque components: implications for consequences of plaque rupture. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 23: 1562-69.
63. Wilcox JN, Smith KM, Schwartz SM, Gordon D. Localization of tissue factor in the normal vessel wall and in the atherosclerotic plaque. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86: 2839-43.
64. Moreno PR, Bernardi VH, López-Cuéllar J et al. Macrophages, smooth muscle cells, and tissue factor in unstable angina. Implications for cell-mediated thrombogenicity in acute coronary syndromes Circulation 1996; 94: 3090-97.
65. Toscht V, Gallo R, Lettino M et al. Tissue factor modulates the thrombogenicity of human atherosclerotic plaque. Circulation 1997, 95: 594-99.
66. Metsel S , Xu XP, Edgington TP, Lee S, Cercek B, Shah PK. Differentiation of human monocytes into adherent monocyte derived macrophages markedly enhances tissue factor expression and procoagulant activity. Circulation 1997; 96(8): II-3708 (Abstract).
67. Bogarty P, Hackett D, Davies GJ et al. Vasoreactivity at culprit lesions. Circulation 1995; 91: 563-64.
68. Anderson P, Arneson H, Hjermann I. Hyperlipoproteinemia and reduced fibrinolytic activity in healthy coronary high-risk men. Acta Med Scand 1981, 209: 199-202
69. Egashira K, Inou T, Hiroka Y et al Impaired coronary blood flow response to acetylcholine in patients with coronary risk factors and proximal atherosclerotic lesions. J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 29-37.
70. O'Brien KD, Allen MD, McDonald TO et al. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 is expressed in human coronary atherosclerotic plaques: implications for the mode of progression of advanced coronary atherosclerosis J Clin Invest 1993; 92. 945-51.
71. Stiko-Rahm A, Wiman B, Hamsten A et al. Secretion of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 from cultured human umbilical vein endothelia cells is induced by very low density lipoprotein. Arteriosclerosis 1990; 10: 1067-73
72. Weis RJ, Pitas RE, Wilson BD et al. Oxidated low-density lipoprotein increased cultured human endothelial cell tissue factor activity and reduced protein C activation. FASEB J 1991; 5: 2459-65.
73. El Fawal MA, Berg GA, Wheatley DJ et al. Sudden coronary death in Glasgow. nature and frequency of acute coronary lesions. Br Heart J 1987; 57: 329-35.
74. Davies MJ. A macro and micro view of coronary vascular insult in ischemic heart disease. Circulation 1990, 82 (suppl II): 38-46
75. Tofler GH, Stone PH, Maclure M et al. Analysis of possible triggers of acute myocardial infarction in the MILIS Study. Am J Cardiol 1990; 66: 22-27.
76. Gelernt MD, Hochman JS Acute myocardial infarction triggered by emotional stress. Am J Cardiol 1992, 69: 1512-13.
77. Willich SN, Lewis M, Lowel H et al. Physical exertion as a trigger of acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1684-90.
78. Willich SN, Maclure M, Mittleman M et al. Sudden cardiac death: support for a role of triggering in causation. Circulation 1993; 87: 1442-50.
79. Muller JE, Abela GS, Nesto RW et al. Triggers, acute risk factors and vulnerable plaques the lexicon of a new frontier. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 23: 809-13.
80. Gnecchi-Ruscone T, Piccaluga E, Guzzettu S et al Morning and Monday critical periods for the onset of acute myocardial infarction, the GISSI 2 Study Experience Ear Heart J 1994; 15: 882-87.
81. Leor J, Poole WK, Kloner RA. Sudden cardiac death triggered by an earthquake. N Engl J Med 1996, 334: 413-19.
82. Muhlestein JB, Hammond EH, Carlquist JF et al. Increased incidence of Chlamydia species within the coronary arteries of patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic versus other forms of cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Curdiol 1996; 27: 1555-61.
83. Ramirez JA Isolation of Chlamydia pneumoniae from the coronary artery of a patient with coronary atherosclerosis. Ann Intern Med 1996; 125: 979-82
84. Gupta S, Leatham EW, Carrington D, Mendall MA, Kaski JC, Camm AJ. Elevated Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies, cardiovascular events, and azithromycin in male survivors of myocardial infarction Circulation 1997; 96(2): 404-407.
85. Gurfinkel E, Bozovich G, Daroca A, Beck E, Mautner B. Randomised trial of roxithromycm in non-Q-wave coronary syndromes: ROXIS Pilot Study. ROXIS Study Group. Lancet 1997; 350: 404-407
86. Brown BG, Zhao X-Q, Sacco DE et al Lipid lowering and plaque regression: new insights into prevention of plaque disruption and clinical events in coronary disease. Circulation 1993; 87: 1781-91.
87. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994; 344: 1383-89.
88. Yusuf S, Pepine CJ, Garces C et al. Effect of enalapril on myocardial infarction and unstable angina in patients with low ejection fractions Lancet 1992; 340. 1173-78.
89. Willich SN, Linderer T, Wegscheider K et al. Increased morning incidence of myocardial infarction in the ISAM Study: absence with prior B-adrenergic blockade. Circulation 1989, 80: 853-58.
90. Hodis HN, Mack WJ, LaBree et al. Natural antioxidant vitamins reduce coronary artery lesion progression as assessed by sequential coronary angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 23 (suppl A): 481A.
91. Shah PK, Nilsson J, Kaul S et al. Effect of recombinant apolipoprotein A-I milano on aortic atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein-E deficient mice. Circulation 1998; 97: 780-85.