Bioactivity of essential oils and their volatile aroma components: Review

Journal of Essential Oil Research

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 203-212

  Shaaban, Hamdy A E ^a   El Ghorab, Ahmed H ^a   Shibamoto, Takayuki ^b  

^a NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE   (Egypt)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Antibacteria; Antioxidant; Aromatherapy; Biological activities; Essential oil; Volatile compounds

Indexed keywords

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; ANTI-BACTERIA; ANTI-FUNGAL; ANTI-INFLAMMATORIES; ANTIMUTAGENIC; ANTIOXIDANT; AROMA COMPONENTS; AROMATHERAPY; AROMATIC PLANTS; COSMETIC INDUSTRY; FLAVOR AND FRAGRANCES; VOLATILE COMPOUNDS;

BIOACTIVITY; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS;

ESSENTIAL OILS;

EID: 84860625411     PISSN: 10412905     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2012.659528     Document Type: Review

References (141)

1. M. Billot and F.V. Wells, Perfumery Technology. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York (1975).
2. S.S., Handa, S.P.S. Khanuja, G. Longo, and D.D. Rakesh, eds. 2008. Extraction Technologies for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, International Centre for Science and High Technology, Trieste (2008).
3. J.E. Simon, Essential oils and culinary herbs. In: Advances in New Crops. Edits., J. Janick and J.E. Simon, pp. 472-83, Timber Press, Portland, OR (1990).
4. E. Guenther, The Essential Oil. volume IV. D. Van Nostrand, New York (1950).
5. E. González-Burgos, M.E. Garretero and M.P. Gónmez- Serranillos, Sideritis spp.: Uses, chemical composition and pharmacological activities-A review. J. Ethnophar-macol., 135, 209-225 (2011).
6. T.J. Betts, Chemical characterisation of the different types of volatile oil constituents by various solute retention ratios with the use of conventional and novel commercial gas chromatographic stationary phases. J. Chromatogr. A, 936, 33-46 (2001). (Pubitemid 33044619)
7. S. Arctander, Perfume and Flavor Chemicals. Published by the author. Montclair, NJ (1969).
8. E. Pichersky, J.P. Noel and N. Dudareva, Biosynthesis of plant volatiles: Nature's diversity and ingenuity. Science, 311, 808-811 (2006). (Pubitemid 43228836)
9. S.A. Burt, Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils: Potential Applications in Food. Ph.D. thesis, Utrecht University (2007).
10. F. Bakkali, S. Averbeck, D. Averbeck and D. Idaomar, Biological effects of essential oils. A review. Food Chem. Toxicol., 46, 446-475 (2008). (Pubitemid 350297552)
11. J. Silva, W. Abebe, S.M. Sousa, V.G. Duarte, M.I.L. Machado and F.J.A. Matos, Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of essential oils of Eucalyptus. J. Ethnopharmacol., 89, 277-283 (2003). (Pubitemid 37378203)
12. V. Hajhashemi, A. Ghannadi and B. Sharif, Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of the leaf extracts and essential oil of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. J. Ethnopharmacol., 89, 67-71 (2003). (Pubitemid 37163801)
13. N.S. Perry, C. Bollen, E.K. Perry and C. Ballard, Salvia for dementia therapy: Review of pharmacological activity and pilot tolerability clinical trial. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav, 75, 651-659 (2003). (Pubitemid 36936899)
14. S. Gaysinsky and J. Weiss, Aromatic and spice plants: Uses in food safety. Stewart Post Harvest Rev, 4, 1-9 (2007).
15. D.L. Zink, The impact of consumer demands and trends on food processing. Emerg. Infect. Diseases, 3, 467-469 (1997).
16. H.J.D. Dorman, P. Surai and S.G. Deans, In vitro antioxi-dant activity of a number of plant essential oils and phy-toconstituents. J. Essent. Oil Res., 12, 241-248 (2000).
17. K.G. Lee and T. Shibamoto, Determination of antioxidant potential of volatile extracts isolated from various herbs and spices. J. Agric. Food Chem., 50, 4947-4952 (2002). (Pubitemid 34856171)
18. B. Vazquez, G. Avila, D. Segura and B. Escalante, Anti-inflammatory activity of extracts from aloe vera gel. J. Ethnopharmacol., 55, 69-75 (1996). (Pubitemid 27051183)
19. K.K. Park, K.S. Chun, J.M. Lee, S.S. Lee and Y.J. Surh, Inhibitory effects of [6]-gingerol, a major pungent principle of ginger, on phorbol ester-induced inflammation, epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity and skin tumor promotion in ICR mice. Cancer Lett., 129, 139-144 (1998). (Pubitemid 28386594)
20. M. Elgayyar, F.A. Draughon, D.A. Golden and J.R. Mount, Antimicrobial activity of essential oils from plants against selected pathogenic and saprophytic microorganisms. J. Food Prot., 64, 1019-1024 (2001). (Pubitemid 32643940)
21. E.D. Lima, O.F. Gompertz, M.D. Paulo and A.M. Giesbrecht, In vitro antifungal activity of essential oils against clinical isolates of dermatophytes. Revista de Microbiologia, 23, 235-238 (1992). (Pubitemid 23037019)
22. P. Schnitzler, K. Schon and J. Reichling, Antiviral activity of Australian tea tree oil and eucalyptus oil against Herpes simplex virus in cell culture. Pharmazie, 56, 343-347 (2001). (Pubitemid 32323129)
23. P. Schnitzler, C. Koch and J. Reichling, Susceptibility of drug-resistant clinical Herpes simplex virus type 1 strains to essential oils of ginger, thyme, hyssop, and sandal-wood. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 51, 1859-1862 (2007). (Pubitemid 46744174)
24. K. Aruna and V.M. Sivaramakrishnan, Anticarcinogenic effects of the essential oils from cumin, poppy and basil. Phytother. Res, 10, 577-580 (1996). (Pubitemid 26382305)
25. B. Halliwell and J. Gutteridge, The antioxidants of human extracellular fluids. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 280, 1-8 (1990). (Pubitemid 20196526)
26. T. Paz-Elizur, Z. Sevilya, Y. Leitner-Dagan, D. Elinger, L.C. Roisman and Z. Livneh, DNA repair of oxidative DNA damage in human carcinogenesis: Potential application for cancer risk assessment and prevention. Cancer Lett, 266, 60-72 (2008).
27. V.R. Preedy, M.E. Reilly, D. Mantle and T.J. Peters, Oxi-dative damage in liver disease. J. Intern. Fed. Clin. Chem., 10, 16-20 (1998).
28. P. Moreira, M.A. Smith, X. Zhu, K. Honda, H.-G. Lee, G. Aliev and G. Perry, Since oxidative damage is a key phenomenon in Alzheimer's disease, treatment with antioxidants seems to be a promising approach for slowing disease progression. Oxidative damage and Alzheimer's disease: Are antioxidant therapies useful? News Persp, Drag (2005).
29. J. Liu and A. Mori, Oxidative damage hypothesis of stress-associated aging acceleration: Neuroprotective effects of natural and nutritional antioxidants. Res. Commun. Biol. Psychol. Psychiat. Neurosci, 30-31, 103-119 (2006). (Pubitemid 350303569)
30. E. Colak, New markers of oxidative damage to macro-molecules. J. Med. Biochem, 27, 1-16 (2008). (Pubitemid 351498895)
31. Y. Naito, K. Uchiyama and T. Yoshikawa, Oxidative stress involvement in diabetic nephropathy and its prevention by astaxanthin. Oxid. Stress Disease, 21, 235-242 (2006).
32. S.K. Jain, Superoxide dismutase overexpression and cellular oxidative damage in diabetes. A commentary over-expression of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase in mice protects the retina from diabetes. Free Rad. Biol. Med., 41, 1187-1190 (2006). (Pubitemid 44466329)
33. M.F. Beal, Mitochondria, oxidative damage, and inflammation in Parkinson's disease. Annals New York Acad. Sci., 991, 120-131 (2003). (Pubitemid 36793808)
34. R.K. Chaturvedi and M.F. Beal, PPAR: A therapeutic target in Parkinson's disease. J. Neurochem., 106, 506-518 (2008).
35. J.W. Heinecke, Mechanisms of ocidative damage of low density lipoprotein in human atherosclerosis. Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 8, 268-274 (1997). (Pubitemid 27462433)
36. R.T. Sepulveda and R. R Watson, Treatment of antioxi-dant deficiencies in AIDS patients. Nutr. Res., 22, 27-37 (2002). (Pubitemid 34150953)
37. J.-K. Moon and T. Shibamoto, Antioxidant assays for plant and food components. J. Agric. Food Chem., 57, 1655-1666 (2009).
38. A. Wei and T. Shibamoto, Antioxidant/lipoxygenase inhibitory activities and chemical compositions of selected essential oils. J. Agric. Food Chem., 58, 7218-7225 (2010).
39. A. Tomaino, F. Cimino and V. Zimbalatti, Influence of heating on antioxidant activity and the chemical composition of some spice essential oils. Food Chem., 89, 549-554 (2005). (Pubitemid 39221377)
40. A.H. El-Ghorab, H. A Shaaban, K.F. Elmassry and T. Shibamoto, Chemical composition of volatile extract and biological activities of volatile and less-volatile extracts if juniper berry (Juniperus drupacea L.) fruit. J. Agric. Food Chem., 56, 5021-5025 (2008). (Pubitemid 352039099)
41. A.H. El-Ghorab, T. Shibamoto and M. M Ozcan, Chemical composition and antioxidant activities of buds and leaves of capers (Capparis ovata Desf. Var. canescens) cultivated in Turkey. J. Essent. Oil Res., 19, 72-77 (2007).
42. A. Sokmen, M. Gulluce and A. Akpulat, The in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oils and methanol extracts of endemic Thymus spathulifo-lius. Food Contr., 15, 627-634 (2004). (Pubitemid 39117892)
43. N. Botsoglou, P. Florou-Paneri, E. Christaki, I. Giannenas and A. Spais, Performance of rabbits and oxidative stability of muscle tissues as affected by dietary supplementation with oregano essential oil. Arch. Anim. Nutr., 58, 209-218 (2004). (Pubitemid 38687000)
44. G. Papageorgiou, N. Botsoglou, A. Govaris, I. Giannenas, S. Iliadis and E. Botsoglou, Effect of dietary oregano oil and alpha-tocopheryl acetate supplementation on iron-induced lipid oxidation of turkey breast, thigh, liver and heart tissues. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr., 87, 324-335 (2003). (Pubitemid 37353616)
45. B. Tepe, E. Donmez and M. Unlub, Antimicrobial and antioxidative activities of the essential oils and methanol extracts of Salvia cryptantha (Montbret et Aucher ex Benth) and Salvia multicaulis (Vahl). Food Chem., 84, 519-525 (2004). (Pubitemid 37373602)
46. F. Candan, M. Unlu and B. Tepe, Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and methanol extracts of Achillea millefolium subsp. millefolium Afan. (Astera-ceae). J. Ethnopharmacol., 87, 215-220 (2003). (Pubitemid 36809154)
47. J. Mau, E. Laib, N. Wang, C. Chen, C. Chang and C. Chyau, Composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oil from Curcuma zedoaria. Food Chem., 82, 583-591 (2003). (Pubitemid 36842829)
48. K.F. El-massry and A.H. El-Ghorab, Effect of essential oils and non-volatile extracts of some aromatic plants on Cuin-duced oxidative modification of human low-density lipoprotein (LDL). J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants, 3, 292-299 (2006).
49. N. Mimica-Dukic, B. Bozin, M. Sokovic and N. Simin, Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Melissa offici-nalis L. (Lamiaceae) essential oil. J. Agric. Food Chem., 52, 2485-2489 (2004).
50. N. Yanishlieva-Maslarova, Sources of natural antioxi-dants: Vegetables, fruits, herbs, spices and teas. In: Anti-oxidant in Food: Practical Applications. Edits., N. Yanishilieva, J. Pokorny, and M. Gordor, pp. 210-49, Woodhead Publishing Ltd, Cambridge (2001).
51. V.K. Bajpai, A. Rahman and S.C. Kang, Chemical composition and inhibitory parameters of essential oil and extracts of Nandina domestica Thunb. to control food-borne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 125, 117-122 (2008).
52. V. Hulin, A. Mathot and P. Mafart, Les propriétés antimi-crobiennes des huiles essentielles et composés d'arômes. Sci. Aliments, 18, 563-582 (1998). (Pubitemid 128433500)
53. J. Gutierrez, C. Barry-Ryan and P. Bourke, The antimicrobial efficacy of plant essential oil combinations and interactions with food ingredients. Int. J. Food Microbiol, 124, 91-97 (2008).
54. B. Bozin, N. Mimica-Dukic, N. Simin and G. Anackov, Characterization of the volatile composition of essential oils of some Lamiaceae spices and the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the entire oils. J. Agric. Food Chem., 54, 1822-1828 (2006).
55. D. Kelly, The physiology and metabolism of the human gastric pathogen (Helicobacter pylori). Adv. Microb. Physiol., 40, 137-189 (1998). (Pubitemid 28537740)
56. S. Burt, Essential oils: Their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods-A review. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 94, 223-253 (2004). (Pubitemid 38891349)
57. E. O'Gara, D. Hill and D. Maslin, Activities of garlic oil, garlic powder, and their diallyl constituents against Helico-bacter pylori. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 66, 2269-2273 (2000). (Pubitemid 30253767)
58. S. Santoyo, S. Cavero, L. Jaime, E. Ibanez, J. Senorans and G. Reglero, Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of compounds with antimicrobial activity from Origanum vulgare L.: Determination of optimal extraction parameters. J. Food Prot., 69, 369-375 (2006). (Pubitemid 43276037)
59. A. Allahverdiyev, N. Duran, M. Ozguven and S. Koltas, Antiviral activity of the volatile oils of Melissa officinalis L. against Herpes simplex virus type-2. Phytomedicine, 11, 657-661 (2004). (Pubitemid 40007750)
60. M. Armaka, E. Papanikolaou, A. Sivropoulou and M. Arsenakis, Antiviral properties of isoborneol, a potent inhibitor of Herpes simplex virus type-1. Antiviral Res., 43, 79-92 (1999). (Pubitemid 29415655)
61. C. Garcia, L. Talarico, N. Almeida, S. Colombres, C. Duschatzky and B. Damonte, Virucidal activity of essential oils from aromatic plants of San Luis, Argentina. Phytother. Res., 17, 1073-1075 (2003). (Pubitemid 37351583)
62. A.E. Edris, Pharmaceutical and therapeutic potentials of essential oils and their individual volatile constituents. Phytother Res., 21, 308-323 (2007). (Pubitemid 46603595)
63. G.W. Schmid-Scheonbein, Analysis of inflammation. Ann. Rev. Biomed. Eng., 8, 93-151 (2006).
64. B.K. Vogler and E. Ernst, Aloe vera: A systematic review of its clinical effectiveness. Br. J. Gen. Pract., 49, 823-828 (1999). (Pubitemid 29465424)
65. P. Chithra, G.B. Sajithlal and G. Chandrakasan, Influence of aloe vera on the healing of dermal wounds in diabetic rats. J. Ethnopharmacol., 59, 195-201 (1998). (Pubitemid 28062299)
66. J.P. Heggers, R.P. Pelley and M.C. Robson, Beneficial effects of aloe in wound healing. Phytother. Res., 7, S47-S48 (1993).
67. T. Reynolds and A.C. Dweck, Aloe vera leaf gel: A review update. J. Ethnopharmacol., 68, 3-37 (1999). (Pubitemid 29502456)
68. R.M. Shelton, Aloe vera-Its chemical and therapeutic properties. Int. J. Dermatol., 30, 679-683 (1991).
69. A. Tanaka and T. Shibamoto, Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of licorice root (Glycyrrhiza ural-ensis): Aroma extract. In: Functional Food and Health. Edits., T. Shibamoto, K. Kanazawa, F. Shahidi and C.-T. Ho, pp. 229-237. ACS Symposium Series 993 (2008).
70. P. Tripathi, N.K. Dubey and A.K. Shukla, Use of some essential oils as postharvest botanical fungicides in the management of grey mold of grapes caused by Botrytis cinerea. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 24, 39-46 (2008). (Pubitemid 351168990)
71. K. Fisher and C. Phillips, Potential antimicrobial uses of essential oils in food: Is citrus the answer? Trends Food Sci. Technol., 19, 156-164 (2008). (Pubitemid 351221249)
72. M. Razzaghi-Abyaneh, M. Shams-Ghahfarokhi, M.-B. Rezaee, K. Jaimand, S. Alinezhad, R. Saberi and T. Yoshinari, Chemical composition and anti aflatoxigenic activity of Carum carvi L., Thymus vulgaris and Citrus aurantifoli-a essential oils. Food Control., 20, 1018-1024 (2009).
73. P.M. Davidson and A.S. Naidu, Phytophenols. In: Natural Food Antimicrobial Systems. Edits., A. S. Naidu, pp. 266-339, CRC Press/Taylor and Francis, New York (2000).
74. H.R. El-Seedi, A. Khattab, A.H.M. Gaara, T.K. Moham-ed, N.A. Hassan and A.E. Elkattan, Essential oil analysis of Micromeria nubigena H.B.K. and its antimicrobial activity. J. Essent. Oil Res., 20, 452-456 (2008).
75. S. Nejad Ebrahimi, J. Hadian, M.H. Mirjalili, A. Sonboli and M. Yousefzadi, Essential oil composition and antibacterial activity of Thymus caramanicus at different phe-nological stages. Food Chem., 110, 927-931 (2008).
76. M.E.A. Stefanello, A.C. Cervi, I.Y. Ito, M.J. Salvador, A. Wisniewski, Jr. and E.L. Simionatto, Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Eugenia chlorophylla (Myrtaceae). J. Essent. Oil Res., 20, 75-78 (2008). (Pubitemid 351288137)
77. K.I. Suhr and P.V. Nielsen, Antifungal activity of essential oils evaluated by two different application techniques against rye bread spoilage fungi. J. Appl. Microbiol., 94, 665-674 (2003). (Pubitemid 36459555)
78. D.J. Daferera, B.N. Ziogas and M.G. Polissiou, GC-MS analysis of essential oils from some Greek aromatic plants and their fungi toxicity on Penicillium digitatum. J. Agric. Food Chem., 48, 2576-2581 (2000). (Pubitemid 30431277)
79. C. Ramel, U.K. Alekperov, B.N. Ames, T. Kada and L. W. Wattenberg, Inhibitors of mutagenesis and their relevance to carcinogenesis. Mutat. Res., 168, 47-65 (1986). (Pubitemid 16088983)
80. A.P. Odin, Vitamins as antimutagens: Advantages and some possible mechanisms of antimutagenic action. Mutat. Res., 386, 39-67 (1997). (Pubitemid 27195024)
81. T. Kada and K. Shimoi, Desmutagens and bio-antimuta-gens\Their modes of action. Bioessays, 7, 113-116 (1987).
82. A.C.A.X. De-Oliveira, L.F. Ribeiro-Pinto and F.J.R. Paumgartten, In vitro inhibition of CYP2B1 monooxygen-ase by b myrcene and other monoterpenoid compounds. Toxicol. Lett., 92, 39-46 (1997). (Pubitemid 27289494)
83. F. Bakkali, S. Averbeck, D. Averbeck, A. Zhiri, D. Bau-doux and M. Idaomar, Antigenotoxic effects of three essential oils in diploid yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) after treatments with UVC radiation, 8-MOP plus UVA and MMS. Mutat. Res., 606, 27-38 (2006). (Pubitemid 43767346)
84. A. Trichopoulou, P. Lagiou, H. Keper and D. Trichopoulou, Cancer and Mediterranean dietary traditions. Cancer Epidemol. Biomarkers Prev., 9, 869-873 (2000).
85. R. Guba, Toxicity myths essential oils and their carcinogenic potential. In: Essential Oils and Cancer. Proceedings of the 4th Wholistic Aromatherapy Conference, San Francisco (2000).
86. P. Greenwald, C.K. Clifford and JA. Milner, Diet and cancer prevention. Eur. J. Cancer, 37, 948-965 (2001). (Pubitemid 32401123)
87. A.E.M. Abdalla, S.M. Darwish, E.H.E. Ayad and R.M. El-Hamahmy, Egyptian mango by-product 2: Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of extract and oil from mango seed kernel. Food Chem., 103, 1141-1152 (2007). (Pubitemid 46476837)
88. H.K. Sandhar, B. Kumar, S. Prasher, P. Tiwari, M. Salhan and P. Sharma, A review of phytochemistry and pharmacology offlavonoids. Int. Pharm. Sci., 1, 25-41 (2011).
89. A. Meister, G. Bernhardt, V. Christoffel and A. Buschauer, Antispasmodic activity of Thymus vulgaris extract on the isolated guinea-pig tracea: Discrimination between drug and ethanol effects. Planta Med., 65, 512-516 (1999). (Pubitemid 29399951)
90. E. Barocelli, F. Calcina, M. Chiavarini, M. Impicciatore, R. Bruni, A. Bianchi and V. Ballabeni, Antinociceptive and gastroprotective effects of inhaled and orally administered Lavandula hybrida Reverchon 'Grosso' essential oil. Life Sci., 76, 213-223 (2004). (Pubitemid 39425226)
91. J. Shen, A. Niijima, M. Tanida, Y. Horii, K. Maeda and K. Nagai, Olfactory stimulation with scent of grapefruit oil affects autonomic nerves, lipolysis and appetite in rats. Neurosci. Lett., 380, 289-294 (2005). (Pubitemid 40616098)
92. D. Averbeck, S. Averbeck, L. Dubertret, A.R. Young and P. Morlie're, Genotoxicity ofbergapten and bergamot oil in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 7, 209-229 (1990).
93. R.C. Muhlbauer, A. Lozano, S. Palacio, A. Reinli and R. Felix, Common herbs, essential oils, and monoterpenes potently modulate bone metabolism. Bone, 32, 372-380 (2003). (Pubitemid 36407537)
94. K. Yamaguchi, C. Shinohara, S. Kojima, M. Sodeoka and T. Tsuji, (2E, 6R)-8-Hydroxyl-2, 6-dimethyl-2-octenoic acid, a novel anti-osteoporotic monoterpene, isolated from Cistanche salsa. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 63, 731-735 (1999). (Pubitemid 129549265)
95. A.M. Aloisi, I. Ceccarelli, F. Masi and A. Scaramuzzino, Effects of the essential oil from citrus lemon in male and female rats exposed to a persistent painful stimulation. Behav. Brain Res., 136, 127-135 (2002). (Pubitemid 35246397)
96. I. Ceccarelli, W.R. Lariviere, P. Fiorenzani, P. Sacerdote and A.M. Aloisi, Effects of long-term exposure of lemon essential oil odor on behavioral, hormonal ad neuronal parameters in male and female rats. Brain Res., 1001, 78-86 (2004). (Pubitemid 38221530)
97. S. Wei Chen, L. Min, W. Jing Li, W. Xi Kong, J. Fang Li and Y. Jing Zhang, The effects of angelica essential oil in three murine tests of anxiety. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 79, 377-382 (2004). (Pubitemid 40029242)
98. A. Can, N. Akev, N. Ozsoy, S. Bolkent, B.P. Arda, R. Yanardag and A. Okyar, Effect of aloe vera leaf gel and pulp extracts on the liver in type-II diabetic rat models. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 27, 694-698 (2004). (Pubitemid 41694673)
99. M. Lis-Balchin, H. Steyrl and E. Krenn, The comparative effect of novel Pelargonium essential oils and their corresponding hydrosols as antimicrobial agents in a model food system. Phytother. Res., 17, 60-65 (2003). (Pubitemid 36205461)
100. G. Brandi, G. Amagliani, G.F. Schiavano, M. De Santi and M. Sisti, Activity of Brassica oleracea leaf juice on food borne pathogenic bacteria. J. Food Protec., 69, 2274-2279 (2006). (Pubitemid 44497039)
101. R. Veluri, T.L. Weir, H.P. Bais, F.R. Stermitz and J.M. Vivanco, Phytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of cate-chin derivatives. J. Agric. Food Chem., 52, 1077-1082 (2004).
102. P. Goni, P. Lopez, C. Sanchez, R. Gomez-Lus, R. Becerril and C. Nerin, Antimicrobial activity in the vapour phase of a combination of cinnamon and clove essential oils. Food Chem., 11 6, 982-989 (2009).
103. E. Chouliara, A. Karatapanis, I.N. Savvaidis and M.G. Kontominas, Combined effect of oregano essential oil and modified atmosphere packaging on shelf-life extension of fresh chicken breast meat, stored at 4 C. Food Microbiol., 24, 607-617 (2007). (Pubitemid 46517971)
104. R. Becerril, R. Gomez-Lus, P. Goni, P. Lopez and C. Nerin, Combination of analytical and microbiological techniques to study the antimicrobial activity of a new active food packaging containing cinnamon or oregano against. E. coli and S. Aureus. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 388, 1003-1011 (2007). (Pubitemid 47150020)
105. R.J.W. Lambert, P.N. Skandamis, P.J. Coote and G.J.E. Nychas, A study of the minimum inhibitory concentration and mode of action of oregano essential oil, thymol and carvacrol. J. Appl. Microbiol., 91, 453-462 (2001). (Pubitemid 34205756)
106. L.V. Thomas and T. Isak, Nisin synergy with natural antioxidant extracts of the herb rosemary. Acta Horticul., 709, 109-113 (2006). (Pubitemid 44014790)
107. R. Randrianarivelo, S. Sarter, E. Odoux, P. Brat, M. Lebrun, B. Romestand, C. Menut, H.S. Andrianoelisoa, M. Raherimandimby and P. Danthu, Composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Cinnamosma fragrans. Food Chem., 114, 680-684 (2009).
108. M.R. Moriera, A.G. Ponce, C.E. Del Valle and S. Roura, Effects of clove and tea tree oils on Escherichia coli O157:H7 in blanching spinach and minced cooked beef. J. Food Process. Preserv., 31, 379-391 (2007). (Pubitemid 47120751)
109. P.M. Davidson, Food antimicrobials: Back to nature. Acta Horticul., 709, 29-33 (2006). (Pubitemid 44014782)
110. F. Patrignani, L. Iucci, N. Belletti, F. Gardini, M.E. Guerzoni and R. Lanciotti, Effects of sub-lethal concentrations of hexanal and 2-(E)-hexenal on membrane fatty acid composition and volatile compounds of Liste-ria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enteritidis and Escherichia coli. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 123, 1-8 (2008). (Pubitemid 351324885)
111. A.G. Ponce, S.I. Roura, C.E. Del Valle and M.R. More-ira, Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of edible coatings enriched with natural plant extracts: In vitro and in vivo studies. Postharv. Biol. Technol., 49, 294-300 (2008).
112. A. Lopez-Malo Vigil, E. Palou and S.M. Alzamora, Naturally occurring compounds plant sources. In: Antimicrobials in Food. Edits., P.M. Davidson, J.N. Sofos, and A.L. Branen, pp. 429-46, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (2005).
113. P.M. Periago, R. Conesa, B. Delgado, P.S. Fernandez and A. Palop, Bacillus megaterium spore germination and growth inhibition by a treatment combining heat with natural antimicrobials. Food Technol. Biotechnol., 44, 17-23 (2006).
114. B. Koo, S. Lee, J. Ha and D. Lee, Inhibitory effects of the essential oil from SuHeXiang Wan on the central nervous system after inhalation. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 27, 515-519 (2004). (Pubitemid 41701836)
115. B. Koo, K. Park, J. Ha, J. Park, J. Lim and D. Lee, Inhibitory effects of the fragrance inhalation of essential oil from Acorus gramineus on central nervous system. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 26, 978-982 (2003). (Pubitemid 41685423)
116. S. Hossain, H. Aoshima, H. Koda and Y. Kiso, Fragrances in oolong tea that enhance the response of GABAA receptors. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 68, 1842-1848 (2004). (Pubitemid 39415250)
117. D. Kagawa, H. Jokura, R. Ochiai, I. Tokimitsu and H. Tsubone, The sedative effects and mechanism of action of cedrol inhalation with behavioral pharmacological evaluation. Planta Med., 69, 637-641 (2003). (Pubitemid 37041060)
118. K. Yamada, T. Miura, Y. Mimaki and Y. Sashida, Effects of inhalation of chamomile oil vapours on plasma ACTH level in ovariectomized rat under restriction stress. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 19, 1244-1246 (1996). (Pubitemid 26342275)
119. V. Shkurupii, N. Kazarinova, A. Ogirenko, S. Nikonov, A. Tkachev and K. Tkachenko, Efficiency of the use of peppermint (Mentha piperita L) essential oil inhalations in the combined multi-drug therapy for pulmonary tuberculosis. Probl. Tuberk., 4, 36-39 (2002).
120. P. Lopez, C. Sanchez, R. Batlle and C. Nerin, Solid-and vapor-phase antimicrobial activities of six essential oils: Susceptibility of selected food-borne bacterial and fungal strains. J. Agric. Food Chem., 53, 6939-6946 (2005). (Pubitemid 41260745)
121. S. Haze, K Sakai and Y. Gozu, Effects of fragrance inhalation on sympathetic activity in normal adults. Jpn J. Pharmacol., 90, 247-253 (2002). (Pubitemid 35422942)
122. V. Nikolaevskii, N. Kononova, A. Pertsovskii and I. Shinkarchuk, Effect of essential oils on the course of experimental atherosclerosis. Patol. Fiziol. Eksp. Ter., 5, 52-53 (1990).
123. N. Maruyama, Y. Sekimoto, H. Ishibashi, S. Inouye, H. Oshima, H. Yamaguchi and S. Abe, Suppression of neutrophil accumulation in mice by cutaneous application of geranium essential oil. J. Inflamm., 2, 1-11 (2005).
124. K. Osborn, Essential oils simple complex: What we must know. http://www.massagetherapy.com/articles/index.php/article-id/1021/ Essential-Oils-Simply-Complex (accessed September 23, 2011).
125. C. Brand, S. Townley, J. Finlay-Jones and P. Hart, Te a tree oil reduces histamine-induced oedema in murine ears. Inflamm. Res., 51, 283-289 (2002). (Pubitemid 34628030)
126. K. Koh, A. Pearce, G. Marshma, J. Finlay-Jones and P. Hart, Tea tree oil reduces histamine-induced skin inflammation. Br. J. Dermatol., 147, 1212-1217 (2002). (Pubitemid 36963030)
127. H. Kim and S. Cho, Lavender oil inhibits immediate-type allergic reaction in mice and rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 51, 221-226 (1999). (Pubitemid 29131317)
128. P. Hart, C. Brand, C. Carson, T. Riley, R. Prager and J. Finlay-Jones, Terpinen-4-ol the main component of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil), suppresses inflammatory mediator production by activated human monocytes. Inflamm. Res., 49, 619-626 (2000).
129. H. Kohara, T. Miyauchi, Y. Suehiro, H. Ueoka, H. Takeyama and T. Morita, Combined modality treatment of aromatherapy, footsoak, and reflexology relieves fatigue in patients with cancer. J. Palliat Med., 7, 791-796 (2004). (Pubitemid 40075662)
130. T. Field, M. Diego and M. Hernandez-Reif, Preterm inant massage therapy research: A review. Infant Behav. Dev., 33, 115-124 (2010).
131. C. Ballard, J. O'Brien, K. Reichelt and E. Perry, Aromatherapy as a safe and effective treatment for the management of agitation in severe dementia: The results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with Melissa. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 63, 553-558 (2002). (Pubitemid 34787318)
132. C. Holmes, V. Hopkins, C. Hensford, V. MacLaughlin, D. Wilkinson and H. Rosenvinge, Lavender oil as a treatment for agitated behaviour in severe dementia: A placebo controlled study. Int. J. Geriat. Psychiatry, 17, 305-308 (2002). (Pubitemid 34467087)
133. A. Prashar, I. Locke and C. Evans, Cytotoxicity of lavender oil and its major components to human skin cells. Cell Prolif., 37, 221-229 (2004). (Pubitemid 38736883)
134. A. Hayes and B. Markovic, Toxicity of Australian essential oil Backhousia citriodora (lemon myrtle). Part 2. Absorption and histopathology following application to human skin. Food Chem. Toxicol., 41, 1409-1416 (2003). (Pubitemid 37289190)
135. N. Veien, K. Rosner and G. Skovgaard, Is tea tree oil an important contact allergen? Contact Derm., 50, 378-379 (2004). (Pubitemid 39070769)
136. G. Crawford, J. Sciacca and W. James, Tea tree oil: Cutaneous effects of the extracted oil of Melaleuca alternifolia. Dermatitis, 5, 59-66 (2004). (Pubitemid 39096728)
137. L. Scardamaglia, R. Nixon and J. Fewings, Compound tincture of benzoin: A common contact allergen? Australas. J. Dermatol., 44, 180-184 (2003). (Pubitemid 36960441)
138. N. Bleasel, B. Tate and M. Rademaker, Allergic contact dermatitis following exposure to essential oils. Australas. J. Dermatol., 43, 211-213 (2002). (Pubitemid 34779362)
139. C. Romaguera and J. Vilaplana, Occupational contact dermatitis from ylang-ylang oil. Contact Dermatol., 43, 251-257 (2000).
140. European Parliament, New 7th Amendment to Annex III-Part 1 (Directive 76/768/EEC) (2002).
141. W. Maddocks-Jennings and J. Wilkinson, Aromatherapy practice in nursing: Literature review. J. Adv. Nurs., 48, 93-103 (2004). (Pubitemid 39318486)